Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
1. means n.手段；方法
The quickest means of travel is by plane. 最快的交通工具是飞机。
All the possible means have been tried. 已采取了所有的手段。
注意：means单复数同形，由句意判断means的单数、复数形式。
搭配by means of 应用；使用
We expressed our thoughts by means of words. 我们用词句来表达思想。
They made their fortune by means of working hard. 他们靠勤劳发家致富。
2. consider是高考常考动词之一，其主要用法可归纳为两点：
(1)考虑 consider+n./pron./doing consider+clause consider+wh-+to do sth.
e.g. Tom said he would consider the problem. 汤姆说他会考虑这个问题的。
He is considering changing his job. 他在考虑调换一下工作。
He considered how he should answer. 他考虑应当如何回答。
They considered what to do next. 他们考虑下一步该怎么办。
(2)把……看作；认为
consider+that clause consider sb.+(to be)+n./adj.
e.g. They considered that he had made a great mistake. 他们认为他犯了一个大错误。
We don’t consider Tom to be our best friend. 我们并不把汤姆当成我们最好的朋友。
They considered themselves very important. 他们自以为非常重要。
3. experience n.&v. 作名词“经验”(多作不可数名词)
Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验是智慧之母。
I have no experience of/in teaching. 我没有教学经验。
间或作可数名词，表示某种经验, 经历，经历，经过的事。
e.g. Every experience is of value. 每一份经验都是宝贵的。
I shall never forget the first night’s experience. 我将永远不会忘记第一个晚上经历过的事。
作动词“经历、感受、感到”
For the first time, we experienced defeat. 我们第一次感受到了失败。
4. get away from 摆脱，逃离，受到从轻发落
I won’t b able to get away from the office before 7 o’clock. 我7点前无法离开办公室。
He was lucky to get away with only a fine. 他算是万幸，只被罚款了事。
5. watch out （for）注意；留心
Watch out! There is a car coming. 小心！汽车来了。
Watch out for the hole in the road. 留神路上的那个坑。
The staff were asked to watch out for forged banknotes. 已经要求职员留意伪钞。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
6. as with prep.如同...的情况一样,如同...一样， 就。。。而言
As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job. 正如画画一样，在做这件事时，你应该耐心细致。
As with the origins of many other events no definite conclusions can be drawn. 就象许多其他事件的根源一样，做不出什么结论。
As with other professionals, they must learn and relearn throughout their professional lives if they are to keep pace with modern trends and changing needs. 就象其他专业人士一样，他们必须在职业生涯里终生学习，再学习，如果他们要赶上现代的潮流和不断变化的需要。
As to (used to start talking about sb/sth) 对于，至于
As for Jo, she’s doing fine. 至于乔，她现在过得不错。
As for food for the party, that’s all being taken care of. 关于聚会要用的食物，正在置办当中。
as to sth | as regards sth （used when you are referring to sth）:
As to tax, that will be deducted from your salary. 至于税，它会从工资里扣除。
7. see sb. off 为某人送行
He is going to the railway station to see his friend off. 他去火车站为他的朋友送行。
引申：see about 考虑，照料，安排 ，see for yourself 亲自看，亲自了解；
see into 调查……; seeing that 鉴于 （Seeing that he’s been off sick all week he’s unlikely to come. 他请病假一周了，所以他今天也不大可能来。）see
see through 透过……看见，看穿……,坚持完成，进行到底， see to sth 办理，照管；料理 （see to it that …）
8. trip, journey, travel, tour, voyage 区别
trip：短距离旅行或出差 travel：旅行（长途）tour,为了玩 journey：所有的旅行，偏重于陆地旅行 voyage：旅行（海上） flight：空中飞行
trip, journey搭配的动词有make, take和go on。如：
make/take/go on a trip/journey to Europe到欧洲旅行
on a/one’s trip/journey; on a short/long pleasant trip/journey
Have a pleasant trip. 祝旅行愉快。
The journey to the seaside will take not more than two days. 到海边去旅行最多需要花两天时间。
I at once began making preparations for a trip home. 我马上开始为回家的旅途做准备。
9. holiday, vacation, leave
Vacation 假期，休假 （常不用复数）；holiday 假日，可以说a holiday 或holidays , leave 指雇员有理由而获准的休假。
We're going to France during the summer holidays（vacation）.暑假期间我们将去法国。
on holiday（=on vacation）度假； take a holiday（= take a vacation）休假
ask for sick leave 请病假
10. 现在进行时用法归纳(六种用法)
1.表示现在进行的动作有两种含义：
(1)表示说话的时刻正在进行的动作，常与时间状语now, at this moment等连用。(2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作，而不一定是说话时正在进行的动作，常与表示现阶段意义的时间状语now(目前)，today, this week, this term, this year等连用。
e.g. Right now it is the summer vacation and I am helping my dad on the farm.
