知识梳理
Ⅰ.网络构建
词汇 单词 hero scene *career role award prize choice degree speed *studio
*creature *adult peace industry owe accept *primary determine
*comment interrupt apology apologize fault introduce forgive *culture manners impression *behave roll dessert custom course raise advice spirit mix extra stare
词组 take off go wrong owe sth.to sb. in all stay away lock sb.up run after bring sb.back on the air think highly of be afraid to do sth. can’t help doing together with leave out stare at make jokes about sb. mean to do mean doing start with ask for
语法 定语从句
Ⅱ.重点精讲
●重点单词
1.choose v.
choice n.&adj.
例句集锦
We have to choose a new manager from a shortlist of five candidates.
我们得从最终入选名单上的五位候选人中选出一位新经理。
This site has been chosen for the new school.
这块场地已被选作新学校的校址。
I chose to go to the cinema alone.
我决定一个人去看电影。
Employees can retire at 55 if they choose.
如果雇员愿意的话，可在55岁退休。
There is a wide range of choice open to you.
你有很大的选择余地。
She is the obvious choice for the job.
她是项工作最合适的人选。
They bought a choice piece of property near the water.
他们在水边买了一块极好的地皮。
用法归纳
*choose v.主要义项为：（1）挑选，选择（2）决定，宁愿，情愿
*choice n 选择；入选者；精选品
*choice adj.极好的；精选的
相关归纳
（1）cannot choose but to do 除做……外别无他法；只得
He cannot choose but to obey.
=He has no choice but to obey.
他只得服从。
（2）by choice 出于自己的选择
I wouldn’t go there by choice.
让我选择，我不会去那里。
（3）of choice（for sb./sth.）（用于名词后）精选的；特选的
It’s the software of choice for business use.
这是商务专用软件。
2.speed
例句集锦
v.
The car sped along the road towards the village.
汽车沿公路朝那村子疾驶而去。
At the news he sped home from abroad.
听到这消息，他立即从海外赶回来了。
We will be late unless we speed up.
我们要不加快些，就迟到了。
n.
The car was gathering speed.
汽车逐渐加速。
He reduced speed and turned sharp left.
他减慢速度，向左急转。
She was overtaken by the speed of events.
事态发展迅速为她所始料不及。
用法归纳
*speed可以用作动词或名词。作动词时，主要义项有：（1）快速前进或移动；（2）快速运送。常见短语：speed up（加速；加快进度）。
作名词时，主要义项有：速度；速率；进度。
特别提示
speed前的介词with或at的选用
（1）表示抽象、模糊的速度时，往往用with。如： with speed,with all speed,with great speed
（2）表示极端或具体的速度时，往往用at。如：at full speed,at high speed,at top speed,at low speed,at ordinary speed,at a speed of...
补充例句
She hit the ball back with great speed.
她快速将球打了回去。
They were marching on with all speed.
他们正全速行进。
The airplane flew at a speed of 500 miles an hour.
飞机以每小时500英里的速度飞行。
The train was traveling at an ordinary speed.
火车在以普通的速度行驶。
3.determine
例句集锦
He determined to leave as soon as possible.
=He determined that he would leave as soon as possible.
他决定尽早离开。
An inquiry was set up to determine the cause of the accident.
已展开调查以确定事故原因。
We set out to determine exactly what happened that night.
我们着手查明那天晚上发生的事情。
A date for the meeting has yet to be determined.
会议日期尚待确定。
We are determined to fulfill the task.
我们决心完成这项任务。
He was determined that no one should know anything about it.
他下决心不让任何人知道这件事。
用法归纳
*determine v. 查明；测定；决定；决心；确定；安排
常见结构：be determined to do/that-clause 有决心；下定决心
4.marry
例句集锦
They married young.
他们很年轻时就结了婚。
He never married.
他终身未娶。
She married a man with a lot of money.
她同一个有钱人结了婚。
They got married a year ago.
他们一年前结的婚。
They have been married for ten years.
他们已结婚十年了。
The old man married his daughter to an engineer.
