词语探究
manner, apologise, gratitude, introduce, forgive, impression, behave, unfold, however, follow, custom, spirit, provide, allow, do well in, damp, cloth, stare, leave out, disabled
句子分析
1. You are looking for two seats to sit down with your friend, but there are none.
2. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use forks and knives, how to toast and how to behave at the table.
3. There are two pairs of large knives and forks on the table, forks on the left and knives on the right of the plate.
4. In China, you sometimes get a hot, damp cloth to clean your face and hands, which, however, is not the custom in Western countries.
5. At table, you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot, but do not laugh all the time.
6. When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not touch.
7. For drinking during a dinner, the best advice is never to drink too much.
8. Although good manners always make you look good, you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with friends or family.
9. They make me think of the happy days we spent together.
10. At this moment I am very busy with my studies.
11．..., and now it is time for me to study hard.
12. I should like to invite you to come and visit me in the north of China over the next holiday in January.
口语交际
1. Ways of making apologies.
2. How about...?
3. I wish you all the best.
语法详释
定语从句(Ⅲ)
研究性学习
阅读解题指导(Ⅱ)
课文理解
Part One 词语探究
1. manner
(1)用作可数名词，意思是“方法”，“方式”，通常用单数形式。
e. g. I love duck cooked in Chinese manner.
我喜欢吃中国烧法的鸭子。
(2)用作可数名词，意思是“举止”，“态度”，常用单数形式。
e. g. I don't like his manner. It's too rude.
我不喜欢他的举止，太粗鲁了。
(3)用作复数形式，意思是“礼貌”，“规矩”。
e. g. It is bad manners to speak loudly in public.
在公共场合高声讲话是没礼貌的。
2．apologise
(1)用作不及物动词，也可拼写为 apologize, 意思是“道歉”。
常见词组：apotngise to sb. for sth. “为某事向某人道歉”。
e. g. He apologised to me for being late.
他因迟到向我道歉。
(2)apologise 的名词形式是 apology。用作可数名词，意思是“道歉”。
e. g. I must make an apology to him.
我必向他道歉。
please accept my apologies．
请接受我的歉意。
3．gratitude
用作名词，意思是“感恩，感谢”，通常用作不可数名词。
常见短语out of gratitude，意思是“出于感谢”。
express one's gratitude to sb．for sth.意思是“为某事对某人表示感谢”。
e．g．He expressed his gratitude to me for my help．
他为我对他的帮助表示感谢。
Out of gratitude，he invited me to dinner．
出于感激，他邀请我吃饭。
4．introduce
用作及物动词，意思是“介绍，引入”。
e．R．I introduced myself to them．
我向他们作了自我介绍。
His works began to be introduced into China forty years ago．
他的作品是40年前介绍给中国读者的。
[辨析]introduce...to...,introduce...into...
①introduce...to...把某人或某物介绍给某人
to 后面接人作介词宾语。
e．g．First I introduce myself to you all．
首先我向你们作自我介绍。
②introduce...into...把某物传入或引进某地方
into后面接地点作介词宾语。
e．g．Tobacco was introduced into Europe from America。
烟草是从美洲传入欧洲的。
5．forgive
用作及物动词，意思是“原谅，宽恕，饶恕”。
e．g．Will you forgive my mistake?
你能原谅我的过错吗?
