由一道单项选择题想到……
---定语从句难点突破
定语从句是学生解题的难点，下面就定语从句的难点进行归纳总结，从而让学生深刻地领悟理解定语从句，进而掌握解题技巧。
1. 先判断先行词是人还是物。
2. 确定关系代词或关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中充当何种句子成分。
3. 还原定语从句，检验先行词在定语从句充当的成分。
在处理综合试卷的过程中，遇到这样的一道题：
He didn’t put the things ____ they belonged, for＿＿ reason he got his punishment.（D）
A. which; that B. what; this
C. that; whose D. where; which
学生答错率较高。“他没有把那些东西放回到他们本该在(原来)的地方，为此他受到了惩罚。” 第一空语境分析，东西应放在什么地方。Where引导状语从句时意为“在…的地方”；结构分析，belong 为不及物动词，常用固定搭配belong to。They belonged句从结构上说选出的词只能用来做状语；如句子为they belonged to则要补足宾语。第二空reason 前的限定词为that/this，故应用which来连接相当于and for this/that reason。
类似的用法有in which case、during which time相当于and in that/this case、 during that time。
1. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, ____he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students' Union. （05重庆） A
A. during which time B. for which time C. during whose time D. by that time
2. They stayed with me for two weeks, _______ they drank all the beer i had . C
A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which
3. I may have to work late, in which case I’ll telephone. C
A. in whose case B. in which C. in which case D. in that case
一、Such…that引导的状语从句与such…as引导的定语从句的区别：
Such…that引导的状语从句，that引导的是一个完整的句子；而such…as引导的定语从句，as在定语从句中充当句子成分。如：His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept.中，应用as，因为we all agreed to accept 缺少宾语，完整的句子为we all agreed to accept it.如为 His plan was such a good one _______ we all agreed to accept it,则应用that, 因为we all agreed to accept it 是一个完整的句子。
1. I don't like such books ____ he recommended. A
A. as B. that C. so D. after which
2. Mr. Smith is _________ a good teacher _________ we all respect him. A
A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as
3. Such a book ___ you lent me is too difficult to understand. C
A. that B. which C. as D. like
二、一些特殊的先行词如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析。这些词基本上都是表示时间、地点的词，做具体题目时，要判断他们在定语从句充当的成分来决定关联词。主语、宾语和表语用that/which，状语用where/when/介词+which。如：
There is one point______ we must insist on.
We’re just trying to reach a point ___ both sides will sit down together and talk.
第一句定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point,所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that或省略。第二句定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/介词+which。
1. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ______ sight matters more than hearing.（D）
A. when B. whose C. which D. where
2. Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons can’t be the only preparation for all of the situations ____ appear in the working world. C
A. Where B. when C. that D. what
3. (08上海卷’ 38) We went through a period ______ communications were very difficult in the rural areas. C
A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which
4. (08山东卷’ 26)Occasions are quite rare ______ I have the time to spend a day with my kids. D
A. who B. which C. why D. when
5. He's got himself into a dangerous situation _____ he is likely to lose control over the plane. (2001上海) A
A. where B. which C. while D. why
6. I can think of many cases ____ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn't write a good essay. (2003上海卷)D
A. why B. which C. as D. where
7. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _____ people were eaten by the tiger. （05广东）A
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
8. We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (山东卷)A
A. where B. that C. when D. which
9. --- Do you have anything to say for yourselves?
--- Yes，there’s one point ______we must insist on． (江西卷) D
A．why B．where C．how D．/
10. After graduation she reached a point in her career she needed to decide what to do. 2007年江西卷 D
A. that B. what C. which D. where
三、先行词为地点、时间及reason和way的定语从句。
表示时间、地点先行词以及先行词为reason、way在定语从句中作状语时，相应的用: 表示时间的先行词：when/介词+which；表示地点的先行词：where/介词+which；reason为先行词：why/for which/that/…/; way为先行词：in which/that/…/但解题关键要判断先行词在定语从句中作状语还是作主语、宾语和表语。作状语，则适用上面得语法规则，如作主语、宾语和表语，则仍需用that/which（作宾语that/which可省略）。
This is the reason ____ he gave me.
