授课人：郭礼文 时间： 班级：
一、目标再现
1．能够运用过去时态来谈论过去的经历和运用现在完成时来谈论由过去开始，与现在相联系或有影响的经历。
2．学习和归纳有关环境和污染方面词汇，且能够正确运用它们来描述所见所闻。
3．进一步学习现在完成时态，特别是它的时间状语的表达法：for…或since…
4．归纳总结哪些动词是延续性动词，哪些是非延续性动词，以及它们之间的转换。特别是与一段时间连用时只能使用延续性动词。
5．培养自己的环境意识，养成良好的行为举止，能运用所学知识来报道周边的环境问题。
二、重点难点解析
1．have been (to) 与 have gone (to)
have been与have gone都表示现在完成时态，表明动作已经发生了，但它们之间的含义是有不同的。
1）"have been in + 地点名词"或者"have been + 表位置的副词"含义是"在某地呆得过多久"。例如：
Mr Zhang has been in this school for ten years．He knows everyone here.
张先生在这所学校呆了十年。
I have been here since I began to work．It's just like my home.
我工作以来一直呆在这里。
2）"have been to +地点名词"表示"曾经到某地去过（多少次）"。例如：
Miss Brown has been to China twice．That's why she speaks Japanese very well.
布朗小姐来过中国两次。
Have you ever been here before?
你以前到过这儿吗？
3）"have gone to +地点名词"或"have gone + 表位置的副词"其含义是"到某地去了"（人已不在此地），注意：这种结构不用于第一人称，也不用于第二人称，它仅用于第三人称。请看下面一段对话：
A: Where's Tom?
B: He's gone to the shop.
A: Has Mary gone there with him?
B: No, she hasn't.
2. Businessmen are afraid of newspapers and TV stations. 生意人害怕报纸和电台。
be afraid of… 意思是"害怕……"。afraid是形容词，在句中只能作表语，后跟名词或动词的-ing形式（指自己不能决定而突然发生的事），与frightened的意思相同。be afraid后也可跟动词不定式表示"害怕做某事"即：be afraid to do sth.。另外，afraid后还可跟that引导的宾语从句，意思是"担心，恐怕"。例如：
（1）I am afraid of mice. 我害怕老鼠。
（2）Don't be afraid of making mistakes. 不要怕犯错误。
（3）I'm afraid to tell her the truth. 我不敢告诉她真相。
（4）I am afraid you are ill. 恐怕你是病了。
（5 ）I'm afraid (that) we may not catch the train. 我担心我们可能赶不上火车。
3. As soon as other people hear it, they go out with their rubbish and throw it in.
当人们一听到它，他们就出来把垃圾扔进去。
as soon as -……就……，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作紧跟从句的动作发生。必须注意 as soon as possible（one can），它表示"尽可能快地"。
例： （1）He'll write to me as soon as he gets to Beijing． 他一到北京就会给我写信。
（2）You should do your work as soon as possible． 你应尽快地做事。
4. … taking care of our environment is very important. 保护好我们的环境是非常重要的。
(1) take care of保护，照顾，保管。如：
Please take good care of your books. 请保管好你们的书。
Can you take care of my baby while I'm away? 我出去时你能为我照顾我的孩子吗？
(2) "Taking care of our environment" 在这里是动名词短语作主语。也可以说： It's very important to take care of our environment.
5．It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.
保持我们的环境干净整洁是我们的责任。
（1）it在这里是形式主语，真正的主语是"to keep our environment clean and tidy"
又如：It's a pleasant way to help keep our city clean.
（2）keen后面可跟带现在分词的复合结构。如：
He kept me waiting for a long time yesterday．他昨天让我等了很长时间。
keep后面也可跟带形容词的复合结构。如：
You should take more exercise to keep you healthy．你应该多运动来保持健康。
6．If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 如果每人都对保护环境做出贡献，那么世界将变得更加美丽。
make a contribution to…意思是"对……做贡献，捐赠"。to是介词后跟名词或动词的-ing形式。例如：
（l）Thomas made a great contribution to the world．托马斯爱迪生对世界做出了很大的贡献。
（2）It is our duty to make a contribution to protecting the environment．为环境保护做贡献是我们的责任。
make是英语中非常活跃的动词之一，和不同的词搭配具有不同的含义。又如：
make a face做鬼脸 make a living谋生
make a mistake犯错误 make friends with交朋友
make fun of开玩笑 make one's way挤出一条路
make room for让座 make up one's mind下决心
My friend Emma made fun of my job once time. She said that my job is rather making a living than career manage. I made up my mind to run my company successfully, which could make her realize she had made such a mistake. Then I made my way in mass society. I made good as a manager. I stay here and make sure that I have made a go of the business. I make of what Emma have done for me, luckily, I made friend with her.
