（浙江省淳安中学 邵一平）
(1) 语法讲解：同步教材重难点语法讲解
1. 不同时态的问句形式（Revision of question forms in different tenses）
疑问句就是提出问题的句子。有四种：a. 一般疑问句（General Questions）； b. 特殊疑问句（Wh-Questions）；c. 选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）； d. 反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）。
可用于各种时态。 如：
Who is that boy over there?
What do you know about Bob White ?
Which school did he go to last year?
Which school does he go to now?
Which subject is he going to study this term?
What was he doing at this time last week?
How many Chinese words has he learnt?
2.直接引语和间接引语 (Direct and indirect speech)
当说话人引用别人的话时，可以用别人的原话，也可以用自己的话把别人意思转述出来，引用原话，称为直接引语（Direct Speech），否则称为间接引语（Indirect Speech）。直接引语通常用引号（“”）括起来，间接引语在多数情况下都构成一个宾语从句。
1. 如果引用的句子原来是一个陈述句，在间接引语中要注意下面几点：
（1）在引语的开头用连词that，有时可以省略
He said: “mother, the boy is very naughty.”
He told his mother that the boy was very naughty.
（2）根据意思改变人称
She said: “your pronunciation is better than mine.”
She said that my pronunciation was better than hers.
（3）注意间接引语中的谓语与句子主要谓语时态一致
“Frank, I came to return you the book,” Henry said.
Henry told Frank that he had come to return the book.
（4）根据意思将指示代词，地点及时间状语作必要的更动
She said: “I will come here again tonight.”
She said she would go there again that night.
2. 直接引语是一个疑问句变间接引语时，除了注意人称、状语等的变更和时态一致之外，还要注意：
（1）把疑问句语序变为陈述句语序，也就是说要把主语放在谓语的前面。
He asked: “ How are you getting along?”
He asked us how we were getting along?
（2）在这种引语前“that”是永远也不能用的。如果是一个一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意问句，在引语前要用连词whether或if。
He asked: “Are you a Party member or a League member?”
He asked me whether I was a party member or a League member.
（whether…or…搭配，一般不用if）
“You’ve already got well , haven’t you ?” she asked.
She asked whether（if）he had already got well .
3. 现在进行时表示将来动作（the present continuous tense-future use;）
现在进行时是由助动词am，is或are加行为动词的现在分词构成。 基本用法是表示说话时正在进行的动作,可与now, at present, right now等时间状语连用, 现在进行时与always, often, all the time等连用可表示反复性、一贯性的动作,且常带有赞扬或厌恶的感情色彩。除了表示现阶段正在进行的动作和表示一贯性的动作之外，还表示即将发生的动作。
考点说明: come, go, leave, arrive, start, fly, drive等动词可用现在进行时表示一个按计划或安排好将要发生的动作即将发生的动作。
典型例题1:I want to know when he _____ for New York.
A. has left B. is leaving C. had left D. would leave
解析:由句意“我想知道他什么时候动身去纽约”可知此处表示将来, D项为过去将来时,与主句时态不一致。故答案选B。
典型例题2: Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane_______. (06福建卷24).
A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off
解析: 这里用现在进行时表示将来的动作。是口头通知的常用语，“女士们，先生们，清系好安全带，飞机就要起飞了。” 故答案为B。
典型例题:
1.“Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.
The young man asked Karen where her chemistry teacher lived.
简析:一般说来,直接引语是疑问句,将其变为间接引语时,原来的疑问语序要改为陈述语序。
2.“I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily.
The little boy said happily that he had gained the first place in the mathematics competition.
简析:直接引语变为间接引语时,若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,从句的谓语动词一般要用相应的某种过去时态, 所以本句中的现在完成时应改为过去完成时。
3.“Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.
The physics teacher told the boys and girls that light travels faster than sound.
简析:直接引语为客观真理、格言时,变为间接引语,时态无需改变。
4.“Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.
Mary asked me if / whether I would go to the concert with her that evening.