[辨析]forgive，excuse，pardon
①forgive“原谅”，指宽恕他人对自己的冒犯。
②excuse“原谅”，指宽恕小的过失。
③pardon“原谅”，指宽恕严重的过失。
e．g．We must pardon him for his faults．
我们一定会原谅他的过失。
Excuse me for coming so late．
请原谅我来晚了。
We may forgive their mistakes．
我们会原谅他们的过失。
6．impression
(1)通常用作可数名词，意思是“印象，感想”，
e．g．He made a strong impression on (upon)us．
他给我们留下了深刻的印象。
(2)impression的动词是impress，意思是“留下印象”。常用短语impress sth. on (upon)sb．“某事给某人留下印象”。
e．g．What he did was greatly impressed on(upon)us．
他所做的一切给我们留下深深的印象。
The girl impressed her sense of humour on(upon)her friends．
这个女孩的幽默感给她的朋友留下深刻的印象。
7．behave
(1)用作动词，意思是“行为，举止，行为好”。
e．g．He behaves badly．
他行为坏。
(2)behave的名词是behavior，意思是“行为，举止，态度”。
e．g．The boy is always on his good behavior．
那个男孩一直举止规矩。
8．unfold
(1)用作动词，意思是“打开，摊开”。
e．g．The teacher unfolded the map and looked for the Great Wall．
老师摊开地图寻找万里长城。
(2)英语中前缀im-，non-，un-等表示否定含义，通常用在形容词或动词前面。
e．g．possible可能的→impossible不可能的
stop 停止→nonstop不停止
fit 胜任→unfit不胜任
fold 折叠→unfold展开，打开
9．however
(1)用作副词，意思是“可是，依然”。
e．g．I Would like to go with you，however I am very busy．
我很想和你一块儿去，可是我很忙。
(2)用作副词，意思是“无论如何，不管怎样”。
e．g．However cold it is，he likes swimming in winter．
不管天气多冷，他喜欢冬天游泳。
10．follow
用作动词，意思是“跟随，跟从，遵循，遵从，顺着……走”。
e．g．The boy followed his mother up the stairs．
那个男孩跟他母亲上了楼梯。
Follow my advice，please.
请听从我的劝告。
Follow this road to the stone bridge.
沿这条路走到石头桥去。
11．custom
用作名词，意思是“风俗，习俗”，“习惯”，“顾客”。
e．g．Social customs vary greatly from country to country．
各国的社会风俗大不相同。
The waiters are kind to the custom．
服务员对顾客友好。
[辨析]custom，habit，hobby
这三个词都有“习惯”的意思，但含义有一定的不同。
①custom通常指大范围、长时间形成的风俗和习惯。
②habit通常指个人短时间的习惯。
③hobby通常指“爱好”。
e．g．The Spring Festival is a custom in East Asia．
春节是东亚的一个风俗。
He formed a habit of getting up early．
他养成早起的习惯。
Reading is his hobby．
看书是他的爱好。
12．spirit
(1)作“精神，心灵”的意思讲时，通常用作不可数名词。
e．g．He was troubled in spirit．
他内心烦恼。
(2)用作复数形式，意思是“情绪”。
e．g．The soldiers are in high spirits．
战士们情绪高涨。
(3)用作可数名词，意思是“幽灵，妖精，灵魂”。
e．g．Some people think that the spirit lives on after death．
有些人相信死后灵魂继续存在。
13．provide
用作动词，意思是“提供，供给”，与supply同义。
常见短语：provide(supply)sth．to(for)sb．或provide(supply)sb．with sth．意思是“为某人提供某物”。
e．g．The school provides (supplies)food to(for)the students．
这所学校为学生提供食物。
14．allow
用作动词，意思是“允许，准许”，后面通常接动词-ing作宾语，或后接宾语和宾语补足语，宾语补足语通常由不定式充当。
e．g．They don't allow smoking here.
他们不允许在此地吸烟。
The teachers don't allow us to cheat in the exam．
老师不允许我们考试作弊。
[辨析]allow，permit，let
这三个词都可表示“允许”，但含义和用法上有一定区别。
①allow词义较弱，含有“听任，默许，不加阻止”的含义。
e．g．He allowed the dog to come in.