7. The more trees, the better的结构
这里是"the more，the more…"句型表述结构，它的意思是"越多越好；越……，越……"。例如： Start your work, the sooner, the better. 开始工作吧，越快越好。
The more I think of it, the happier I am. 我越想越高兴：
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你越用功，进步就越大。
The longer we stayed there, the more we like the people there.
我们在那里呆得越久，越喜欢那里的人民。
注意：在"the more…，the more"这个句型中，"the"不能省略。
8．… need to do better in protecting the environment. 需要在保护环境方面做得更好。
do well in在某方面干得好。do better in在某方面干得更好。
在in后面加名词或动名词。例：He does well in playing football．他足球踢得很好。
9．延续性动词与非延续性动词
(1) 延续性动词： 表示动作能够持续发生一段时间的动词。如：
be, have, know, work, live, study, teach, speak, talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep等。
Miss Gao has been here since 7:00.
高小姐七点起就到这儿了。（此句中不能用arrived或come）
I have had the bike for five years．这辆自行车我已经买了五年了。（不能用bought）
(2) 非延续性动词
表示一个动作刚刚发生即告结束。如：
come, go, arrive, reach, see, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, fall, join, die, get up等。它们可以用于完成时态的第一种，说明某个动作的结果还存在。但它们不可以用于完成时态的第二种。
Grandpa Wang has died. 王大爷已经去世了。
The film has begun．电影已经开映。（现正放映）
这类动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：要表达"王大爷已经去世两年了"应这样写：Grandpa Wang has been dead for two years. 而不能写成：
Grandpa Wang has died for two years.
注：在for+时间段或 since+时间点的词组或句子上进行画线部分提问要用how long。同时用how long开始的句子中的谓语要用延续性的动词（时态不限）。
三、典型例题解答与分析
1. 词语练习：根据句意选择合适的词语填空。
1) －______you have locked the door.
－You needn’t worry about it. I _________I locked it before we left. (make sure, be sure)
2) Don’t worry! We’ll water the flowers as soon as we ______ home. (will arrive, arrive)
3) I’m very much ___________the teacher.
I’m __________ they won’t come to my party. (afraid of, afraid that)
4) Susan _______ _______ that she would have chance to come to China some day. (kept hoping, kept on hoping)
解析：1) Make sure; am sure （此句意思是：确定一下你是否锁门了。be sure回答是：别操心了，我肯定锁了。）
2) arrive (as soon as引导的是时间状语从句，所以当表示将来时时，从句应用一般现在时。)
3) afraid that （第一句话空后因为是一个名词，且意思是：害怕。afraid that第二句话空后是一句话，所以用that来连接一个从句。）
4) kept hoping （此句意思是：她一直希望有一天会有机会来中国。表示持续不断的动作或状态用keep doing…。）
2. Jim has been at the factory _______ two years ago. A. for B. since C. before D. after
解析： 答案为B。本题主要考查时间状语与谓语的关系。for后跟时间段表示一段时间，since后跟时间的起点，表示一段时间，before 表示在什么时间之前，after则表示在什么时间之后。本句是完成时态，指自两年前以来如何，且两年前是个时间的（起）点，因此，此处应用since。
3. Mr Smith has taught here ______ten years ago. A. for B. before C. since D. in to
解析：现在完成时态除表示动作已经完成外，还表示动作在过去已经开始，并一直延续到现在。常常和for或since所构成的时间状语连用。for后面的宾语表示的是一段时间，而since后面则是表示过去的某一时间点。since还可作连词引导时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词常用一般过去时态，主句用完成时态。所以，根据题意本题答案为C。例如：
（1）I’ve been here for over two years．我来这儿两年多了。
（2）I’ve known him since ten years ago．十年前我就认识他了。
（3）He has worked in this factory since he came to China．他自从来到中国就一直在那家工厂工作。
另外，由for和since引导的时间状语不能与终止性动词的肯定式连用，但可和其否定式连用。又如He hasn’t come to Beijing since 1992. 从1992年以来，他就没来过北京。
4. Our teacher ______ Linda can come to join us. A. wishes B. asks C. tells D. hopes
解析：答案为D
本题主要考查学生对wish和hope的用法的掌握。hope后面接从句，其引导的宾语从句的连词that可以省去；而wish后面也可以跟宾语从句，但从句中的谓语动词一般用虚拟语气，也就是could come．本句中，“老师希望琳达来”这种愿望是发自内心的，而不是说不可能实现。例如：I wish I may live to see it. 我希望还能活着看见这件事。