简析:直接引语如果是一般疑问句,变为间接引语时,要用连词whether或if引导,而不用that。
5.“What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.
The old man asked my brother what he had done there the day before.
简析:直接引语变为间接引语时, 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语一般也要作相应改变,如
this, these, here, now, today, tomorrow, yesterday等分别改为that, those, there, then, that day, the next day, the day before等。
6.“Speak English more often in and out of class,” our English teacher said to us.
Our English teacher told /asked us to speak English more often in and out of class.
Our English teacher suggested that we (should)speak English more often in and out of class.
简析:直接引语是祈使句,变为间接引语时,要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式,并在不定式的前面根据语气需要使用ask, tell, order等动词,其句型是:ask/tell/order someone to do sth.,但是suggest不能接不定式作宾补,只能接-ing形式或从句(从句用虚拟语气)作宾语。
7.“Don’t play football on the street, little boys,” the policeman said.
The policeman told the little boys not to play football on the street.
简析:如果直接引语是祈使句的否定式,变为间接引语时,要将其改为不定式的否定形式作宾补,不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not,而不是加do not, does not, did not等。
8.“Would you please do me the favor to carry the box upstairs?” the young woman said to me.
The young woman asked me to carry the box upstairs for her.
简析:直接引语是一些表示请求、建议的疑问句,变为间接引语时, 也变为不定式作宾语补足语。需要注意的是应根据原句的语气选用恰当的动词。因为此处原来的疑问句用的是很客气的语气,改写后不宜用order。
9.“You clean the classroom after class today, Tom,” said the monitor.
The monitor told Tom to clean the classroom after class that day.
简析:一般而言,祈使句是以动词原形开头的,但是如果说话人有意强调动作执行者,也可以在句首加上主语。我们在将其变为间接引语时不能将带有主语的祈使句与陈述句混淆起来。
10.“It’s a fine day. Let’s go to the country for a picnic,” Peter said to me.
Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with him.
简析:当直接引语中有多种句子形式如陈述句、祈使句、疑问句等时,我们就要用不同的方式将各种句子进行转述。因为原句中直接引语前面部分是陈述句,故变为由that引导的宾语从句,后面部分是祈使句所以变为不定式作宾补。
(2)相关高考试题诠释
[经典句1]：1) I don’t enjoy singing, nor do I like computers.
2) Rock music is OK, and so is skiing. (Unit1, Speaking)
[考点透视]
句1)是“neither/nor+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+动词”的倒装结构,表示两个句子主语一致,但否定不同的内容;若两个句子主语不同,但否定相同的内容,则用“neither/nor+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构。
句2)是“so +系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构,表上句的情况也同样适用于后者,其主语与上句的主语不同;而 “so +主语+系动词/助动词/情态动词”结构表示上句提到的情形的确如此,对其进一步强调,两句的主语相同。
[高考题1]---Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
---I don’t know, _______. (MET 1991)
A. nor don’t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also
[诠释] 这里是“neither/nor+系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+动词”的句型。答案为 B.
[高考题2] --- David has made great progress recently.
--- _______, and _______.(上海1997)
A. So he has; so you have B. So he has; so have you
C. So has he; so have you D. So has he; so you have
[诠释] 这是肯定语气中的句型“so +系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构，答案为 B.
[高考题3]---It’s burning hot today, isn’t it?
---Yes. ________yesterday（06福建卷）
A. So was it B. So it was C. So it is D. So is it
[诠释] 这里是句型“so +系动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”结构，表示“昨天与今天一样都天气热”，故答案为 A.
[经典句2]：One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes. (Unit1, Reading)
[考点透视] 连词when引起时间状语从句时,通常意为“当……时候”。此处的when相当于and then, and just at that time,可意为“就在那时,突然”。主句多用过去进行时或be about to 结构,when 引起的从句则多用一般过去时。
[高考题1] We were swimming in the lake ____ suddenly the storm started. (04北京春)
A. when B. while C. until D. before
[诠释] 此处的when意为“就在那时,突然”。与后面的“suddenly”呼应，故答案为 A.
