1 cover a glass of water with…
cover…with…
The furniture was covered with dust. 家具上落满了灰尘
The city covers 25 square miles. 这个城市占地25平方公里
The book covers the period from 1840 to 1914. 这本书涉及了从1840至1919这个时期的历史
I only bought this book because of its cover. 我是为了这本书的封面才买了它
2 upside down
You’ve got that picture upside down. 你把那图片弄倒了
The office is being decorated, so everything is upside down.
办公室正在装修,因此所有东西都乱七八糟的
3 fill one glass with…
fill…with… be full of…
4 protect
We must protect children. 我们必须保护儿童
protect…from… 保护…不受/免受…
Protect the plants from the cold. 保护植物使不受冻
In summer, people like to wear glasses to protect themselves from the sunshine.
夏天,人们喜欢戴眼镜保护眼睛
prevent…from stop…from keep…from
5 mariner 水手
marine 海产的,海的; 船只或舰队
Seals and whales are marine animals. 海豹和鲸是海中的动物。
Her husband is a US marine. 她丈夫是一名美国海军陆战队士兵。
6 sailor 船员；水手；水兵
The sailors landed on Dalian. 船员在大连上岸。
I am a bad sailor. 我是个爱晕船的人。
7 cube 方块，立方体；立方，三次幂
The cube of 2 is 8. 2的立方/三次幂是8。
Ice cube 冰块 cube root 立方根
8…whether you can come up with…
come up with… 想出，提出（计划、答复等）
The airline has come up with a solution to the problem. 航空公司想出办法来解决这个问题。
9 Who benefits from…
benefit v. 获益，对……有利 n.利益，益处
Exercise benefits our health. 运动有益于我们的健康。
Your advice benefited me a great deal. 你的建议对我很有好处。
benefit 作不及物动词，“获益；得益于”接介词from/by
We benefit from daily exercises. 每天做操对我们有益。
be of benefit to sb. 对……有好处Your advice was of great benefit to me.
for the benefit of 为了……的利益
10 property 财产；占有物；所有权；特性
This small house is my only property. 这所小房子是我唯一的财产。
One property of steel is its hardness. 坚固是钢的特性之一。
11 percent n. 百分比
How much percent…? What percentage of …?
The sales have increased by 20 percent this month. 这个月的销售量增长了20%。
12 range
vt.排列；归类；常与on, in, along等介词连用，表示方向或趋势。
I ranged the books on the shelf according to size. 我把书依大小顺序排在书架上。
vi.在……范围内变动；
The road ranges westward from the road. 这条湖由湖边向西延伸。
n.范围 （认知、知识、经验或能力方面） 不可数名词
be out of one’s range 某人所不能及的
变化（范围） What is the range of this telescope? 这架望远镜的有效距离是多大？
山脉；延展的一组或一系列
The library has ranges of books in perfect order. 这个图书馆的书一排一排放得井井有条。
13 all the way 一直，始终
Jack climbed all the way to the top of the tree. JACK一直爬到了树顶。
14 up to He came up to me. 他向我走来 It’s up to me to teach them English. 由我负责教他们英语
What is he up ? 他在做什么？ up to now 直到现在
15 What makes the ocean such a great place to live?
To live 不定式做后置定语 such 的用法
16 the way the water molecule is formed gives water…
in the way 以这种方式 in a way 在某种程度上 in one’s way 挡路的 out of way 不挡路，避开
17 affect v.影响 Smoking affects health. n. effect take effect
18 take advantage of
19 Heat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by …分析句子结构
区分ability, capacity& capability
20 give off
21 add to, add…to… add up, add up to
22 Isn’t it amazing that a single substance can be so important to our planet and even the whole universe?
情 态 动 词（1 ）
问 句 - 答 语
Can you wait a few days for the money?
Yes, I can.
No, I can’t.
May I watch TV after supper?
Yes, you may.
No, you mayn’t.
,you mustn’t.
,you’d better not.
Must I be home before 8:00?
Yes, you must.
No, you needn’t.
you don’t have to
情态动词的基本用法：
1． 无人称 数的变化
2． 后接动词原形构成谓语，不能单独做谓语，省略句除外
3否定式 否定词紧跟在情态动词的后面
4疑问式 情态动词前移到主语
Can could
1. 能力 He can drive a bus. (各种句式) He said he could use a computer two years ago.