This is the reason ____ he didn’t come to school today.
第一句定语从句可还原为：he gave me the reason, 先行词reason在定语从句中作宾语，故关系词用that/which或省略；第二句定语从句可还原为：for the reason he didn’t come to school today, 故关系词用why/for which/that或省略。
1. The place ____ I visited last summer is just the place ____ I spent my childhood. B
A. that; that B. that; where
C. where; where D. where; that
2. Is there a department store around ____ I can get a birthday present for my brother? B
A. Which B. where C. on which D. that
3. Is this the house _____Shakespeare was born? （1988全国） C
A. at where B. which C. in which D. at which
4. Is this the reason ＿＿ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春) A
A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained
5. The place ______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ______the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. （05江苏）C
A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which
6. In an hour, we can travel to places _____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach. （06上海） C
A. where B. when C. which D. what
四、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。
它们的常见结构有：
(1). 介词+which/whom
This is the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
(2). 名词+of+ which/whom
Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.
(3). 数词+of+ which/whom
She’s got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses.
(4). 代词+of +which/whom
In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(5). 最高级+of + which/whom
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.
介词的选择根据介词与定语从句中动词的搭配关系；根据介词与前面的名词先行词的搭配关系；同时考虑与动词和名词的搭配关系。
1. John, ______ money is no problem, still leads a simple life.（D）
A. for whose B. of whose C. of whom D. for whom
2. (08上海春卷’ 38)37. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry，_________ there won’t be much work D
A. where B. that C. by which D. without which
3. (08湖南卷’31)The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _____ are beyond our control. B
A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that
4. (08陕西卷’13) The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. D
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
5. (08福建卷’31) By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ____ appeared a rare rainbow soon. D
A. of which B. on which C. from which D. above which
6. He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten windows , most of ___ hadn‘t been cleaned for at least a year. （1990全国） D
A. these B. those C. that D. which
7. n the dark street, there wasn't a single person ______ she could turn for help. (1992全国) D
A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
8. The gentleman _______ you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. (2000上海春) B
A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom
9. There are two buildings, ______ stands nearly a hundred feet high . (04湖北) D
A．the larger B．the larger of them C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
10. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year , 80% ＿＿ are sold abroad . (04辽宁) A
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
11. Luckily, we'd brought a road map without ______ we would have lost our way. (04北京春招) D
12. A. it B. that C. this D. which
13. He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ he went on to Cambridge.（05山东） A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
14. I have many friends, ______ some are businessmen. （05全国II）D
A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom
15. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained.（05江西）C
A．in that B．for that C．in which D．for which
16. --why does she always ask you for help? （05北京）
---There is no one else ______, is there? B
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn
17. I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed. (浙江卷) B
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
18. She was educated at Beijing University, ________she went on to have her advanced study abroad. (陕西卷) A
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that
19. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us. _____we gave some bells and glasses. (湖南卷) B
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
20. The book was written in 1946, the education system has witnessed great charges. 2007年山东卷 D
A．when B．during which C．since then D．since when
21. It is reported that two schools，_____ are being built in my hometown，will open next year. 2007年四川卷 D
A．they both B．which both C．both of them D．both of which
22. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of _____are healthy 2007年北京卷 D
A. that B. which C. what D. whom
23. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. 2007年安徽卷 D
A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
24. The man pulled out a gold watch, were made of small diamonds. 2008年陕西卷 D
A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of
C. which the hands of D. the hands of which
五、As 与which引导的非限制定语从句的区别。
(1). As 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前或之后，一般用逗号与主句隔开；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
(2). As引导的非限制性定语从句常与主句意义一致，常译为“正如”、“就像”；which引导的非限制性定语从句常与主句有因果关系。
(3). As 常与一些词连用形成的定语从句，已形成了固定的说法，如：
As is known to all; as has been said before; as is often the case; as often happens, as has been pointed out等。
1. Carol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿personally I doubt very much. (1999全国) D
A. it B. that C. when D. which
2. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ______came as a surprise. (1991全国) C
A. it B. that C. which D. he
3. These houses are sold at such a low price _______ people expected. (2000上海春) B
A. like B. as C . that D. which
4. ___ has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. (2003上海春)B
A. That B. As C. It D. What
六、As is known (to us all),…与it is known (to us all) that…或what is known (to us all)is that…的区别。
As is known (to us all),…引导的为非限制性定语从句；it is known (to us all)that…引导的是主语从句；what is known (to us all) is that…为主语从句+表语从句。
As is known to us all, the earth is round.