[高考题2] He was about halfway through his meal a familiar voice came to his ears.（06辽宁卷）
A. why B. where C. when D. while
[诠释] 主句用了be about to 结构,意思是“正准备做…”,与when 引起的从句连用。故答案为 C.
[高考题3].I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident __ ．(2006安徽高考)
A．went; was occurring B. went; occurred
C．was going; occurred D．was going; had occurred
[诠释] 这里的主句要用过去进行时,因从句中有when 引起的从句，而且从句多用一般过去时。答案为 C.
[经典句3]：Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow. (Unit1, Reading)
[考点透视] share作动词,表示“分享,共同使用;共同具有,有同样的……”,share out表示“分给(一些人)”;share with表示“与……合用”。
[高考题] Let Harry play with your toys as well, Clare? you must learn to _____. (NMET 2000)
A. support B. care C. spare D. share
[诠释] 这里考查 “share with sb. sth.”结构，答案为D.
[经典句4]： ..., it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.( Unit 2, Reading)
[考点透视] knowledge通常为不可数名词,但表“对…懂, 对…有某种程度的了解”时,通常前面可加不定冠词。
[高考题1] .They have a good knowledge of English but little ____ they know about German. （05 天津高考卷）
A. have B. did C. had D. do
[诠释] 这里“have a good knowledge of English” ,意思为“对英语有某种程度的了解”，与后面的 “know”意思相同。答案为D.
[经典句5]：For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed. (Unit 2, Integrating Skills)
[考点透视1] stay在句中是连系动词,也就是说stayed the same是系表结构,所以此时stay不可以用于进行时态和被动语态。
[高考题] Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge? It will ______ fresh for several days. (NMET 2003)
A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed
[诠释] stay fresh是系表结构, 故stay是连系动词，答案是B.
[考点透视2] 连词while在句中的意思是“但是、然而”,表示转折或对比关系。
[高考题1] She thought I was talking about her daughter, ______, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.(NMET 1995)
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
[诠释] 这里考查while连词。在句中的意思是“但是、然而”,表示转折或对比关系。所以选D.
[高考题2] We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, ____, in fact, there were 40. (06全国卷II, 13)
A. while B. whether C. what D. which
[诠释] 此处while在句中的意思是“但是、然而”, 表示转折或对比关系。答案 A.
[高考题3] The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, the quality of life is probably one of the highest. (06天津卷,).
A. since B. when C. as D. while
[诠释] 此处while表示对比关系，“然而”，答案 D.
[经典句6]： That’s why the words color, centre and traveler are spelt color, center and traveler in American English.( Unit 2, Integrating Skills)
[考点透视]why的意思是“为什么、……的理由”,在句中是连接副词,引导表语从句,从句的内容表示结果。
[高考题] You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _______I disagree.(NMET2004 31)
A. why B. where C. what D. how
[诠释] 检查考生对名词性从句的掌握和运用能力。意思为“你说人人应该平等，在这一点上我不敢苟同。”where 在表语从句里充当状语，有“在…地方”的含义。B最佳。
[经典句7]： However, most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other. (Unit 2, Integrating Skills)
[考点透视] 表示“做某事有(无)困难”可用句型have (no)difficulty (in)doing sth.,其中的difficulty是不可数名词,也可以用trouble,句型中的介词in可省掉;如表示“在某方面有(无)困难”,则用have (no) difficulty with sth.
[高考题] .There ____ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school. （2005 上海卷）
A. mustn’t B. shan’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
[诠释] 这里是考句型, “there be no difficulty about (in) doing sth. =have (no) trouble in doing sth”, 表示“做某事有困难”, difficulty 和trouble 都是抽象名词，故答案为C.