他听任狗进来。
②permit词义较强，强调“正式认可，批准”的含义。
e．g．The school doesn't permit the students to smoke．
学校严禁学生抽烟。
③let表示“让”，词义最弱，口语化，在let后面的宾语补足语常不带to，而且let-般不用于被动语态。
e．g．Let me go with you．
让我跟你一起去。
15．do well in
do well in的意思是“在……方面做得好”，well是副词。
e．g．He does well in maths．
他数学学得好。
16．damp
damp用作形容词，意思是“潮湿的”。
e．g．The place is too damp．
这个地方太潮湿。
17．cloth
(1)用作不可数名词，意思是“布，布料，织物”。
e．g．The girl wanted to buy a piece of cloth.
那个姑娘想买一块衣料。
(2)用作可数名词，意思是“一块布，台布，抹布”。
e．g．The waiter took off the table cloth.
服务生取下桌布。
18．stale
(1)用作动词，既可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，意思是“盯，凝视”。
e．g．It is impolite to stare at other people．
盯着别人看是不礼貌的。
The teacher stared the whole class into silence．
老师盯着全班学生，使他们安静下来。
(2)用作名词，通常用作可数名词，意思是“盯，凝视”。
e．g．He gave me an icy stare．
他冷冰冰地盯了我一眼。
19．leave out
leave out的意思是“省去，遗漏，不考虑”。
e．g．You can leave out their plan.
你们能够不考虑他们的计划。
You shouldn't leave out this important detail in the trial．
在审判中，你不该漏掉这个重要细节。
20．disabled
disabled用作形容词，意思是“残疾的，伤残的”。
e．g．The disabled boy is kind to everyone．
那个残疾的孩子对大家友好。
Part Two句子分析
1．You are looking for two seats to sit down with your friend，but there are none．
你找两个座位和你朋友坐下来，但一个也没有。
none意思是“没有一个”，代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。
e．g．None of them know(knows)the story．
他们没有一个知道这个故事。
None of the students are(is)afraid of difficulties．
没有一个学生害怕困难。
[辨析]none，no one，nothing
①none用于指人和物，可与of短语连用，用作单数和复数。
e．g．--“How many elephants did you see in the park?”
--“None．”
-你在公园里看到几头大象?
-一头也没看到。
②no one只能指人，不能与of连用，用作单数。
e．g．No one knows what they fought for．
没有人知道他们为什么发生战争。
③nothing用于指物，不与of连用，通常泛指“没有什么事情或东西”，用作单数。
e．g．Nothing can change the world．
什么也不能改变世界。
2．Having good table manners means knowing，for example，how to use forks and knives, how to toast and how to behave at the table．
有了餐桌上好的规矩就是说了解，比方说如何使用刀叉，如何敬酒和如何在餐桌上言谈。
(1)how to use forks...at the table，三个由“how+不定式”构成，作knowing的宾语。
e．g．I don't know what to do．
我不知道做什么。
(2)for example意思是“举例说明”，往往用逗号隔开。而且example前面不加冠词。
e．g．For example，John has the same idea．
比如约翰就有相同的看法。
3．There are two pairs of large knives and forks on the table，forks on the left and knives on the right of the plate.
桌子上有两副刀叉，叉子在盘子的左边，刀子在盘子的右边。
(1)There be...句型中的be用单数还是复数取决于第一个主语，若主语是单数，be用单数，若是复数，be用复数。
e．g．There is one chair and two tables in the room．
屋里有一把椅子和两张桌子。
There are two tables and one chair in the room．
屋里有两张桌子和一把椅子。
(2)apair of“一双，一对”的意思。
e．g．He bought a pair of shoes．
他买了一双鞋。
The girl has three pairs of trousers．
那个女孩有三条裤子。
(3)在英语中，表示“在左边，在右边”，通常用介词on。
e．g．He sat on the left，and she sat on the right．
他坐在左边，她坐在右边。
4．In China，you sometimes get a hot，damp cloth to clean your face and hands, which，however，is not the custom in western countries．
在中国，有时你弄一块热的、湿的毛巾来洗脸，洗手，然而这在西方国家不是一个习惯。
(1)cloth
用作不可数名词，意思是“布料，布”，用作可数名词，意思是“桌布，台布，揩布”。
e．g．Cover the table with a table cloth．
用一块桌布把桌子盖住。
The tailor needed a piece of cloth．
那位裁缝要一块布料。
(2)which，however，is not the custom in western countries，这里which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面整个主句。
e．g．The bamboo is hollow，which makes them light.