这个老人把他的女儿嫁给了一名工程师。
His daughter was/got married to an engineer.
他的女儿与一名工程师结了婚。
用法归纳
*marry的常见结构有：
be married（to）与……结婚；嫁给……用于表示结婚的状态。
get married（to）与……结婚；嫁给……用于表示结婚的动作。
marry sb.to sb.把……嫁给……
特别提示
（1）marry是及物动词，表示“与……结婚”，无须再用with或其他介词。
（2）marry是非延续性动词，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用；get married也不可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
（3）be married可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
错误：She married with/to a man with a lot of money.
正确：She married a man with a lot of money.
错误：They have married for ten years.
正确：They have been married for ten years.
错误：They have got married for ten years.
正确：They got married ten years ago.
5.afford v.
例句集锦
None of them could afford $50 for a ticket.
他们中没有哪一个能拿得出50美元买一张票。
She felt she couldn’t afford any more time off work.
她觉得再也抽不出时间歇班了。
She never took a taxi,even though she could afford to.
尽管她坐得起出租汽车，但她从没坐过。
We can’t afford to buy that expensive car.
我们买不起那辆价格昂贵的汽车。
The programme affords young people the chance to gain work experience.
这项计划给年轻人提供了获得工作经验的机会。
用法归纳
*afford主要义项有：（有时间）做；能做；负担得起（……的费用）；经得起……；提供；给予
特别提示
afford通常与can,could,be able to等连用，尤其用于否定句或疑问句。
6.introduce vt.
Introduction n.
例句集锦
Will you introduce your friend to me?
请你向我介绍一下你的朋友好吗？
Will you introduce yourself?
请你作一下自我介绍好吗?
We’ve already been introduced.
我们已经认识了。
The next programme will be introduced by Mary David.
下一个节目由玛丽戴维主持。
The company is introducing a new range of products this year.
公司今年将推出一系列新产品。
By way of introduction,let me give you the background to the story.
作为引言，我先来介绍一下故事的背景。
用法归纳
*introduce的主要义项有：介绍；引见；主持（节目）；推行；传入。
*introduction的主要义项有：介绍；引见；引进；推行；序言；引言。
7.advise v
advice [U] n.
例句集锦
He often advises the manager.
他经常向经理提建议。
I’d advise buying your tickets well in advance if you want to travel in August.
要是想在8月份去旅行，我建议提前购票。
Police are advising fans without tickets to stay away.
警察在告诫没有票的球迷离开。
Can you advise me what to do next?
你能建议我下一步怎么办吗？
They advised that a passport be carried with you at all times.
他们建议护照要随身携带。
I advised him that he（should）stop smoking.
（=I advised him to stop smoking.）
我建议他戒烟。
It is strongly advised that you take out some form of medical insurance.
竭诚劝你办理某种医疗保险。
He advised me against accepting the job.
他建议我不要接受这份工作。
You should follow your doctor’s advice.
你应该遵从医嘱。
Let me give you a piece of advice.
让我给你一个忠告。
I did it on his advice.
我这是照他的嘱咐办的。
用法归纳
*advise（v.）主要义项有：忠告；劝告；建议。
主要搭配形式为：（1）+名/代词；（2）+动名词；（3）+疑问词+不定式；（4）+名/代词+不定式；（5）+that-从句；（6）+名/代词+wh-从句
*advice（n.）作“建议；劝告；忠告；意见”解时，是不可数名词，其后的介词多用on，也可以用about。a/several piece（s）of advice 一/几条建议
特别提示
（1）advise后接从句时，从句中的谓语动词多用“（should）+动词原形”。
（2）advise可以跟动名词作宾语，不可直接跟不定式作宾语，但可以跟疑问词+不定式作宾语。
（3）advise可以用不定式作宾语补足语。
8.else adj.
例句集锦
Is there anything else you want to say?
你还有什么要说的吗？
Where else did you go besides Beijing?
除了北京你还去过哪儿？
I’ll have to borrow someone else’s car.
我不得不借别人的车。
Who else’s advice do you want to take?
你想听谁的劝告？
Get dressed quickly,or else you’ll miss the first bus.