[经典句8]：...or simply to get away from cold weather. ( Unit3, Reading)
[考点透视] get away from除表示 “逃离”外, 还可意为 “走开, 离开;拿走,(使)离开”。
[高考题] His mother had thought it would be good for his character to _____ from home and earn some money on his own. (北京2002)
A. run away B. take away C. keep away D. get away
[诠释] 这里考词组短语的区别。run away from从……逃跑;挣脱……;take away from 从……拿走;keep away from “(使)不靠近”。根据题意,应选D。get away from意为 “走开,离开;”
[经典句9]：You should not go rafting unless you know how to swim, and you should always wear a life jacket. ( Unit3, Reading)
[考点透视] 连词unless的意思是“除非、如果不”,常可以与if...not互换。引导条件状语从句时,从句的谓语动词经常用一般现在时表将来。
[高考题1] The men will have to wait all day ______ the doctor works faster. (北京2001春)
A. if B. unless C. whether D. that
[诠释] 这里连词unless是“除非、如果不” 的意思，故选B.
[高考题2] You will succeed in the end ______ you give up halfway. (2001上海春)
A. even if B. as though C. as long as D. unless
[诠释] 用unless引导假设关系, 对比“succeed”与“give up”两者关系，意为 “除非你中途放弃，你会最终成功的。”
[高考题3]. ________ you have tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is. (06北京卷，33)
A. Unless B. Because C. Although D. When
[诠释] 这里unless意思是“如果不”,可以与if...not互换。答案: A
[考例4] We don’t keep winning games _______ we keep playing well. (06浙江卷，2)
A. because B. unless C. when D. while
[诠释] 这里连词unless是“除非”的意思。强调条件。答案: B
[经典句10]： By staying at hotels in Red River Village, tourists can help the villagers make money so that they can take care of the river and the birds. (Unit3, Integrating Skills)
[考点透视1] by用作介词,表示“用……方式,凭借……手段”,后接动词时用其-ing 形式。
[高考题1] One learns a language by making mistakes and _______ them. (北京2001春)
A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct
[诠释] 由句意及连词and可知,空缺处应与making mistakes并列作介词by的宾语,故选B。
[考点透视2] so that通常用来引导目的状语从句,意思是“为了……、以便于”,从句的谓语动词通常与情态动词连用。此外，so/ such a… that 还可表示结果。结果状语从句中一般不与情态动词连用。
[高考题2] Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter. (NMET 2004)
A. because B. so that C. even if D. as
[诠释] 根据题意 “玫瑰需要特别的关照以便它们能够越冬”,可知此处表示目的,故选B。
[高考题3].His plan was such a good one ______ we all agreed to accept it.（06陕西高考卷）
A. as B. that C. so D. after which
[诠释] 这里such a… that 连接结果状语从句。答案B.
(3)专项练习题: (30道)
1. Mary was about to go to bed ___________ someone knocked at the door.
A. when B. while C. as D. since
2.---Why are you so tired?
--- I have been cleaning the room _______ this morning.
A. all time B. all the time C. all times D. the all time
3、Because the climbers _____a heavy rain, they had to stop climbing the high mountain.
A. caught B. caught in
C. were caught D. were caught in
4. We ________ visiting the Great Wall next week.
A. thought B. wanted C. considered D. expected
5. He told me that he better .
A. was, that day B. is, today C. was, this day D. is, the day
6. I did wrong to him. Please ____sorry to him _____ me.
A. say; to B. say; for C. tell; for D. tell; to
7. Would you like _________ some coffee?
A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. to drinking
8. I _______ back tomorrow unless it______
A. will; rains B. will be; rains
C. am; rains D. will be; is going to rain
9. He ________ a week in finishing the experiment.
A. took B. cost C. spent D. paid
10. Jane ______ have kept her word. I wonder why she changed her mind.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
11. It is said that the earth is becoming warmer and warmer, How does this ?
A. come from B. come back C. think about D. come back
12. They went on a travel on foot _________by bus.
A. instead B. take the place of
C. in the place of D. instead of
13. --- Take a short rest, will you?
--- Ok, I’m tired after a long walk.