竹子是空的，这使得竹子很轻。
Our class won the match，which made us happy．
我们班获胜，这使我们高兴。
[辨析]sometimes，sometime，some time
①sometimes副词，表示“有时候，不时”。
e．g．Sometimes he went to work by car and sometimes by train．
他有时坐汽车去上班，有时乘火车去。
Sometimes he is late for class．
他有时上课迟到。
②sometime副词，表示“曾经，某时，有朝一日”，常同过去时或将来时连用，表示过去或未来某一不肯定的时间。
e．g．It happened sometime 1ast year．
那是去年某一天发生的。
Will you come and see me sometime?
你哪一天来看看我好吗?
③some time名词词组，表示“一段时间”。
e．g．It will take me some time to read the novel．
读这本小说花了我一些时间。
There is some time left.
还剩一些时间。
5．At table，you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot，but do not laugh all the time．
就餐时，你应文静地讲话而且面带笑容，但不能一直笑过不停。
(1)at table意思是“就餐，吃饭”。
e．g．You shouldn't speak loudly at table.
吃饭时你不该高声讲话。
[辨析]at table，at the table
①at table表示“吃饭，就餐”。
②at the(a)table表示“在桌子旁”。
e．g．He sat at the table，reading a novel．
他坐在桌子旁，看小说。
It is bad manners to blow your nose at table．
进餐时擤鼻子是很不雅观的举止。
(2)all the time
all the time的意思是“始终，一直”。
e．g．The baby cried all the time．
婴儿哭个不停。
6．When drinking to someone's health，you raise your glasses，but the glasses should not touch．
在为某人健康干杯时，你举起杯子，但杯子不能碰撞。
(1)drink在此句中意思是“干杯”，通常与介词to连用。
e．g．Let's drink to the health of my teacher.
让我们为我的老师健康干杯。
(2)drink还有“饮，喝”，“举杯祝贺”的意思。
e．g．Let's drink beer together．
让我们一起喝啤酒。
They drank success to the professor．
他们举杯祝贺那位教授成功。
[辨析]raise，rise，lift
①raise用作及物动词，意思是“举起，抬起，抬高”，说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其它事物的。
②rise用作不及物动词，意思是“升起，上升，起立”，说明主语自身移向较高的位置。
③lift用力“举起”的含义。
e．g．Price has been raised up．
价格被提高了。
Price rises gradually．
价格渐渐地涨上去了。
The young lifted the stone at last．
那个年轻人终于举起那块石头。
7．For drinking during a dinner，the best advice is never to drink too much．
对于吃饭喝酒，最好的忠告是不要喝得太多。
(1)advice
用作不可数名词，意思是“建议，忠告”。
e．g．Marx gave some good advice on bow to learn a foreign language．
马克思对如何学习一门外语提出一些建议。
(2)too much
too much的意思是“过于，太多”，作定语，修饰不可数名词，还可单独使用作主语、表语，或状语。
e．g．He drank too much beer last night．
昨晚他啤酒过量了。
Don't smoke too much．
不要抽太多的烟。
[辨析]too much, much too
①too much既可作形容词，修饰不可数名词。也可作副词，修饰动词。
②much too用作副词，修饰形容词或副词。
e．g．The problem is much too difficult for me to work out．
这道题非常难，我算不出来。
The lady has too much money．
那位女士有很多钱。
8．Although good manners always make you look good，you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with friends or family．
尽管有礼貌一直让你看起来出色，当你和你的朋友或家人吃饭时，你不必担心这些规则。
(1)although连词，“尽管”的意思，引导让步状语从句，不能和but连用。although
和but只能保留一个。
e．g．Although he is clever，he often makes mistakes．
尽管他聪明，但经常犯错误。
He is clever，but he often makes mistakes．
尽管他聪明，但经常犯错误。
(2)worry about表示“担心……”的意思。
e．g．My mother always worries about my health．
我母亲一直担心我的健康。
9．They make me think of the happy days we spent together．
他们使我想起我们在一起的日子。
(1)we spent together是一个定语从句，省略关系代词that或which，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，通常省略，但which作介词宾语时，不能省略。
e．g．This is the place we visited last year．
这就是我们去年参观的地方。
This is the place in which we lived last year．
这就是我们去年住过的地方。
(2)think of意思是“想起”。
e．g．The film made him think of the children in the countryside．
这部电影使他想起农村的孩子。
10．At this moment l am very busy with my studies.