We wish (that) I were young again. 要是我能返老还童该多好呀！
（以上两句均为虚拟的语气）
We hope (that) you will start off early. 我们希望你早点动身。
He hopes (that) they can meet in Changsha. 他希望他们能在长沙见面。
5. She ______ go home now.
A. had better not to B. had better not C. had not better D. had not better to
解析： 答案为B
这里的had better相当于一个情态动词，表示一种语气，意愿，汉语的意思是“最好”，“还是……为好”。构成这种句子的否定形式只需在后面直接加not就可以了。例如：
You’d better not go now． 你现在还是不走为好。
We had better not make fun of him． 我们最好不要跟他开玩笑。
注意：not后面不能用to，更不能在had和better中间加not。
6. 下列各勾划线部分均有一处错误，找出并将序号填入题前括号内
（ ）1） He has come back for a month.
A B C D
（ ）2） I haven’t heard from my wife since a long time.
A B C D
（ ）3） Jane had on her hat and coat and went out.
A B C D
（ ）4）He paid 50 yuan on the dictionary.
A B C D
（ ）5） Are you sure you’ve looked for the dog?
A B C D
解析 1）A，come是终止性动词，不能和表示一段的时间状语连用，应改为been。
2）C，since后须跟时间的（起）点，表示一段时间，a long time是一段时间，应该将since改为for。
3）A，have on表示状态，此句的意思是“戴上帽子、穿上大衣走了出去”，所以动词需要表示动态的词，应改为put on。
4）C，用 pay来表示付钱时，它的搭配介词应是 for。
5）D，look for是寻找，而此句问的是找到，所以应使用found。
四、习题精选 初三英语总复习单元自查练习（UNIT 2）疑难解答。（本习题课前发给学生）
I．用所给词的适当形式填空
1. The river has become _______ and _______ since two years ago. (dirty)
2. We'd better keep the fire ______(burn).
3. _____ are afraid of newspapers and TV stations. (businessman)
4. What ____ weather it is today! (pleased)
5. We find English very ____in our daily life. (use)
答案：1. dirtier, dirtier 2. burning 3. Businessmen 4. pleasant 5. useful
Ⅱ．根据句意和首字母补全单词。
1. All her neighbours s______ her to be an actress.
2. Don't p______ the dirty water on the yard.
3. Everyone should make a c ______ to improving our environment.
4. Planting more trees can make our city g______.
5. His gift m______ her very happy.
答案：1. supposed 2. pour 3. contribution 4. green 5. made
Ⅲ．句型转换
1. Please finish it as soon as you can. Please finish it ____ _____ ____ ____.
2. She died two years ago. She ______ _______ ______ ______ two years.
3. I bought the book three days ago. I _______ _______ the book _______ three days.
4. He has done all the work. He has done _________ ________ ________.
5. I got a letter from her last week. I ________ ________ ________ last week.
6. There was a lot of rain yesterday. It ________ ________ yesterday.
7. We borrowed two books last week. We ____ ____ the books since last week.
8. He bought this new bike a month ago. He ____ ____ this new bike since a month ago.
9. He became a member of Greener China last year.
He ____ ____ a member of Greener China ____a year.