A. more or less B. more and more
C. as a result D. for example
14. I know that gentleman like you ____ only large notes.
A. take B. fetch C. bring D. carry
15. You must do _______ I tell you.
A. that B. as C. like D. which
16. It didn't take long before the wooden building ______by the fire.
A. swallowed up B. was swallowing up
C. was swallowed up D. has swallowed up
17. Another wave _____the house, and a strange cracking noise began.
A. struck B. beat C. felt D. dragged
18. I ________ he will visit the United States with me.
A. am hoping B. hope C. have hoped D. am hoped
19. George _____the good chance to hand his suggestions to the director, and at last, it was accepted.
A. covered B. seized C. advance D. thought
20. I prefer coffee _____ milk. But they prefer _____ juice ______ soup.
A. to; to drink; drinking B. to; drinking; to drinking
C. at; drinking; to drinking D. at; to drink; to drink
21. We had to pay the rent two weeks in_______.
A. advance B. trouble C. ahead D. total
22. The slaves were fighting _____the slaver owners _____ their freedom.
A. for; with B. for; against C. with; against D. against; for
23. Paper __________ easily.
A. is catch fire B. catches fire
C. is caught fire D. is on fire
24. The old lady, _____ had been killed in the war, was given help by the local government.
A. all her children B. all of her children
C. all of whose children D. whose all children
25. When Lucy came back from work, she found her husband _____ in the kitchen and all the housework ____.
A. cooking; done B. cook; done
C. cooking; do D. cooking doing
26. The box is _______ what I saw in the shop.
A. same as B. the same like
C. the same that D. the same as
27. The name sounds like a stranger, _______ I think I have never heard.
A. whom B. of which C. to which D. which
28. You should make it a rule to leave things ______ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
29. The students ______ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _____ in the office.
A. had written; left B. were writing; has left
C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left
30. It ________last night, for the ground is wet.
A. must rain B. must have rained
C. must to rain D. must have rain
(4)专项练习题答案详解:
1. 与主句be about to 结构联系起来考虑,此处的when相当于and just at that time,意为“就在那时,突然”。答案为A.
2. 从谓语“have been cleaning”可知是现在完成进行时，所以是“all the time”，意思是“一直”，答案为B.
3. 表示“受困，受阻”意思的短语是“be caught in”. 这里要注意用被动结构， 还要不忘记接介词in, 在雨中是“in the rain”. 所以答案是D.
4． 这里要看动词与宾语的搭配，宾语是动名词visiting 只有consider后直接跟动名词。 Want 和 expect 要跟动词不定式， think 要加介词 of / about 再接动名词。所以答案是C。
5. 考查间接引语的用法。 动词told过去式时，后面跟的宾语从句也应时态一致。相应的时间状语也要改变。所以答案是A.
6．考查短语搭配。 “say sth．to sb. for sb”意思是“替某人向某人说……”。所以答案是B.
7．would like后跟不定式，不跟动词-ing形式。所以答案为C。
8．在条件状语从句中，主句是将来时的，从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。这里是unless引导的条件状语。所以选B。
9．考查近义词的区别。都是“花费”之意。Take 主语通常是it; spend指花费时间和金钱，主语通常是人; cost主语通常是物； pay主语通常是人,但要注意搭配“pay sb. Sth. 或pay for sth.”。所以要选C.
10．这里考情态动词的用法。 must have done“想必或一定已经做……”。Should have done “本应该做… 而没做”.would have done“本来会做而没做”，need have done“原来需要做…”. 所以从文中 “kept her word”与“changed her mind”，可推出答案是B.
11. 考查动词短语的区别。come from “来自”；come back“返回” ; .think about “思考，考虑” ； come about“产生，带来”。 根据句子意思，是“全球变暖是怎么产生的。”答案为D.
12．instead of介词短语，表示“舍去”的动作，即不去做； instead 放句尾，表示“取”的动作，即去做某事；in the place of= take the place of 都表示“代替，替代”。 所以答案为D。
13. 此题考查副词短语的不同意思和用法。这里副词短语都做状语，但意思不同：more and more“越来越多”；
as a result“结果是”；for example“举例”；more or less “或多或少”，表示程度，所以选A.