此时我忙于我的学习。
(1)at this moment意思是“此时，现在”。
英语中与moment构成的常见短语：
a moment ago刚才 at the moment此刻，那时 at any moment任何时刻 for the moment暂时，目前 in a moment立即，马上 just a moment稍等一下
(2)the moment相当于连词，意思是“一……就……”。
e．g．I'll write to you the moment I arrive．
我一到就写信给你们。
(3)busy
用作形容词，意思是“忙的，繁忙的”。
e．g．He is often busy with (at，about)his work．
他总是忙于工作。
The scientist is busy making the experiment.
那科学家正忙于做实验。
11．... and now it is time for me to study hard.
现在到了我认真学习的时候了。
(1)It is time for sb．to do sth.“到某人做某事的时候”。
e．g．It is time for us to do our homework．
到了我们做作业的时候了。
(2)It is time for sth．“到做某事时候了”。
e．g．It is time for class．
到上课时间了。
(3)It is time that...“到什么时候了”，that引导的从句谓语动词用过去时。
e．g．It is time that we went to school．
到我们上学的时候了。
(4)动词不定式的复合结构：
“for+名词或代词的宾格+动词不定式”这种结构称为动词不定式的复合结构。for后面的名词或代词形式上是for的宾语，而意义上是不定式的主语。这种不定式结构可在句子中作主语，宾语、表语、定语和状语。
e．g．It is honour for me to be asked to speak there．
我很荣幸地被邀到这里讲话。(作主语)
The first thing for them to do is to find out when the train starts．
他们要做的第一件事是要了解到开车的时间。(作定语)
The best thing would be for you to build a swimming pool with your own hands．
最好是你们自己动手修建游泳池。(作表语)
I don't think it difficult for us to finish it in time．
我认为我们及时完成这项工作并不困难。(作宾语)
He stepped aside for me to pass．
他站在一边让我过去。(作状语)
12．I should like to invite you to come and visit me in the north of China over the next holiday in January．
我希望能下一次一月休假时邀请你到华北来看望我。
(1)should like to do sth．
该句型意思是“希望，愿意做……”。
e．g．I should like to go with you.
我愿意和你一起去。
(2)in表示方位的用法
in一般表示在某一范围内。
e．g．Hubei lies in the middle of China.
湖北位于中国的中部。
[辨析]in，on，to表示方位的用法
①in表示“在……境内，在……范围之内”。
②on表示“两者交界”，还表示“在……河畔”。
③to表示“在……范围以外”，并不强调是否接壤。
e．g．Taiwan lies in the east of China.
台湾位于中国东部。
Japan lies to the east of China.
日本位于中国东部。
Jiangxi lies to(on)the east of Hubei.
江西在湖北东部。
Zhejiang lies to the east of Hubei.
浙江位于湖北东部。
(3)holiday
作用名词，意思是“假日，假期”。
e．g．He is still on holiday．
他还在度假。
Part Three 口语交际
1．Ways of making apologises.