现在正是暑假，我在农场帮我爸爸干活儿。
I’m sitting on a rock near the river with my friends.
我和我的朋友们正坐在河边的一块岩石上。
2.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作，一般不会变动，若用一般现在时，固定不变的意味更强。能这样用的动词多是come, go, leave, arrive等之类的动作动词。现代英语中这种用法有扩大的趋势，几乎表示计划或安排将要发生的动作都可以用这种形式。通常这种句子都带有表示将来的时间状语。
e.g. My train is leaving at 6:25 tomorrow morning.(=My train leaves at 6:25 tomorrow morning.)
我要坐的火车明天早上六点二十五分开。
3.用于时间状语从句或条件状语从句表示将来的动作，强调动作的持续进行。
e.g. When you are riding a bike along the street don’t forget the traffic light.
你沿着大街骑自行车的时候，别忘了看交通灯。
4.表示经常性的习惯性动作，常和副词always, constantly, continually等连用，表示说话人的赞叹、满意、讨厌、不耐烦等语气，用一般现在时只是一般的平铺直叙，表达不出这种感情色彩。试比较：
We are living happily. 我们现在日子过得很幸福。(带有满意的色彩)
We live happily.(一般地说明)
She is always working hard like that. 她总是那样勤奋地工作。(赞扬语气)
She always works hard. 她一向工作努力。(说明情况)
5.表示要求、愿望的动词(如want, hope, wish, wonder等)用现在进行时，表示与对方说话时态度礼貌，显得委婉、客气，这种用法没有动作进行的意味。
e.g. I’m hoping you’ll give me some advice. 我希望你给我一些建议。
I’m wondering if you have time to help me with my English. 我不知道你是否有时间帮我学英语。
当表示某一时刻的感受时，be, feel, like, look forward to等在口语中常用进行时，含有进行的意味。
e.g. The child is being naughty today. 这孩子今天在淘气。(暗含这孩子平时不淘气)
How are you feeling now? 你现在感觉如何？
6.表示刚过去的时间内发生的动作，这一用法不如用一般过去时或现在完成时的语气强。
e.g. I don’t know what you are talking about. 我不知道你刚刚说的是什么？
I don’t know what you said(have said). 我不明白你说的话。
Sorry, I wasn’t listening.
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
现在进行时专练
1. The volleyball match will be put off if it___________.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining
简析：选B。主句用一般将来时，条件状语从句通常用一般现在时，若在rain后加上时间状语，如until 10或before 10,从句就须用现在进行时表示将来时间或进行的动作。
2. I don’t really work here. I ___________ until the new secretary arrives.
A. just help out B. have just helped out C. am just helping out D. will just help out
简析：选C。从前句句意判断，后一句的意思是“我正在这儿帮忙直到新秘书来”。
3. Dear mother, I ___________ to hear from you soon.
A. hope B. am hoping C. hoping D. have hoped
简析：选B。从句意分析，可知说话人在给妈妈写信，用现在进行时表示盼望家信的急切心情。
4. I’ll call on some of my old teachers while I ___________ in Guiyang.
A. stay B. will stay C. would stay D. am staying
简析：选D。while引导时间状语从句，表示“在一段时间内”，其谓语动词是延续性动作，用进行时。这里用现在进行时表示将来时间在进行的动作。
5. Every time I come into his room, he ___________ the same book.
A. read B. was reading C. readed D. is reading
简析：选D。前文表示“每当我走进教室的那一刻”暗示后文“正在干什么”。
6. -I’m going to the states.
-How long ___________ you ___________in the states?
A. are; stayed B. are; staying C. have; stayed D. did; stay
简析：选B。用现在进行时表示将来计划。
五、高考真题
1. (NMET 1999)-Hey,look where you are going?
-Oh,I’m terribly sorry. ___________.
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
简析：选B。现在已经知道该往哪走了，不知道是刚才或过去的事，故排除A、C、D三项。
2. (NMET 2001春)I’ve won a holiday for two to Florida. I ___________ my mum.