快穿好衣服，否则的话你会错过第一班车。
用法归纳
*else（adj.）意为“其他的”，不作前置定语，只能用在疑问词或不定代词之后；else的所有格是else’s。or else“否则的话，要不然……”。
●重点短语
1.owe sth.to sb./sth.或 owe sb.sth.归功于；归因于；起源于
例句集锦
He owes his success to hard work.
他的成功是靠勤奋工作。
The play owes much to French tragedy.
这部戏颇受法国悲剧的影响。
I owe everything to him.
我的一切都归功于他。
2.on（the）air 正在播送（电视、广播）
例句集锦
The Prime Minister will be on the air at 9:00 p.m.
首相将于晚9点作广播演说。
We will be back on air tomorrow morning at 7.
明天早上7点本节目重新开播。
相关归纳
（1）off the air 停止播送
Why has that station gone off the air?
那个电台为什么停止广播了？
The programme was taken off the air over the summer.
这个节目在夏季里停播。
（2） in the air 不定的；未定的；（指意见等）传播的；散布的；（军）无掩蔽的；无掩护的
My plan are still in the air.
我的计划还很渺茫。
There is romance in the air.
有种浪漫气氛。
Their left flank was left in the air.
他们的左翼无掩护。
（3）by air 乘飞机
Will they come by air or by train?
他们是乘飞机还是乘火车来？
3.think highly（well,a lot,the world...）of 对……评价很高
例句集锦
We think highly of their research in this field.
我们对他们这方面的研究评价很高。
We all think well of your suggestion.
我们都认为你的建议很好。
He thinks the world of his daughter.
他非常器重女儿。
相关归纳
not think much of .../think poorly（little,badly ...）of 对……评价不高
I don’t think much of her idea.
我认为她的主意不怎么样。
You thought very badly of him at first,didn’t you?
你开始对他印象不好，对吗？
4.stare at sb./sth.盯着看；凝视；注视
例句集锦
I stared blankly at the paper in front of me.
我茫然地看着眼前这张纸。
He sat staring into space.
=He sat looking at nothing.
他坐在那儿凝视前方。
相关归纳
（1）glare at 怒目而视
He didn’t shout,he just glared at me silently.
他没有喊叫，只是默默地怒视着我。
（2）be staring sb.in the face 明摆着；显而易见；必定发生
The answer was staring us in the face.
答案明摆在我们面前。
Defeat was staring them in the face.
他们必遭失败。
（3）be staring sth.in the face 不可避免
They were staring defeat in the face.
对他们来说，失败不可避免。
5.be busy with sth.忙于某事（表状态）
be busy doing sth.忙于做某事（强调动作）
keep busy doing sth.忙于做某事
例句集锦
I’m busy writing a novel.
我在忙着写小说。
She is busy with the housework all day long.
她整天忙于做家务。
We kept busy preparing for the coming party.
我们在忙着准备晚会。
6.start with 以……开始
例句集锦
His illness started with a slight cough.
他的病是从轻微的咳嗽开始的。
He started with the aim of injuring others only to end up by ruining himself.
他本想损害别人，结果却害了自己。 7.be close to 距离……很近；接近；几乎
例句集锦
Their school is close to a church.
他们的学校离教堂很近。
She is close to tears.
她快要哭了。
He was close to fifty.
他接近五十了。
8.mean to do sth.有意图或打算干某事
mean doing sth.意味着干某事
例句集锦
I don’t mean to say we’re perfect.
我并不是说我们是完美的。
I meant to call on you,but I was too busy.
我是想来看你的，可是我太忙了。
I won’t wait if it means delaying more than a week or so.
如果它意味着等一周左右，我就不等了。
●必背句型
1.when等连词引导的状语从句中的省略
教材原句
（1）While still a student,she played roles in many plays.
=While she was still a student,she played roles in many plays.
在她还是个学生的时候，她就在许多剧中扮演角色。
（2）When asked about the secret of his success,Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children.
=When he was asked about the secret ...