10. When did the train arrive here? How long ____ the train ____ here?
答案：1. as soon as possible 2. has been dead for 3. have had, for 4. the whole work
5. heard from her 6. rained heavily7. has kept 8. has had 9. has been, for 10. has, been
Ⅳ. 选择填空
1.How long has Jim ____ at this school? A. arrived B. come C. studied D. gone
2. The little girl is afraid of ____ at night. A. go B. goes C. going D. went
3. As soon as he ____, he will write to me. A. arrives at B. arrives C. reaches D. gets
4. The teacher is ____ with what we did. A. pleased B. please C. pleasure D. pleasant
5. ____ will he be back? In a week. A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How many
6. I have to do my homework for ______ every day.
A. one and half hour B. one and a half hour C. one and half hours D. one and a half hours
7. Who draw ______ Jack? A. so well as B. as well as C. so better than D. as good as
8. The girl had a short rest and did her homework ______ she reached home.
A. after B. before C. when D. since
9. We have known each other ______ we were young. A. for B. since C. after D. before
10. They ______ very busy last month. A. are B. were C. be D. have been
11. There ___ a park near our school since two years ago.A. is B. was C. has been D. will be
12. Lucy is very free. Look, she __ a model ship.A. makes B. made C. has made D. is making
13. Many students in our class ______ glasses over their eyes in class.
A. put on B. dress C. wear D. get dressed
14. What do you think we should__ improve our environment?A. do B. to C. do for D. do to
15. They've found a way to ___ that waste thing.A. do B. do with C. throw D. move away
16. We find the book very ______. A. interest B. interesting C. interests D. interested
17. She has _____ finished her lunch, but she hasn't washed her bowls ______.
A. already, yet B. just, already C. already, just D. just, yet
18. Uncle Wang has been here ______ ten years ago. A. for B. since C. in D. at
19. They went to London ______ just over five months. A. for B. since C. before D. when
20. The weather was ______ it is today.
A. not as wetter as B. not wetter than C. more wetter than D. wetter as
答案：1. C 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. B
11. C 12. D 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. A 20. B
Ⅴ．改正下列句中的错误
1. If it won't rain tomorrow, we'll go for a picnic.
2. What did he do when you came in?
3.That's a quite beautiful picture. I like it very much.
4. Can you hear the sound of the boys play outside?
5. They watched the traffic at 9:00 yesterday morning.
6. While my mother was doing the housework, I did my homework.
7. He took off the shoes, throw it on the floor and then read a newspaper.
8. What was Li Ping listening when you saw him?
9. He opened the door and saw the man of downstairs.
10. The man felt asleep half an hour later.
答案：1 . won't rain →doesn't rain 2 .did he do → was he doing 3. a quite →quite a
4. play → playing 5. watched → were watching 6. did → was doing 7. throw → threw
8 . listening → listening to 9. of → from 10. felt →fell
Ⅵ．完形填空
通读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各小题所给的选项中选择最佳的一项。
Water is the 1 important of all the things we eat and 2 . ___3__ understand this but 4 quite true. The human body can go without _5 _ for a long time, yet two ___6 three days 7 water can usually make people die.
Many people don't understand how 8 water the human body needs 9 work well, and many people do not drink enough, 10 in hot weather. Our body is mostly water about 11 . 12 we don't have 13 , we'll feel tired and many will get ill. So you ___14 , how important water 15 to us all.
( ) l. A. more B. most C. much D. many ( ) 2. A. have B. drink C. take D. cook
( ) 3. A. Not many people B. Though we don't C. Many people D. Some of us
( ) 4. A. it's B. its C. it D. is ( ) 5. A. food B. water C. drink D. meat
( ) 6. A. but B. nor C. and D. or ( ) 7. A. in B. through C. with D. without
( ) 8. A. many B. much C. widely D. a bit ( ) 9. A. and B. the C. to D./
( ) 10. A. even B. ever C. almost D. hardly
( ) 11. A. 15% to 25% B. 25% to 35% C. 65% to 75% D. 95% to 100%
( ) 12. A. Because B. If C. Since D. For ( ) 13. A. some B. enough water C. a little D. a few
( ) 14. A. hear B. look C. find D. know ( ) 15. A. be B. am C. is D. are
答案：
1．B (根据句意和定冠词the来判断important要用最高级。)
2．B（eat和drink是一个搭配。）
3．A（根据but一词可确定前面的句子应是一个否定句，所以答案C、D不能用。英语中有though就不能用but，所以答案B也不对。只有答案A是对的，意思是：不是许多人都知道这个道理，但它的确是个事实。）
4．A (略)
5．A 6．D
7．D（这三个答案要一起考虑。这句话得意思是：人们没有食物可以活很长一段时间，然而没有水两或三天通常就能使人死去。这里food和water是一对对比词。）
8．B（在英语中water是个不可数名词，要用 how much来修饰。）
9．C（这句中得need是个实义动词，后接一个不定式。）
10．A (根据句意是：许多人喝水都不够，既使是在热天。）
11．C（根据事实填。）
12．B（这句不仅根据句意，而且还要注意到这个复合句的主句是将来时，从句是一般现在时，所以在四个选项中只有用if引导的条件状语从句符合这条规则。）
13．B（当enough修饰名词时可以放在名词前，也可以放在名词后。）
14．D（这句意思是：所以你知道……。）
15．C（water是个不可数名词，所以动词用单数。）
Ⅶ．阅读理解
A
Basketball is still a young game. It is not a hundred years old. In the winter of 1891 , a certain college was having some trouble with its boy students. The weather was bad and the students had to stay indoors. As they could not take part in their usual outdoors sports, they were unhappy and some even got into fights from time to time.