在英语，表示道歉，通常可用以下句型：
(1)Forgive me. I'm very sorry．
原谅我，真抱歉。
(2)I apologise for...
因……我表示歉意。
(3)I'm sorry．I didn't mean to...
对不起，我意思不是……
(4)excuse me 对不起，用于打扰别人的情形。
(5)pardon对不起，用于希望对方重复一遍。
对别人表示歉意的回答是：
(1)That's all right．没关系。
(2)It doesn't matter．不要紧。
(3)That's nothing．没有什么。
(4)It really isn't worth mentioning．
那真是不值得一提。
(5)Don't think any more about it.
别再去想它了。
(6)No problem．没问题。
2．How about...?
How about...?或What about...?通常用来询问“……怎么样”，还可用于表示建议，意思是“如何”，或“……好吗?”
e．g．My book is very interesting．How(What)about yours?
我的书很有趣，你的呢?
What(How)about playing football?
踢足球好吗?
3．I wish you all the best．
祝你一切顺利。
这个句型是对他人的良好祝愿用语。
e．g．You have got the job in the company．I wish you all the best．
你已在这家公司谋得一职，祝你一切顺利。
Part Four语法详释
定语从句(Ⅲ)
5．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
(1)限制性定语从句对于主句里的名词或代词是必不可少的定语，如果把这个定语从句删掉，主句的意思就会不清楚。这种从句和主句之间不能用逗号分开。
e．g．My friend Carl will never forget the professor who taught him chemistry in the university．
我的朋友卡尔决不会忘记在大学里教过他化学的那位教授。
如果省略从句who taught him chemistry in the university，全句意思就不完整了。
(卡尔为什么不会忘记这位教授呢?就不清楚了。)
The woman who(that)came here yesterday has come again.
昨天来过的那个妇女又来了。
如果省去从句that came here yesterday，全句的意思就不清楚。(哪个妇女又来了?)
(2)非限制性定语从句对于它所修饰的那个先行词，通常只是一个附加说明，如果省略掉，主句的意思依然完整。朗读时要稍作停顿，并用逗号使它和主句分开。一般不能用关系代词that来引导非限制性定语从句。
e．g．Carl，who now holds an important position in a large chemical works，still remembers one afternoon in his first year when the professor took the students to the chemistry lab．
卡尔现在在一家大化工厂里担任重要任务，但至今仍然记得他在一年级时教授把他们这些学生带到实验室去的那个下午。
如果去掉who now holds an important position in a large chemical works这个从
句，整个句子的意思仍然完整。
Jack London，who was one of the famous American writers，lived a very adventurous life．
杰克伦敦过着非常冒险的生活，他是著名的美国作家之一。
如果去掉who was one of the famous American writers，其意义仍然完整。
Part Five研究性学习
阅读解题指导(Ⅱ)
3．逻辑推理
(1)根据常识，例如短文A。
A
Mr．Brown had been walking since ten in the morning，and now the sun was about to set．His shadow(影子)lay long ahead of him．He had to find a place for the night．
问题：Mr Brown was walking towards__________.
A．the north B．the south C．the east D．the west
解答此题除了要看懂英语句意外，还要根据常识来判断：Mr．Brown从上午十点上路走了一整天，这时太阳西下，他的长长的身影映在他的前面，只有当他面东而行才会有这种情况。因此答案C才符合他行走的方向。
(2)简单计算
做此类题的正确解答，除了懂英语外，还要进行倍数，和差，面积，体积，时间等简
单推算。例如短文B。
B
The doctor asked her some questions，and one of them was“How old are you?”“Well”，she answered，“I don't remember，doctor，but I'll try to think．”She thought for a minute and then said，“yes，I remember now，doctor! When I married，I was eighteen years old，and my husband was thirty．Now my husband is sixty．I know that is twice thirty．So I'm twice eighteen，that is thirty-six．Am I right?”