当被问到他成功的秘密时，史蒂文斯皮尔伯格说他把他的成功和幸福归功于他的妻子和孩子。
特别提示
当when,while,until,if,unless等连词引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同或主语为it时，或从句的主谓部分为it和be动词时，从句的主语及部分谓语（be动词）可省略。
补充例句
When（he was）asked,he gave good advice.
只要问他，他就会提供好的建议。
If（it is）necessary,we’ll have a meeting.
如果有必要的话，我们就开个会。
He will not go to the party unless（he is）invited.
除非受到邀请，否则他不会去参加晚会。
2.含有until/till结构的句子
教材原句
The village leader,Mr Tian,asks Wei Minzhi to take Mr Gao’s place until he comes back.
田村长让魏敏芝替高老师代课，直到他回来。
特别提示
until/till引导的结构与肯定句连用时，主句谓语动词为延续性动词，其动作延续到until/till所表示时间就停止。
补充例句
When Minzhi has to get off the bus,she walks till she finally reaches the town.
敏芝不得不下了车以后，一直走到城里。
She waits at the gate of the TV station for two days till the boss calls her.
她在电视台门口等了两天，直到台长见她。
（2005年春季北京，35）Simon thought his computer was broken ______ his little brother pointed out that he had forgotten to turn it on.
A.until B.unless? C.after D.because
答案：A
相关归纳
We didn’t go until he came back.
直到他回来我们才走。
特别提示
until/till引导的结构与否定句连用时，构成not...until/till...结构，主句所表达的动作直到until/till所表示的时间才发生，译成“直到……才……”。
Not until he came back did we go.
It was not until he came back that we went.
特别提示
强调not...until/till有两种方式：（1）not until/till放在句首，主句采用部分倒装语序，谓语动词用原形；（2）用It’s...that...强调句型。 not需要放在被强调部分，句式为：“It is/was not until...that＋主句部分（用肯定形式）”。
3.keep+复合宾语
教材原句
（1）And she doesn’t know how to keep them quiet in class.
她不知道怎样才能使学生安静下来。
（2） She tries to keep the students in the classroom by locking them up in the classroom and running after those who escape.
她将学生锁在教室里，并去追赶跑的学生，以此来使学生待在教室里。
特别提示
keep 表示“使继续处于某种状态”时，可以接复合宾语，其中的宾语补足语可以是：（1）现在分词；（2）过去分词；（3）形容词；（4）介词短语；（5）副词。
补充例句
We’d better keep the fire burning.
最好让炉火继续着下去。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.
对不起让你久等了。
He couldn’t keep his eyes shut to all this.
他不能对这一切视而不见。
Keep your clothes clean.
衣服要保持干净。
What have kept you away for so long?
什么事使你离开这么久？
Remember,keep everything in balance.
记住，要保持一切平衡。
The cold kept him in bed for three days.
这次感冒使他三天没起床。
4.英语中表达“……怎么样？”的结构
教材原句
How about you?你怎么样？
特别提示
How/What about...?常用来征求对方的意见或向对方提出建议。about后接名词、代词或动名词。动名词可以有逻辑主语。
补充例句
-What about having a drink?
喝一杯怎么样？
-Just a little,please.
好吧，喝一点。
How about Ruth?Have you heard from her?
鲁思怎么样？你有她的消息吗？
I’m having fish.What about you?
我吃鱼，你呢？
What about a break?
休息一下如何？
相关归纳
（1）-How do you like the book?
你认为这本书怎么样？
-It is well worth reading.
很值得读。
特别提示
How do/does...like?用来询问对某事的感觉，即喜欢还是不喜欢。
（2）What is the weather like today?
今天天气怎么样？
特别提示
What is...like?用来询问人或事物的特征，即人的外貌或品德，以及天气状况。
（3）How is your father,Xiao Wang?
小王，你父亲的身体怎么样了？
特别提示
当How is/are...?的主语是人时，用来询问身体健康状况。
5.would like结构
教材原句
If it isn’t too cold for you,I would like to invite you to come and visit me in the north of China over the next holiday in January.