At last, some of the teachers at the college asked Dr. Naismith to invent a game so that the students might have something to play. It was not easy to invent such a game because it had to play indoors, and the court was not very large.
Dr. Naismith thought for a few days and invented a kind of ball game. It was a fast, exciting game with much moving and passing of the ball. It was played between two teams. In order to make a score the ball had to be thrown into a box. As he could not find boxes of the right size, he had to use fruit basket instead. That is how the game got its name.
( ) 1. Basketball is____.
A. Not yet an old game B. an old game
C. a game with a long history D. already two hundred years old
( ) 2. The students felt unhappy because ____.
A. they often fought each other B. they couldn't play outside
C. they couldn't find time to play D. they didn't like to play
( ) 3. Which of the following is true?
A. Some students asked the teacher to invent something for them to play.
B. Dr. Naismith couldn't invent a new game.
C. Some teachers asked Dr. Naismith to invent a new game.
D. Dr. Naismith asked the teachers to invent the new game.
( ) 4. When the students played the game, they needed to ____.
A. buy balls B. run and pass the ball
C. jump and throw the ball D. both B and C
( ) 5. The game got its name from ____.
A. the ball itself B. the basket itself
C. both the basket and the ball D. not the basket but the ball
答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. C
B
Early rising is helpful in more than one way. We all need fresh (新鲜的) air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, it is useful to do morning exercises.
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. In the morning we learn more quickly and find it easier to understand what we learn.
Thirdly, early rising can give a plan to our work for the day. We can not work well without a good plan.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our hands and faces and eat our breakfast.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form (形成) the habit of early rising. They have to make an effort (努力) to do so. As the English proverb (谚语) says "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy (富有) and wise."
( ) l. Air is fresh __________.
A. early in the morning B. at the time when you get up
C. when you are sleeping D. late at night
( ) 2. Doing morning exercises ________.
A. help us to memorize what we learn B. is good to our health
C. gives us enough time to study D. make us tired and sleepy
( ) 3. We can't work well ________.
A. if the weather is bad B. if we get up early
C. if we have not a good plan D. in summer, autumn, winter
( ) 4. Early rising gives us enough time _____.
A. to get ready for our work B. to wash our faces
C. to brush our teeth D. to eat breakfast
( ) 5. Late risers should try their best _______
A. to form the good habit of early rising B. to remember some English proverbs
C. to sleep as many hours as possible D. to get up earlier than everyone else
答案：1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A
Ⅷ. 书面表达
根据中英文提示，写出意思连贯，符合逻辑的英文文段。所给的英语提示语必须都用上。
一天，李雷和他的同学到公园去。他看到一个人随地吐痰，他怎么做的呢？后来他又看见什么了，他有何感想呢？
spit on the path, run up to, tell, not, when, they, arrive, the centre of the park, some children, run here and there on the grass, many people, step on it, while, take, photos, get very angry, say to, angrily, should, ask them, everybody's duty, protect, environment
答案：
One day Li Lei went to a park with his friends. He saw a man spit on the path, he ran up to him and told him not to spit. When they arrived at the centre of the park, he saw that some children were running here and there on the grass, and many people were stepping on the grass while they were taking photos. Li Lei got very angry. He said to his friends angrily, "We should ask them that it's everybody's duty to protect our environment."
五、布置作业
1、预习UNIT 4
2、完成练习：初三英语总复习单元自查练习（UNIT 4）
3、摘录疑难问题
六、课后反思