问题：How old was the woman?
She was really___________.
A．60 B．30 C．36 D．48
从短文中可以看出这位妇女结婚已三十年了，从她丈夫的年龄60-30=30得出，她本人现在应该是四十八，即30+18=48，因此正确答案为D。而如果根据这位妇女的荒谬可笑的推算，或者望文生义，就可能错选答案C。
(3)依据内容情节从一般规律、因果关系、转折关系推理。此类问题在解答各种阅读问题中屡见不鲜。如果只停留在对短文字面上的“阅读”，而不从人物、时间、情节发展上考虑其逻辑关系，并进行推理，是不可能真正地“理解”短文的。例如短文C。
C
Joe Bloggs always had a cigarette on his lips．He smoked while he read，while he looked at the television，and while he drank a cup of coffee．He smoked forty cigarettes a day，but he was happy．
Joe's friend, Fred Brown, said to him, "It is very bad to smoke."
When Joe heard this, he started to worry and became thin. So he did not buy any more cigarette. He became so thin and he went to Fred for help.
Fred said, "You must eat more. "So Joe did not smoke, but he ate chocolate, and he became very fat. Again he went to Fred for help.
Fred said, "You must not eat chocolate. "So Joe stopped eating chocolate, but he went back to smoking cigarettes. He became thin again but he was not happy, because he still smoked.
Sometimes Joe Bloggs wished Fred Brown was not his friend.
①When Joe became thin the first time it was because_________.
A. he smoked too much B. he worried too much
C. he stopped smoking D. he ate too little
②The following sentences tell what happened to Joe. Which is the right order of the events?
a. He did not smoke; he ate chocolate; he was fat; he was unhappy.
b. He smoked; he did not eat chocolate; he was thin; he was unhappy.
c. He smoked; he did not eat chocolate; he was not fat; he was happy.
A. a, b, c B. c, b, a C. b, a, c D. c, a, b
③what kind of person would you say Joe was?
A. He was not the kind of person who used his head much.
B. He had no will power to carry out a decision.
C. He was not happy to let others make decisions for him.
D. He was always changing his mind and was never satisfied.
④what is the writer trying to tell us with this story?
A. One should think and decide for oneself.
B. One should ask friends for help and advice.
C. Smoking is bad for ones health.
做第①题时，如果只看到“他每天抽两包烟”(He smoked forty cigarettes a day)，而没有看到“但是他很愉快”(but he was happy)，这一层转折关系，以及“他后来听了Fred的观点之后，忧心忡忡，面容憔悴起来”(when Joe heard this，he started to worry and became thin．)这一层因果关系，就有可能错选A答案，认为他的瘦削是由抽烟引起的。正确答案是C，则说明了他的瘦削的真正原因是忧虑所致。
第②题正确答案为D，语序“他抽烟，不吃巧克力，且不胖，但很愉快。”“他不抽烟，吃巧克力，胖，不高兴。”他抽烟，不吃巧克力，瘦，不高兴。”这正反映本文开始阶段情节发展的主线的逻辑关系。
第③题正确答案为A，从全文分析可以推理出Joe不是一个爱动脑筋的人。
4．把握作者态度。
如例文C中的第④小题What is the writer trying to tell us with this story?这就直接需要在阅读此短文时掌握作者的态度。
作者在这里并非强调抽烟或吃巧克力有害健康，而主要暗指Joe没有主见，决定事情总是要went to Fred for help，而且全听Fred的，结果烟未戒掉，面容憔悴，思想又不愉快，便更不如以前，虽然抽烟厉害，but he was happy了。因此，作者想要告诉读者的是一个人要自己拿主见，即答案是A。
如果在阅读中没有把握作者的基本态度或意图，往往就是“读懂了”短文也可能在做理解题上出现判断错误。因此，没有把握作者的态度，意图，倾向，就不能说真正读懂了。