A. am taking B. have taken C. take D. will have taken
简析：选A。用现在进行时表将来，详见知识归纳2的第二种情况。
3. (NMET 2002)-I’m taking my driving test tomorrow.
-___________!
A. Cheers B. Good luck C. Come on D. Congratulation
简析：选B。得知对方要参加测试时，主动予以祝福。
4. (2002北京)-Excuse me,sir,Would you do me a favor?
-Of course,What is it?
-I ___________ if you could tell me how to fill out this form.
A. had wondered B. was wondering C. would wonder D. did wonder
简析：选B。动词wonder用现在进行时，表示与对方说话时态度礼貌，显得委婉、客气。
5. (2002北京)It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood ___________ to her mother.
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
简析：选A。close to是固定短语，放在stand后作状语。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
Unit 4 unforgettable experiences
1. take place 和 happen 区别
take place 常指“(某事)按计划进行或按计划发生。”如： Great changes have taken place in china since. take place还有“举行”之意。如： The meeting will take place next Friday. 2.happen常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”。如： New things are happening all around us. happen还可表示“碰巧；恰好”之意。如： It happened that I had no money on me.
2. advance v.前进；进展；n. 前进；进展
In advance“提前” advanced 是形容词，解释“高级的；先进的”。如advanced education高等教育
3. drag, pull, push
这三个词都有“拖，拉”之意，但有所不同。drag 的含义是“慢慢地而沉重的拽”，而且包含着被拖者进行着积极的或消极的阻抗或阻力；pull为通用词，常伴有状语表示拖的方向；push则表示“推；推动”。如：
They are dragging a net in fishing.他们正在拖网捕鱼。He dragged behind the others. 他在别人后面慢吞吞地走着。
That tooth should be pulled out.那颗牙齿应该拔掉。 They pushed the door open. 他们把门推开。
2. hold on ( to) 抓紧，不放开
He held on to the back of the chair to stop himself. 他扶住椅子后背，以免摔倒。
引申：hold back 拦阻，阻挡，隐瞒，踌躇，犹豫；hold off 延迟，推迟，战胜，克服 hold on 等着，坚持住，别挂断； hold out 维持，坚持，给予希望（Doctors hold out little hope of his recovering.）伸出（手）；hold up 举起，提出（作为榜样）；
3. shake vt. vi. 抖动，震动, 摇动; 颤动
The house shook when the earthquake started. 当地震发生时，房子震动了。
She was shaking with anger. 她气得发抖。
Shake the bottle before taking the medicine. 服药前摇匀。
His hands shook a little as he wrote. 他写的时候手有点发颤。
常用短语：shake hands with sb. , shake sb’s hand/shake sb. by the hand和某人握手
shake sb’s head摇头
4. strike一词的三种用法
(1)可用来作“(自然灾害、疾病等)袭击”解， hit也可用来表此意。
That area was struck(=hit)by a lightning. 那个地区遭受了大风暴的袭击。
(2)可作“打，击，敲，撞，咬”等多种意义解。
e. g. The father was so angry that he struck(=hit)the boy in the face. 父亲怒不可遏，打了孩子一个耳光。
The clock has just struck twelve. 时钟刚敲响十二点。
Strike while iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
His foot struck against a stone. 他的脚碰在一块石头上。
She was struck by a snake while walking in the grass. 她在草丛中行走时被蛇咬了一口。
(3)strike还可用来表示“给(某人)很深印象”“打动”(=impress)。
I was struck by what he said. 他的话深深地打动了我。
The first thing that strikes foreign visitors is the great number of bicycles in the streets. 首先给外国游客深刻印象的是街上自行车非常多。
5. fear 不管用作名词还是动词，基本上有两个含义，即“怕”或“担心”
n. 1) 害怕，恐惧 （for fear of/ that ）
He was shaking with fear. 他害怕得直发抖。
2) 担心；顾虑
There is no fear of his getting any injury.他不会受伤的。
vt, vi 惧怕，害怕, 担忧 (fear of 为。。。担心，担忧)
I fear that you'll be late if you don't go now. 如果你现在不走的话，我担心你会迟到。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
5. beat, hit, strike 和knock