2．许可 You can go now. He said I could borrow his bike
Can I go now?
3．可能性 （否 问） It can’t be Mr. Zhang. He couldn’t be M.
Can it be M? Could it be M
（无时态区别，只表示可能性的大小）
4．could比 can语气更委婉客气，无时间的区别，主要用于问句，不用于肯定句，答语用 can
Could I come here again tomorrow?
Yes, you can. No, I’m afraid not.
Can be able to
表示现在 将来 过去互用 区别
1. 指过去某一具体事情，在肯定句用be able to表示主语不仅用能力而且实际上已经做到了 He was a good swimmer, so when the boat was broken, he __ swim to the bank. (*was able to can could were able to) He could pass the exam. ( Could表示主语有能力，而不表明实际去做)
3. He worked hard but couldn’t / wasn’t able to pass… (could的否定式和was able to 的否定式可互用)
4. can时态少于be able to: haven’t be able to , is able to , will be able to
May might
1. 允诺
May I watch TV now? Might I go with you ?
You may go now
2. 可能性（肯定句 否定句）
He may be busy these days.
The story may not be true.
3. 祝愿
May you enjoy yourself!
May you succeed.
Must
1. 必须 应当
Must I do it at once? We must obey all the rules. You mustn’t smoke here.
2. 必然的规律
All men must die.
3. 推测 (肯定)
It must be M.
Must 主观 You mustn’t go.（禁止 不允许）You don’t have to go.（不必）两者不能换用
have to客观 The bridge is broken, so I have to go to the other bank across the river.
Need dare
行为动词： 情态动词：
有人称 数的变化 主要用于 否定句 疑问句
后接不等式 I dare say 是固定用法
否定式要用don’t doesn’t didn’t…
疑问式用Do does did…
Dare 的否定式 疑问式后的to可以省略
He doesn’t need to answer this question.
Does he dare to…
判断：
need
1. *He need to do… 2. * needs do 3. needs to
4. doesn’t need to 5 *doesn’t need do 6 *needn’t to
7 needn’t do 8 *Does he need do…? 9 Do you need to do
10 Need you to do 11 Need he do 12 *He need do
13 *Needs he do 14 *Needs he do 15 *We need to do
dare
1.I dare say you are wrong.
2.I don’t dare to ask her.
3.I don’t dare ask her.
4.*He dare do it
4. * dares do
5. dares to do
6. doesn’t dare to do
7. dare not to do
8. * dare not do
9. Does he dare to do
10. Dare you go How dared they do such a thing?
11. I won’t allow you to swim across the river, even if you dare do it.
12. We must dare to ask
13. I have never dared to tell him about it
14. The party called on us to dare to think, to speak and to act.
15. She stopped at the door , not daring to enter.
16. *Dare you to go
shall
1．一 三人称问句，请求指示，征询意见
Shall we start now?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
Shall he come in?
2．二 三命令 警告 威胁 强制，允诺
You shall do as I say.
You shall fail if you don’t work harder. (warning)
He shall have the book when I finish reading.
Should
1.=ought to 劝告建议 常指表示自己的主观看法,问句中通常代替ought to
ought to 语气较重，含有“按道理应当” 常指 反映客观情况，或涉及法律 义务 规定；
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
14 第一人称 表示说话人的谦逊 客气 委婉
I should think it would be better to try it again.
You are mistaken, I should say.
This is sth I should have liked to ask you.
15 在条件句中，“万一”，主句仍用正常句子，不一定用虚拟
Ask her ring me up if you should see her.
If you should change your mind, please let us know.
Should I,I will come.
16 Why/how + should 表示不能理解，感到意外，惊异 “竟会”
Why should you be so late today?
---Where is B living?
---How I should know?
I don’t know why you should think that I did it.
Will would
1． 意愿
I will never do that again. He said he wouldn’t do that again.
2． 问句 询问对方意愿
Will you go there with me ... Would you like to …
3． 习惯性动作 或某种倾向
Fish will die out of water. He would play the violin on Sundays
She will talk for hours if you give him the chance. She would sit that for hours.
