New words and expressions
1. avoid vt. 避免，躲避； 预防，防止
avoid sth / avoid doing sth
You can avoid danger by being careful.
I took the other direction so as to avoid meeting her.
He told a lie in order to avoid being punished.
I just avoided running over the cat. 我差点儿轧着猫。
Try to avoid accidents. 尽量防止发生事故。
2． contact
n.接触，联系(contact with sb./sth.)
The two substances are now in contact with each other, and a chemical reaction is occurring.
Pupils must be brought into contact with new ideas.
The troops came into contact with the enemy.
We are out of contact with our friends. / be in contact with sb.
He lost contact with his son.
keep in contact with sb. / get in contact with sb.
make contact with sb./sth.与某人交谈会晤或取得联系
I finally made contact with her in Paris.
vt. 联系，与来往
Where can I contact you tomorrow?
3. frown
vi. 1) frown at sb./sth. 皱眉,蹙额
What’s wrong? Why are you frowning?
Peter frowned at the noise coming from the boys’ bedroom.
2) frown on/upon sth. 不赞成，不许可，不同意
My parents always frown on late nights out. 不赞成深夜外出。
n. She looked up from her exam paper with a worried frown.
I noticed a slight frown of disapproval on his face.
4. lean v. (leant, leaned)
1) 倾斜，弯曲，屈身
lean forward, lean back
lean out of the window, back in one’s chair, over to one side.
2) lean against/upon/on sth. 依靠在某物上
The ladder is leaning against the wall.
The old man leant upon/on his stick.
3) lean sth. against/on sth.使某物靠在另一物上
The workmen leant their shovels against the fence and went to lunch.
4) lean on/upon sb./sth. for sth.依靠某人（某事物）=depend on
Young people lean on old people for guidance/advice/support.
5. ahead (时间、空间)在前，向前
He ran ahead. Walk straight ahead.
The way ahead is broken. Do you know the tall man ahead?
ahead of 1)(时间、空间)更前、更早
London is about five hours ahead of New York.
Ahead of us lay ten days of intensive training.
2) 处于领先地位，领先
She was always well ahead of the rest of the class.
His ideas were ahead of his time
ahead of time/schedule 提前
He finished the work ahead of time.(=in advance; beforehand;)
---- Would you mind my opening the door?
----No, go ahead.
----Let’s practise speaking in English ?
----Good idea. Go ahead.
6. manage vt/vi.
1) 负责，管理，经营，
manage a shop, business, factory
2) 控制，驾御
manage a naughty boy ; manage a difficult horse.
He’s good at managing his money.
3) 设法完成 manage to do sth
In spite of these difficulty, he managed to finish the task.
I can’t borrow the money so I’ll have to manage without.应付（将就）
4) 与can, could, be able to连用，达到，做成
I haven’t been learning French for long, so I can only manage a few words.
I can’t manage another piece of cake.
Despite his disappointment, he managed a smile. 他尽管很失望，还是强颜一笑。
7. vary
1) vi. 不同(vary in sth) 变化(vary with… , vary from… to…)
Prices vary with the seasons.
Her mood varies from optimism to extreme depression. 她的情绪有乐观一变而为极度消沉。Customs vary from country to country.
Opinions vary on this point.
The results of the experiment varied wildly.
These fish vary in weight from 3 jin to 5 jin.
2) 改变，使多样化
You must vary your working pace/ the method of study/ the programme..
3) adj. various n. variety
for various reasons /for a variety of reasons / for varieties of reasons
8. crazy adj.疯狂的，狂热的
He is crazy.
The noise is driving me crazy./ The noise is making me go crazy.
You must be crazy to go walking in such terrible weather.
The kids went crazy when the film star appeared.
be crazy about sb./sth.狂热，热衷
I am crazy about maths. She’s crazy about him.
like crazy 极度，非常=very much
work/talk/run like crazy 拼命工作/讲话/跑
9. part vt./vi 分开，分离 part (from sb); part sb from sb
The police parted the crowd.
The children were parted from their parents.
She has parted from her husband.
The crowd parted to let them through.
It is 3 years since they parted.
The clouds parted and the sun shone through.云开日出
part with sth. 放弃或出让某物 =give away
Although he is poor, he refused to part with his collected stamps.
Take/play an active part in sth. 积极参加某事
play a major /important/significant part in sth 在某方面起重大作用
10. firm adj.
1) 坚实的，坚硬的
This wet ground id not firm enough to walk on.
firm soil坚硬的土壤 firm flesh/muscles 结实的肌肉
2) 牢固的，稳固的，坚固的
This building has a firm ground.
A firm foundation坚固的基础
3) 稳定而有力的 a firm handshake
Mother kept a firm hold on her son's hands as he said goodbye to her abroad.
"儿子向母亲告别到国外去时,母亲紧紧地拉住他的双手。"
4）坚定的，不易改变的
We have a firm belief in this fact.
He has made a firm decision.
be firm with 对坚决，坚定
Parents should be firm with their parents.严格要求孩子
adv. firmly 坚固地，稳固地
The belt was firmly fixed to the astronaut when he floated in space.
11. bow v.
1) 鞠躬，点头
The actors and actresses bowed as the audience applauded.
We all bowed to the Queen.
2) 压弯
The branches was bowed down by the snow on them.
His back was bowed with age.
3) bow sb. in/out弯腰迎入/送出
4) bow to sth. 顺从，接受某事物
bow to sb’s advice./opinion/wishes/greater experience
5) n. He left with a bow.
Cupid’s bow 丘比特之剑
12 get through
1) 用完，消耗掉
She gets through thirty cigarettes a day.
We get through a lot of money while we were on holiday.
2) 做完，完成
Let’s start. There’s a lot of work to get through today.