1) beat指用力地打，痛打，跳动， 还可以表示“打败”， 如：
The landlord beat the farmhand heavily. 地主毒打长工。
The Iraq army was beaten. 伊拉克军队被打败了。
2）hit指击，袭击，打中，如：
An earthquake hit the district. 这地区受到地震的袭击。
One of the stones hit the window. 有一块石头打中了窗户。
3）strike通常指一下一下地打或敲击，留下印记等，如：
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
The clock is striking 12. 钟在敲12点。
4）knock指敲打并伴有响声。它还有“打倒、打翻”的意思，如：
Someone is knocking at the door. 有人敲门。
He knocked the girl down. 他把这女孩撞倒了。
6. noise, voice, sound
(1)noise 指各种“噪音”或“吵闹、嘈杂声”。
e. g. The noise of traffic kept him awake. 车马喧闹使他睡也睡不着。
Don’t make so much noise. 别那么吵闹。
(2)voice 指人的说话声、歌声或笑声。也可用以指鸟鸣或狗叫声及拟人的方法。
e. g. The boy shouted at the top of his voice. 那男孩高声叫喊。
Keep your voice down. 把声音放低些。
(3)sound 指任何用耳朵能听到的声音。
e. g. I heard a strange sound outside. 我听到外面有一种奇怪的声音。
Sound travels more slowly than light. 声波比光波传播得慢。
7. 定语从句易错题练习
1. This is the mountain village___________we visited the other day.
A. which B. in which C. where D. when
简析：选A。本题先行词the mountain village指的是物，且在从句中作visit的宾语，故用which。B、D两项在从句中作状语，不符合句子结构，D项要求先行词表时间在从句中充当时间状语，故不能选。
2. A child___________parents are dead is called an orphan.
A. which B. his C. whose D. with
简析：选C。在定语从句中，作定语的关系代词应用whose, whose既可指人，也可指物。“whose+从句”也可用“of which/whom+从句”短语代替。A项在定语从句中不能作定语；B、D两项不能作关系代词，故可排除。
3. Do you know the date___________Lincoln was born?
A. which B. when C. where D. that
简析：选B。本句中先行词the date在定语从句中是作时间状语的，故应选when，虽然有时由表时间的名词作先行词；定语从句可用关系代词which或that引导，但它一定不是作时间状语，而大多数情况是作宾语的。
4. She thought I was talking about her daughter, ___________, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A. whom B. where C. which D. while
简析：选D。从关键词in fact，可看出前后两个句子形成一种对比，表示的意思是：她认为我在讲她女儿，而实际上我在讲我的女儿。连词while可表对比。A、B、C三项引导定语从句，而后面的句子不是定语从句，故可排除。
5. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but___________didn’t help.
A. he B. which C. she D. it
简析：选D。本题考查并列句和定语从句的区别。在两个句子中，有but, and, or, so等作并列连词，它们连接两个分句构成并列句。人称代词，he和she不能代替前面提到的事。如用which, 则必须去掉but，因此只有D项it合适。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
五、高考真题
1. (上海 2000)The gentleman ___________you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
简析：选B。因tell sb. of/about sth. “向某人讲述某事”，本题考查“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。
2. (NMET 1999)___________him and then try to copy what he does.
A. Mind B. Glance at C. Stare at D. Watch
简析：选D。本题考查语境中动词的词义辨析。解答此类题应把全句要表达的信息与动词的准确含义综合考虑，去选择最佳答案。题干中copy意思为“模仿”，既然模仿，就得先观察，因此D项watch为最佳答案。而不选mind(照顾)，glance at(瞟一眼)或stare at(盯着)。
3. (上海2000)She found her calculator ___________she lost it.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
简析：选A。此题考查连接副词引起一个地点状语从句的用法。此题注意不能选C。学生学完定语从句后，以为任何情况下，一个副词总能用“介词+which”来代替，其实，这一点必须是在定语从句中，而此题没有先行词，故只能是一个状语从句。
4. (NMET 2002)John shut everybody out of the kitchen___________he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.
A. which B. when C. so that D. as if
简析：选C。本题考查状语从句中关联词的使用，从句意上看，此处应是表示目的的状语从句。A、B、D三项不可引导目的状语从句，应排除。故选C项，so that意为“以便，为了”。
定语从句常见错误
1. 误 : I\' ve read all the books which you lent me. 正 : I\' ve read all the books that you lent me.
