作者：刘新会
综观近年来高考单项填空题,不难发现命题者为了考查考生分析和解决问题的综合能力,有意对试题题干进行"加工"处理,增设干扰信息,加大解题难度。笔者现结合高考试题,总结归纳单选试题结构变化的六个特点,供高三学生复习时参考。
一、相邻成分分离化
原本连在一起的句子成分经过命题者的巧妙设置出现了分离现象。
[考例]
1. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A. that B. while C. which D. when
析:本题题干相当长。当我们去掉作状语用的for these fans, this year, for the first time,及in years,去掉定语exciting则句子简化成:It was a moment, ________ their team won the World Cup.显然,这是一个表时间的非限制性定语从句,先行词a moment与定语从句their team won the World Cup之间出现了分离现象,正确答案为D。
二、多元结构重叠化
命题者为了综合考查考生语言灵活运用能力,往往在试题中增设多元结构。
[考例]
2. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once ________ with each other.
A. they had quarreled B. they have quarreled
C. have they quarreled D. had they quarreled
析:通过语境可知,此句为并列句,其中又含有否定词never位于句首的倒装结构的应用。答案为C。
3. Only when your identity has been checked, ________ .
A. you are allowed in B. you will be allowed in C. will you allow in D. will you be allowed in
析:本题不仅带有when引导的时间状语从句,又有only修饰状语,属句子结构倒装的现象。正确答案为D。
三、固定结构隐蔽化
近年来高考对固定结构的考查趋于隐蔽,使得原本熟悉的结构变得陌生,考生很容易错选答案。
[考例]
4. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ________ some schools for poor children.
A. set up B. setting up
C. have set up D. having set up
析:本题考查固定搭配devote...to...(其中to为介词,后接名词/代词或动名词)不少考生抓住he had to并迅速选择A。其实,此时had to与set up并不构成固定搭配,因为he had为定语从句,修饰先行词all, set up 应与devote all...to...构成固定搭配,故答案为B。
四、简单结构句式化
原本一些简单的句子,由于增加句式或增添一些词语,致使解题信息隐蔽含蓄。
[考例]
5. It is the ability to do the job ________ matters not where you come from or what you are.
A. one B. that
C. what D. it
析:本题原来是一简单句:主语the ability,谓语是matters,句子为:The ability matters.意为:能力最要紧。题干之所以显得繁杂是因为使用了强调句型,又有意增设不定式作ability的定语以及not where...or what...作句子的状语,这样不仅增加了考生理解题干的难度,给解题也造成了一定的障碍。答案为B。
6. ________ role she played in the film!No wonder she has won an Oscar.
A. How interesting
B. How an interesting
C. What interesting
D. What an interesting
析:简单的陈述句为:She played an interesting role in the film.通过句型转换成为感叹句。正确答案为D。
五、省略成分复杂化
有时为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语,甚至一些重要语境信息,这给解题加大了难度。
[考例]
7.- Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?
- ________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.
A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting
析:本题的关键在于能否看出此题是个省略句,答语省略的部分为I always make you eat an egg every day,并且也是正确解题的重要信息,答案为C。动词不定式短语作目的状语。
8. - What do you think made Mary so upset?
- ________ her new bicycle.
A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing
析:本题答语为省略句,省略了谓语和复合宾语部分,补充完整为Losing her new bicycle( made Mary so upset ),动名词短语作主语,故答案为C。
六、插入成分多样化
插入成分位置灵活,形式多种多样,这也使得原本简单的句子结构复杂化。
[考例]
9. E-mail, as well as telephones, ________ an important part in daily communication.
A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play
析:该题插入部分as well as telephones的提前,目的就是迷惑考生 e-mail和telephones哪个是主语,依据语法规则,主语为E-mail,因此答案选A。
10. -Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ________ to go to university.
-So do I.
A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hoped
析:该题中的插入成分working hard...lessons,其实应为现在分词短语作定语,修饰the students,句子的主语是each,显然缺少谓语动词,又根据下文So do I. 所用的时态,故答案选B。