14．这里考查动词的近义词的区别。都有“携带，拿，取”的意思。 Take “带来”； bring“拿去”；fetch“去取回来”；都有方向性。“carry作“带”讲，没有方向性。这里是“随身携带”的意思。 所以答案是D.
15．as用作连接代词，“按照，正如”的意思。引导宾语从句。 故选B。如果加个名词/代词作宾语（作先行词），再跟个定语从句，那么就选A 或C了。Like 是介词。故不对。
16. 这里考查动词短语的被动式用法。句子意思“木屋被大火所吞没”， 从时态语态上考虑，答案是C.
17. 这里是动词近义词的区别。Beat “鞭打，毒打”；feel “触摸，感觉”；drag “拖，拽”； strike “敲打，冲击”, 所以选A.
18．这里考查hope 动词的用法，一般状态动词没有进行时态。从后文的will 可知宾语是将来时，所以选一般现在时，答案B。
19． 这里与chance 的搭配只有seize, 表示“抓住机会”的意思，其他的动词都没有这样的搭配，所以答案B.
20．这里考查prefer的两个结构“prefer sth．to sth．和prefer doing．．to doing…的区别。句子为 “I prefer coffee to milk. But they prefer drinking juice to drinking soup.” 意思是“咖啡与牛奶我更喜欢咖啡，但他们喜欢喝果子汁胜过喝汤。” 所以答案选B。
21. 这里考介词短语的含义区别, in trouble “陷入困境”; in total “总共,总计”; in advance “事先”; ahead “在前,超出”(不需加介词). 从句子意思看, 应选A.
22.本题考查的是与fight搭配的介词的用法，“为……而和某人作斗争”应为fight against/with sb. for sth.。 答案：D
23.本题考查的是词组catch fire 和on fire的用法及区别。我们可以看出出题人想表达的句意思为“纸张很容易着火”，强调的应该是“着火”的瞬间动作，而不是“(火）正在烧”的状态，故要选择catch fire，而A选项结构错的，C的语态不对，不应用被动态。答案：B
24. 本题考查的是定语从句的关系代词的选择，首先从句子的结构可以看出“___ had been killed in the war”是“the old lady”的定语从句，先排除A和B项，而D项的语序显然是错的，应为all whose children。答案：C
25.本题考查的是find和一些感官动词后的复合宾语的各种形式。首先判断句意为“露西下班回到家时，发现她的丈夫正在厨房做饭而且所有的家务都已经被做完了。”所以，我们可以先排除C和D项，因为第二空之前的宾语“all the housework”和宾语补足语动词“do”之间是被动关系，应用过去分词表示被动，而第一空之前的宾语“her husband”和其宾语补足语动词“cook”之间是主动关系，并强调“cook”这一动作在“露西下班回到家时”正在进行，故用现在分词来表示。答案：A
26.形容词same之前，一般要有定冠词the，而且same 应与as连用。答案：D
27. 本句是一个含有介词加关系代词引导的定语从句的复合句。作“听说”讲时，应用hear of sth. / sb.，故关系代词which之前应用of。答案：B
28．本题考查的是地点状语从句。这句话的意思是“你应给让把东西放在能够再找到的地方成为一条规矩。where在该句中作连词，该地点状语从句相当于“in the place where you can find them again”的关系副词where引导的定语从句。答案：B
29.从busily一词和when引导的时间状语从句可知，“学生们正在忙于写字”，又因为“把书忘在办公室”这件事发生在“拿书之前”，所以要用过去完成时，这句话的意思是：“当布朗小姐去办公室拿她忘在那儿的书时，学生们正在忙于写字。”答案：D
30. 这里是考查情态动词的猜测语气用法，这里的时间是last night,对过去的猜测用“must have Vpp”, 后面for 引导的句子是根据，“因地上是湿的”。答案为B.