=It is known to us all that the earth is round.
=What is known to us all is that the earth is round.
1. __ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (2001全国)B
A. It B. As C. That D. What
2. ____ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. (04北京) B
A. It B. As C. That D. What
3. ____ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress. A
A. It B. As C. That D. What
4. __ is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month. C
A. It B. As C. That D. What
七、Where 引导的定语从句和where引导的状语从句的区别。
He found the books where he had put.
He found the books in the place where he had put them.
第一个句子为where 引导的句子为状语从句，where意为“在…… 地方”，从句前无表示地点的先行词。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place，主句为he found the books in the place,定语从句可还原为he had put them in the place,先行词place在定语从句中作状语，故关联词用where/介词+which。
1. The village has developed a lot ______ we learned farming two years ago. 2007年福建卷D
A. when B. which C. that
2. Plants grow best ____ it is warm and wet. C
A. which B. in which C. where D. that
3. After the war, a new school building was put up ____ there had once been a theatre. D
A. that B. when C which D where
4. Now he works in a factory _____ his father used to work. A
A. where B. when C. that D. /
5. You should let your children play ____ you can see them. A
A. where B when C. in which D. that
八、名词fact、hope、idea、news、problem、suggestion等后面跟同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
定语从句是形容词从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，是用来修饰前面的名词或代词的；同位语从句是名词从句，其作用相当于一个名词，是对前面的名词作进一步解释的。定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的成分，可作主语、宾语、状语等；而同位语从句中的引导词在从句只起连接作用，不作任何句子成分。同位语从句与其所修饰的名词之间是一种同位关系，二者之间存在逻辑上的系表关系，可用“主+系+表”结构来表示。例如：
1． We heard the news that he had told her. 我们听到他对她说的消息。
2． We heard the news that he had won the game. 我们听到消息他赢得了比赛。
九、one of +复数名词+关系代词+复数动词和the only one of +复数名词+关系代词+单数动词
He is one of the students who pass the exam.
He is the only one of the students who passes the exam.
第一句先行词为students，故定语从句的谓语动词用复数；第二句先行词为the only one,故定语从句的谓语动词用单数。
1. Beihai Park is one of the most beautiful parks ____ built 300 years ago. D
A. which was B. which were C. that was D. that were
十、定语从句与强调句型：
强调句型去掉it is/was … that结构，句子结构仍然完整；定语从句去掉it is/was…that, 句子结构不完整，意思也不完整。强调句型中被强调的部分可以是副词、介词短语或从句；定语从句中先行词一般是名词、代词和名词短语。
Was it the place where the party was held?
Was it in the place that the party was held?
It was in the lab that was set up last year that they finished the experiment.
--Where did you get to know her?
---It was on the farm we worked. 2007年山东卷 D
A．that B．there C．which D．where
十一、其他
1. The financial crisis and the suffering ____ has caused have a great influence on the whole world.(C)
A. they B. which C. it D. what
2. Is this factory_______ you visited last year? A
A. the one B. that C. which D. where
3. Is this the factory_______ you visited last year? B
A. the one B. that C. who D. where
4. China is no longer the country ____ it used to be. B
A. which B. that C. what D. /
5. The driver and his car ___ fell into the river have not yet been discover. C
A. which B. who C. that D. both of which
6. This is the same pen ______ I lost yesterday. D
A. that B. which C. as D. Both A and C
责任编辑：李芳芳