如果对你来说不太冷的话，我想邀请你在一月份的下一个假期里来华北看看。
特别提示
would like to do sth.表示主语“想要做某事”。
相关归纳
（1）I’d like Tom to go to fetch some newspapers for me.Would you like him to do something for you?
我想让汤姆去给我取报纸，你想让他做点什么吗？
特别提示
would like sb. to do sth.表示主语“想要别人做某事”。
（2）-Would you like to see a film with us this evening?
今天晚上和我们一块去看电影吧？
-Yes,I’d like to./Sorry,but I’m busy.
可以。（对不起，我太忙了。）
特别提示
请求对方做某事时，常用：Would you like to do...? 其答语为：Yes,I’d like to./Yes,I’d love to./Yes,I’ll be happy to./Sorry,but I’m busy.
（3）-Would you like a cup of tea?
喝杯茶吗？
-Yes,please./No,thanks.
可以。（不了，谢谢。）
特别提示
请对方吃或喝点什么时，常用Would you like some...?或Would you like a/another...?对方的答语常是：Yes,please./Just a little,please./No,thanks.I’ve had enough./I’m full,thank you.
疑难突破
1.reason,cause,excuse
reason指产生某种行为或想法上的推理性理由，与conclusion相对。reason for表示“……的理由”。
cause主要指导致某种结果，客观存在的原因，它是相对于effect来说的。cause of表示“……的起因”。
excuse 多指为免受指责或推卸责任而找的“理由、借口”。
应用
（1）The ______of the fire was unknown.
（2）What’s the ______ for your hurry?
（3）When he is late,he can always find a（n）______.
（4）The ______ why he was absent today is that his father died.
答案：（1） cause （2）reason （3）excuse （4）reason
2.sick,ill
（1）sick可作表语或定语，作表语时，有时含有“恶心的，要呕吐的”之意;the sick指一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数;sick可以构成复合词，如：airsick（晕飞机）;seasick（晕船）;carsick（晕车）;sick还可以构成固定词组，如：be sick for（渴望的）;be sick of（对……厌倦）。
（2）ill作“生病”讲时，只作表语，不作定语;作“坏的，恶心的”讲时，只能作定语，不能作表语。
speak ill of sb.说某人的坏话;
Ill luck!=Bad luck!（倒霉！）
应用
（1）He spends a lot of money on treating his ______ father.
（2）Don’t make friends with a person with a（n）______ name.
（3）The ______ are taken good care of in this hospital.
（4）Don’t speak ______ of him.
（5）She sings badly.When I hear her sing,I feel ______.
（6）The girl is ______ in bed with a cold,and she is ______ for home.
（7）He is always complaining.We are ______ of listening to his complaint.
答案：（1）sick （2）ill （3）sick （4）ill （5）sick （6）ill/sick,sick （7）sick
3.raise,rise
rise（rose,risen）是不及物动词，主要意思为：升起；上升；上涨；站起身；起床。
raise（raised,raised）是及物动词，主要意思为：抬起；提高；饲养；养大。
应用
（1）He ______his voice so as to be heard.
（2）She ______and left the room.
（3）She ______four pigs and many chickens.
（4）The sun ______and bathed the earth in its glow.
（5）The river is ______after the rain.So we can’t swim in it.
答案：（1） raised （2） rose （3） raises （4） rose （5） rising
4.spend,cost,take,pay
（1）sb.spend some time/money on sth.或sb.spend some time/money（in）doing sth.
（2）sth.cost sb.some money/time/life/health
（3）It takes sb.some time to do sth.或sb.take some time to do sth.或sth.take sb.some time to do
（4）sb.pay（sb.）some money（for）sth.
应用
（1）It______him three years to write the book.（=He ______three years to write the book.=The book ______him three years to write.=He ______three years writing the book.）
（2）Every year he ______ a lot of money on books/in buying books.
（3）This dictionary ______ me 100 yuan.
（4）Making experiment like that ______much time and labour.
（5）Careless driving may ______ you your life.
（6）They have decided to ______70 000 yuan. for the newly-built house.
（7）We’ll ______you in a few days,when I have money.