4.will be will have done 二 三人称，对现在 或已完成的推测
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
可 能 性
can不表示实际的可能性，而是“理论上的可能性”，或暂时性的可能性
要表示实际可能性用could may might
Accidents can happen on such rainy days.
We can go climbing this summer.(error, 不表示未来的可能性)
We may go…
情 态 动 词 + 完 成 时
1． Can /could + have done 问句 否定句
对过去事情的推测
过去没有实现的可能 “本来可以 本来可能”
could可以用于肯定句
You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
I saw M just now. He couldn’t have gone to B.
2． May /might + have done 肯定句 否定句
对过去事情的推测
“ 本来可能” 但没有实现“本来可以” 但没做，有责备之意
He may /might have gone home.
He ……………not have finished the work
You should not have climbed that hill. You might have been killed yourself.
You might have given him more help, though you were busy.
3．Must + have done 肯定句
对过去事情的推测，否定句用can’t / couldn’t have done
It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy.
He can’t have been to B, for he knows too little about it.
4. 反意问句
It must have rained last night,____? didn’t it
5. Need + have done 否定句 疑问句
本来没必要做，但做了
You needn’t have told her the news ,for I had told her earlier.
本来没必要做，结果也没做，用didn’t need to
You didn’t need to clean the windows. My sister did it
6. Should / ought to + have done
You should have come to the meeting earlier.
He ought not to have broken the window.
7. Had better + have done 当时最好
You had better have started earlier.
8. would rather +have done 当时宁愿做了 或没做
I would rather have refuse his offer.
I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.
情 态 动 词 对 当 前 的 推 测
情态动词 + be +n. /adj. /doing 注意句式
You can’t be serious .
I hear water running. He must be having a bath.
情态动词专项练习
1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
解析：选B. “should have +过去分词” 表示“过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”；
keep one’s promise 意为“信守诺言”。
2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would
解析：选A.“ could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”。
3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been
解析：选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为：你本来应该更细心的。
4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't
解析：选C. can’t be at home 意为：不可能在家。
5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late.---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed C. can have missed D. might miss
解析：选B. “may have+过去分词”表示对过去动作的判断，意为：可能做了某事。 注意：can表示可能时，只能用于疑问句和反问句。
6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been
解析：选D. 表示：对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。
7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying
解析：选D. 意为：她刚才肯定一直在哭。对过去某事正发生的推测。
8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having
解析：选A. 对现在正在发生的事情的否定推测。
9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen
解析：选C. 对过去发生的事情 的肯定推测的被动式。
10. ______ Mr. Black_______go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
解析：选C. used to do的疑问式，可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?
11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not
解析：选D. 说话人认为不必要乘车, need 为情态动词。
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
解析：选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称，也表示征求意见。
13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you? ---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. must D. mustn’t
解析：选C. Yes的意思是：不。意为：恐怕我必须现在就做。
14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would
解析：选C. could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。
15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it? ----Of course.
A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
解析：选B. shall 用在疑问句中，常用于第一，三人称， 表示征求意见或请求指示。
16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t
解析：选B. 根据句意用mustn’t
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
解析：选C. have to 表示客观需要，must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要。
18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?” “Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do
解析：选B. would rather 加完成时表示对完成了的或过去了的事情的态度。意为：当时是不情愿做的。
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!” “_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
解析：选D. A为错误的表达方式；B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D.can
解析：选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时，要用句子的实义动词
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will not D. may not
解析：选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t
22. “Do you have to leave now?” “I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’t B. have C. should D. must
解析：选D. 回答have to 的疑问句用must作肯定回答。
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?” “_________?”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you D. No, we’d better not
解析：选D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此处D的语气比较婉转客气。
24. “Can I take it away?” “ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. could C. would D. had
解析：选D. had better 与不带to 的不定式构成谓语，可以变成疑问句：Hadn’t you better----
25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t
解析：选B. 本来不必要做某事.
26. See who is there!______it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will
解析：选C. 表推测时A，B都用作疑问句。
27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should
解析：选C. 断然的不定推测用can’t
28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. can D. need
解析：选A. 表示有把握的肯定推测用must
29. Something______to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done
解析：选D. “something must be done” 意为：必须采取措施。
30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. can C. would D. should
解析：选D. ought 后应用to