析：定语从句的先行词被all，some，any，no，little，few，much，very等修饰时，关系代词要用 that。
2.误: This is the last lesson which Mr Green taught us.正 : This is the last lesson that Mr Green taught us.
析：定语从句的先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词要用that。
3. 误: Is there anything else which I can do for you?正： Is there anything else that I can do for you?
析：定语从句的先行词是everything，anything，nothing等不定代词时，关系代词要that.
4. 误: They talked about the persons and things which they remembered in the old days.
正 : They talked about the persons and things that they remembered in the old days.
析：定语从句的先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词要用that。
5. 误 : My hometown is no longer the place which it used to be. 正: My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.
析：定语从句中，关系代词充当从句的表语时，该关系代词要用that。
6. 误; Dinner starts with a small dish, that is often called a starter.正 : Dinner starts with a small dish, which is often called a starter.
析：关系代词that不能用于非限制性定语从句，但which可以。
7. 误: He lives in the room, the window of that faces the south.正 : He lives in the room, the window of which faces the south.
析：关系代词that不能用于“介词十关系代词”结构，但which可以。
B) who 和 whom
8. 误 : The man with who I worked has left.正: The man with whom I worked has left.
析：关系代词 who指人，作主语； whom也指人，但作宾语。在“介词十关系代词”结构中，先行词是人，关系词用whom；先行词是物，关系词用which
二、关系代词漏用
9. 误: The student is standing there is our monitor.
正: The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.正 : The student standing there is our monitor.
f 析：定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略。这里也可以把定语从句改为现在分词形式作定语。
Teaching aims: Vocabulary revision
Grammar revision
Teaching main-points: Vocabulary and grammar revision in the process of the integration between the teacher and the ss
Teaching Crux: 1) SS’ explanation about the vocabulary and grammar
2) Teacher’s further explanation and supplement
Teaching materials & focuses:
三、关系代词与关系副词混淆
A) that/which 和 when
10. 误: Do you still remember the day when we first spent together?
正 : Do you still remember the day (that/which) we first spent together?
析：先行词是时间名词时，定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词“when”，取决于该先行词在从句中充当主语l宾语还是时间状语。这里先行词the day在从句中作宾语，关系代词可省略。
B) that/which 和 where
11. 误 : I\' ll never forget the school where we visited last Monday.
正 : I\' ll never forget the school (that/which) we visited last Monday.
析：先行词是地点名词时，定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词“where”，取决于该先行词在从句中充当主语l宾语还是地点状语。这里先行词 the school在从句中作宾语，关系代词可省略。
C) that/which 和 why
12.误 :Is this the reason why he gives for being late?正: Is this the reason (that/which) he gives for being late?
析：先行词是reason时，定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词“why”，取决于该先行词在从句中充当主语/宾语还是原因状语。这里先行词 the reason在从句中作宾语，关系代词可省略。
四、定语从句主谓不一致
13 误 : This is one of the rooms that is free now.正 : This is one of the rooms that are free now.
析：当定语从句的先行词是one of…结构时，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数形式。
14.误: Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who know a little Chinese.
正: Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who knows a little Chinese.
析：当定语从句的先行词是the （only／very） one of…结构时，先行词为 one，从句谓语用单数形式。
五、定语从句重复用词
A）关系词与疑问词重复
15. 误: Who is the man who shook hands with you just now?正 : Who is the man that shook hands with you just now?
析：若主句以疑问词who开头，为了避免重复，定语从句的引导词要用that代替。
16.误: Which is the book which you want to borrow from me?正: Which is the book that you want to borrow from me?
析：若主句以疑问词which开头，为了避免重复，定语从句的引导词要用that代替。
B）关系词与被替换词重复
17. 误: This is the jacket which I bought it last month.正 ; This is the jacket which I bought last month.
析：关系代词Which已经在从句中充当宾语，it是多余的。
18. 误: Is this the museum where Jane has worked there for twenty years?
正: Is this the museum where Jane has worked for twenty years?
析：关系副词where已经在从句中充当地点状语，there是多余的。
六、定语从句介词错用
19.误. :Is this the CD player in which you spent 500 yuan?正 : Is this the CD player on which you spent 500 yuan ?
析：有时，需要根据从句谓语动词的习惯搭配来判断具体的介词。这里是 spent...on+名词”的搭配。
20. 误 : The baby of whom she takes good care is ten months old.正 : The baby whom she takes good care of is ten months old.
析：含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开使用。又如 look after， care for， refer to等。