答案：（1）took,took,took,spent （2）spends （3）cost （4）costs （5）cost （6）pay （7）pay
5.accept,receive
accept表示主观意愿，有“接受、同意、认可、满意”之意。
receive表示客观上“接到、收到”,与主观意愿无关。receive还有“受到、得到;接见、接待”之意。
应用
（1）He told the headmaster that he had ______ an invitation to the meeting and asked her whether he could ______ it.
（2）Our suggestions were ______ at the meeting.
（3）I ______ my parents’ letter last Friday.
（4）Where did you ______ your doctor’s degree?
（5）We were warmly ______ at the factory gate.
（6）Did they ______ what you told them?
（7）She applied to join the Party and was ______.
答案：（1）received,accept （2）accepted （3）received （4）receive （5）received （6）accept （7）accepted
6.the one,one,it,that的替代用法
the one,one,it,that 可以用来替代前文出现的名词，是经常考查的代词，简述如下：
（1） the one用来替代同类事物中特指的一个，复数用the ones。
（2）one用来替代上文提到的同类名词中的一个，表泛指，相当于“a（n）+名词”。复数用ones。
（3）it指上文提到的同一事物。
（4）that用来替换上文出现的带定冠词的名词。复数用those。
应用
（1）The finger I put into my mouth was not ______I had dipped into the cup.
（2）I need a bike.Lend me______.
（3）I want to use your bike.Could you lend ______to me?
（4）The study of idioms is as important as ______of grammar.
（5）-Do you have a camera?
-No,but Tom has______.He bought ______a week ago.
（6）When you see two spoons,the big ______ is for the soup and the small ______ for the dessert.
（7）The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little bit bigger than ______ besides them.
答案：（1）the one （2）one （3）it （4）that （5）one,it （6）one,one （7）the ones
典例剖析
【例1】 （2004年全国卷Ⅰ，23）The English play ______ my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.
A.for which B.at which C.in which D.on which
剖析：“介词+关系代词” 引导的定语从句是定语从句中的重点、难点。选择该结构中的介词的原则是：（1）根据从句中的谓语动词的搭配习惯;（2）根据先行词的搭配习惯;（3）表“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，用of。本题表示“在剧中表演”，应用介词in，故选C。
答案：C
【例2】 （2004年全国卷Ⅱ，23）There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped her hands.
A.where B.which C.when D.that
剖析：关系副词where引导定语从句，修饰trousers，并在定语从句中作地点状语。全句意思为：在她擦手的裤子上留下了污迹。
答案：A
【例3】 （2004年全国卷Ⅲ ，28）The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months,______ the sailing time was 226 days.
A.of which B.during which C.from which D.for which
剖析：根据句意，空格处为“其中”之意，表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，用of。故选A。
如果将本题改为两句，定语从句可以改为：The sailing time was 226 days of nine months.
答案：A
【例4】 （2004年江苏，33）______ is of ten the case,we have worked out the production plan.
A.Which B.When C.What D.As
剖析：从句意看，本题考查定语从句的用法，故首先排除C项。由于when在定语从句中只能作时间状语，而题干中的定语从句缺主语，因而排除B项；as与which引导非限制性定语从句时，which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后，而as引导的定语从句可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，其中as表示“正如……那样”。as is often the case为固定词组，意为“这是常有的事；正如常见的情形”。全句意思为“正如平常一样，我们已经制订出了工作计划”。最佳答案为D。
答案：D
【例5】 （2004年湖北，23）There was ______ time ______ I hated to go to school.
A.a;that B.a;when C.the;that D.the;when
剖析：本题考查冠词和定语从句的用法。time作“次数”解时，后接关系代词that引导的定语从句，即：This/It is the first/second...time that+从句；time作“一段时光（时期）”解时，其前用不定冠词，其后接关系副词when引导的定语从句，构成：There was/is a time when...。
答案：B
【例6】 （2004年湖北，25）There are two buildings,______ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A.the larger B.the larger of them
C.the larger one that D.the larger of which
剖析：从句意看，后一句为定语从句；逗号表明这是非限制性定语从句，故选D。
答案：D