I’ve got through a lot of letters today.
As soon as I get through with my work, I’ll join you.
3) 及格，通过
get through the exams/the driving test
Tom failed, but his sister got through.
She got all her pupils through French A level.
4) 使正式通过或被采纳
Do you think the Bill will get through the Parliament?
5) 接通电话和…联系
I tried ringing you several times yesterday, but I couldn’t get through to you.
6) 度过 get through difficult situation
Her grandma was in great danger. The doctor said that she couldn’t get through the night.
13 bend(bent, bent) v.
1) 弯曲，弯腰
It’s hard to bend a iron bar.
She bent down and picked it up.
2) be bent on (doing)sth.决心采取（某行动），专心致志于（做）某事
She is bent on pleasure.一心要享乐
He is bent on winning at all costs.不惜一切去争取胜利
He bent his mind to the job. 他专心与工作。
bend to sb’s will 顺从某人的意志
14． detail
1). n细节，详情
He refused to go into details (详细叙述)about his plans.
He refused to explain/ describe it in detail (详细地)。
2）vt.详述，细说
I detailed our plans to her.
3) adj. detailed 详细的，详尽的 detailed information/description
15 focus (pl. focuses, foci)
n. 1) (光，声等的中心点，源)
2)焦点，焦距
The focus on my camera isn’t working properly.
2) 活动的中心，感兴趣所在
Her beauty makes her the focus of attention.
In tonight’s programme our focus is on Germany.
v. focus (sth) on sth 调整焦点于，（注意力，精神）集中于
Focus your camera on the trees.
I am too tired, I can’t focus on anything today.
Please focus your attention/mind on the following problems.
16 occur vi. (occurrence n.)
1) 发生 happen
The accident occurred at five o'clock.
2) 存在 exist; be found
Such plants don't occur here.
这种植物不能在这里生存。
3)occur to sb 想起；想到
An idea occurred to me.
Did it ever occur to you that this will probably cause an accident?
It occurred to me that I hadn’t finished my homework.
Warming up /listening/speaking
1. keep +宾语 +宾补
eg. The coat will keep you warm.
Illness kept him in bed for a week.
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a long time.
They kept their marriage a secret.
The heavy rain kept us from going abroad.
2. match ---with---
1) 使---和---相配
2) 使---和---竞争或较量
I’m ready to match my strength against yours .
Match your skill against the experts in this quiz.
match vt/vi. 相配，相匹敌，相竞争
The curtains won’t match the carpets.
The curtains and the carpets match perfectly.
The two pieces of furniture don’t match.
No one can match her at chess.
A well-matched couple 很匹配的一对
3． To tell (you ) the truth( 老实说), I don’t agree with you.
4． disagree with sb. (on/about sth. ) 与某人有分歧，不同意
disagree with sb. /what sb says /sb’s words
The food/climate disagreed with me.
The food /climate doesn’t agree with me.
Agree to do sth
Agree to sth. ( plan, suggestion, proposal, arrangement, idea, etc.)
Agree on sth. ( price, date,etc.)
Agree with sb/what sb says/ sb’s words
Sign an agreement with sb.
Come to /arrive at /reach/ make an agreement
In agreement with ---
Reading
1. express one’s thoughts / emotion/ opinion 表达某人的思想，情感，观点
express one’s satisfaction with---- 对----表示满意
The teacher expressed his satisfaction with the result for the experiment.
2. communicate with----与---进行交流
He is difficult to communicate with.
They communicate with each other by radio/telephone.
communicate sth. （to sb.） 传播，传送
He communicated his intension to me. 他把他的意向告诉了我。
Please communicate the news to our friends.
Communicate a disease 传播疾病
be in communication with sb.
3. look directly into sb’s eyes 直视对方的眼睛
look into sth. 调查或观察某事 look into the case/problem
directly adv. 1) 径直地，直接地，坦率地，直爽地，
He looked directly at us .
She speaks very directly to people.
2）立即，马上
Come in directly.
3) conj. 一----就---- = as soon as
I went home directly I had finished work.
direct adv. 径直地，中途不停地; 亲自地，直接地
The train goes there direct.
I prefer to deal with him direct. 我还是直接跟他打交道为好。
4． around the world = all over the world= throughout the world 全世界，世界各地
5． as to sth. ; as regards sth. 至于某事物，提到某事物
As to what clothes you should wear, there are no special rules.
6. greet vt. 欢迎，迎接，致意，问候， greet sb with sth
He greeted me in the street with a friendly wave of the hand.
She greeted her guests politely at the door.
His speech was greeted with great cheers and applause.
greeting n. 招呼，问候，欢迎
send greetings 致以问候 a greetings card 贺卡
7． While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal . 尽管对身势语有许多不同的解释，有些手势好象是全球通用的。
While conj. 1)尽管，虽然，=although
While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。
While I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.
While he tried his best, he failed in the experiment.
3) 当----的时候， 在----期间
He fell asleep while he was doing his homework .
Strike while the iron is hot.
4) 与----同时
While mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.
He listens to the radio while driving to work.
5) 然而（表示对比或相反）
My brother is very tall while I am so short.
She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
8. feel down or lonely 情绪低落，闷闷不乐，感到孤独，
down adj. 到楼下；病倒；倒下；沮丧；首次付款的；
All right, I’ll be down immediately.
be/go down with sth 有病，得病
He is down with a cold.
Several trees are down.
She felt down/lonely about her leaving.
Pay me $500 as a down payment 先付给我500美圆定钱。
9． have a lot/ much/something/a great deal/nothing/little/not much in common with ---
和----有很多/有一些/没有/很少/不多共同之处
in common with ---- 和----一样
Grammar -----Ving 形式
1. 作主语
2. 作宾语
3. 作表语
4. 作定语