定语从句的巧解篇

发布时间:2016-3-19 编辑:互联网 手机版

作者:杨春吉

定语从句既是初中阶段的重要语法内容,也是历届中考必考的语法项目之一。在解题时,出错颇多的原因,主要是对该类题目的句子结构特点把握不透,且缺乏科学的解题方法。如果从分析句子成分角度入手,就很容易解决这个问题。

一、定语从句是复合句的重要组成部分。在定语从句中不管出现什么情况,主句的结构必须完整。试比较:

1. Is this farm ________ they visited the day before yesterday?

2. Is this the farm ________ they visited the day before yesterday?

A. which B. the one C. where D. what

简析:第1题中主句缺少表语,只有B项才能保持主句的完整性。故选B。第2 题的主句本身已完整,应填关系代词作定语从句中及物动词visit 的宾语。所以,正确答案是A。

二、在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词在定语从句中充当了某一成分,因此,定语从句中不能再出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例如:

改错: Do you remember the book that I lent it to you last week?

简析:该题中的that 指代先行词book,在定语从句中充当了动词 lend 的逻辑宾语,故 it 应该删除。

三、解题时,首先要结合选项对题干进行整体感知,确定定语从句的位置;根据定语从句中所缺少的句子成分,分析先行词逻辑上在定语从句中的成分,继而选出正确的选项。例如:

Can you tell me the name of the factory ________ you visited last week?

A. what B. where C. / D. when

简析:本题定语从句的主语、谓语、时间状语已具备,而visit 是个及物动词,从语义上分析,factory 作visit 的宾语。故只能选C (引导词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略)。

四、解答"介词+关系代词 "类型的定语从句题时,关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词(该动词是不及物动词)习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形,并要灵活运用。例如:

In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.

A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

简析:本题定语从句中的turn 与介词 to 构成固定短语"turn to sb. for help (向某人求助)"。所以,D是正确选项。

五、克服定势思维的影响,从分析句子成分角度来突破难点。例如:

Is this the reason ________ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

A. he explained B. what he explained

C. how he explained D. why he explained

简析:本题易受定势思维影响误选D。实际上,reason 一词逻辑上作explain 的宾语,又因引导词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略,所以正确的答案是A。

六、对于"分隔式"定语从句的题目,应先把"分隔"成分分离出来,简化题干结构,再分析突破,问题即可迎刃而解。例如:

It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.

A. that B. while C. this D. when

简析:本题考查的是非限制性定语从句的用法。先行词是moment 。for these football fans this year 是形成分隔的介词词组。去掉该介词词组,句子的结构一目了然。所以正确答案是D。

七、注重句中的标点符号及关连词的作用。例如:

The year 2001 was ________ full of challeges and success, ________ have opened a new way to the world.

A. a year; that B. one; which C. the year; which D. the year; as

简析:本题题干中含有一个逗号,从句义角度看,后句是对前句空缺处的词语的补充说明,由此断定后句是个非限制性定语从句,且前句所说的是泛指含义上的"一年"。故正确答案是B。

八、注意定语从句和状语从句的区别:状语从句修饰动词时等,其前无先行词;而定语从句前必须有先行词。例如:

You should make it a rule to leave things________ you can find them again.

A. when B. where C. then D. there

简析:本题从句义角度分析,后句用作定语从句不合适;再者,things 也不是表示地点的名词,故应选B 引导一个地点状语从句, 修饰动词leave。

The school ______ I studied ten years ago is ______ we visited yesterday.

A. where; that B. that; which C. where; the one D. which; that

简析:本题中the school 逻辑上在I studied ... 句中作地点状语。所以,中间句是个定语从句。因此,正确答案是C。

九、as 或which 引导的定语从句。要注意二者引导的定语从句在整句中的位置;并注意在翻译中二者的不同。例如:

He was honored with the title of one of the ten top students in our school, as we all have expected. 正如我们所预料到的,他被授予我校十佳学生之一的称号。

He has got the first place in the contest, which is known to us all.他在这次竞赛中得了第一名,这一点大家都知道了。