Part One: Teaching Design
Period 1: A sample lesson plan for reading
(THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY)
Aims
To help students develop their reading ability
To help students learn about enjoying novels
Procedures
■Warming up by talking about Jane Eyre
Nice to see you, boys and girls. What did you do on the weekends?
As for me I managed to read Jane Eyre and Gone with the wind in English.
These are wonderful western novels. Jane Eyre is an orphan cast out as a young girl by her aunt, Mrs. Reed, and sent to be raised in a harsh charity school for girls. There she learns to be come a teacher and eventually seeks employment outside the school. Her advertisement is answered by the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall, Mrs. Fairfax.
Scarlett is a woman who can deal with a nation at war, Atlanta burning, the Union Army carrying off everything from her beloved Tara, the carpetbaggers who arrive after the war. Scarlett is beautiful. She has vitality. But Ashley, the man she has wanted for so long, is going to marry his placid cousin, Melanie. Mammy warns Scarlett to behave herself at the party at Twelve Oaks. There is a new man there that day, the day the Civil War begins.
To better understand the background of this novel and others of this type, let’s go to page 41. We shall try to discover “THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY ”.
■Warming up by defining novels
To begin with let’s try to find out what a novel is.
A novel (from French nouvelle, "new") is an extended fictional narrative in prose. Down into the 18th century, the word referred specifically to short fictions of love and intrigue as opposed to romances-epic-length works about love and adventures. Having become one of the major literary genres over the past 200 years the novel is today the object of discussions demanding artistic merits, a specific literary style and a deeper meaning than a true story of the same content could claim to have.
■Warming up by talking about the greatest classical Chinese novels
What is in my hand? Yes, you guess right. It is The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, in Chinese三国演. I t is one of the greatest classic novels by Chinese writers.
What Chinese classic novels have you read in Chinese or in English?
Let’s see this list of Chinese language novelists:
The Si Da Ming Zhu or the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese Literature:
The Dream of the Red Chamber (红楼梦, also known as A Dream of Red Mansions or The Story of the Stone and The Chronicles of the Stone (石头记, Shítóu Jì), by 曹雪芹 Cáo Xuěqín
Water Margin (水浒传, also known as All Men Are Brothers and Outlaws of the Marsh), by 施耐庵 Shī Nài'ān
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (三国演义) by 罗贯中 Luó Guànzhōng
The Journey to the West (西游记), also known as Monkey King and Monkey, by 吴承恩 Wú Chéng'ēn.
Other Classic Literature:
Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (聊斋志异), by 蒲松齡 Pú Sōnglíng.
Jin Ping Mei (金瓶梅), by 蘭陵笑笑生 Lánlíng Xiàoxiàoshēng.
Fengshen Yanyi or The Investiture of the Gods
Xing Shi Yin Yuan Zhuan or The Story of a Marital Fate to Awaken the World
Now we shall turn our eyes to the West, to see what classic novels they have got there!
I. Pre-reading
Before we read the article, we shall attempt a comparison between Chinese authors and American authors.
●Chinese authors
Lao She, (1899-1966), author of Si Shi Tong Tang
Zhang Ailing, (1920-1995), female romantic story writer
Qian Zhongshu, (1910-1998), author of Wei Cheng
Lu Xun, (1881-1936), author of The True Story of Ah Q
Mao Dun, (1896-1981), author of Zi Ye
●American authors
Louisa May Alcott, (1832-1888), author of Little Women
John Dos Passos, (1896-1970), author of U.S.A.
Theodore Dreiser, (1871-1945), author of Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy
Henry James, (1843-1916), author of The Portrait of a Lady and The Ambassadors
Jack London, (1876-1916), author of The Call of the Wild
Harriet Beecher Stowe, (1811-1896), author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
John Kennedy Toole (1937-1969), author of A Confederacy of Dunces
Mark Twain, (1835-1910), pseudonym for Samuel Clemens author of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
II. Reading
On page 41 there is an article entitled THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
You are going to read it aloud to the recording.
Now read the text again to: cut/ the sentence into thought groups, blacken the predicative, darken the connectives and underline all the useful expressions.
THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Can you believe that /there used to be a consensus/ in society/ that opposed the writing of novels/ by authoresses? Clearly/ this restriction must have operated/ at a time/ when there was no equality of opportunity/ for women. Perhaps/ you think that /discrimination of this kind/ was in force/ a very long time ago/ because, after all, it is a very old-fashioned idea. But/ you would be wrong, because it was a generally held view/ only one hundred years ago/ in England. Even so/ there is another twist/ to this story. In a strange contradiction, this period produced five of the most courageous/ and gifted authoresses. Those/ who got round this ban/ were: Jane Austen, the three Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily /and Anne), and the writer/ known/ as George Eliot.
Jane Austen (1775-1817) was the first of these great women writers. She produced six completed novels, all of which deal with the problems /and limitations of women’s choices. At this time/ the only respectable career/ for a woman/ was to marry, so/ the dilemma of her heroines’ was also to marry/ but for love. Her most popular novel has always been Pride and Prejudice. In this story/ we follow the lives of five sisters/ as they overcome obstacles/ to their happiness/ and marriage/ until all is happily resolved. But/ the appeal of Jane’s work was not in its content/ alone. It was also in her refreshingly light /and ironic style, evident/ from the first sentence of the novel:
“Everyone knows that/ a single man/ with a fortune/ must be in want of a wife.”
As readers, we know that/ this sentence is not really true/ but it represents the opinions of all mothers/ who have daughters/ to marry. It is making fun of those mothers/ whose only wish is to marry their daughters well.
After Jane Austen, authoresses found it an even more hopeless task/ to publish novels/ under their own names. So/ they chose to publish their works/ using men’s names. The three Bronte sisters/ adopting this practice, Mary Ann Evans did the same/ and wrote/ under the name of George Eliot. Sceptical reviewers did not see through this deception/ and gave their approval/ to their work.
Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was the most famous of the three Bronte sisters. Her novels were revolutionary/ for the explicit way/ they described women/ struggling against their restricted roles/ in society. Her heroines are outspoken/ in expressing their feelings, while demonstrating honesty /and conscience/ in their choices. Her most famous book, Jane Eyre, describes the growth of a poor, abused heroine/ with an unhappy childhood/ through to a mature person/ who finds eventual happiness/ after many struggles/ and disappointments. Being immediately hailed/ as “the masterwork of a great genius”, Jane Eyre became a great success. The book was a revelation/ after the more reserved feelings/ expressed/ in Jane Austen’s novels.
The fifth premier authoress of this period was George Eliot (1819-1880). Her novels examined the morally ambiguous concessions/ people make/ in their lives/ in order to succeed. In one of her books, Silas Marner, the hero discovers a little girl /whom he takes in/ to live/ with him. Her own father has already rejected her, because he fears/ he would lose his second wife’s love/ if he acknowledges her ---- a mistake/ for which the couple both suffer.
With the 19th century/ being regarded/ as one of great women writers, there were also some excellent male authors. Among them/ Charles Dickens (1812-1870) stands out as a literary critic of the injustices of his society. His novels describe the hardships of poor people/ who did not possess money/ or a sponsor/ to smooth their path. In David Copperfield, the hero experiences suffering/ before he meets his eccentric, kind /and tolerant aunt, Betsy Trotwood. David benefits/ from her truly generous nature, and owes his education, wealth/ and happiness/ to her care. Charles Dickens is today confirmed/ as one of the great writers of the 19th century. Although his output was greater/ than any of the authoresses/ mentioned above, his impact was not greater/ than theirs. These women/ having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them.
III. Copying expressions and making sentences
Expressions from THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
a consensus in society, oppose the writing of …by…, operate at a time when…, no equality of opportunity for…, discrimination of this kind, in force, a very long time ago, after all, a very old-fashioned idea, a generally held view, only one hundred years ago, even so, another twist to…, in a strange contradiction, produced five of the most courageous and gifted authoresses, get round…, be known as…, produce six completed novels, deal with the problems and limitations of…, at this time, the only respectable career for a woman, the dilemma of her heroines’, follow the lives of five sisters, overcome obstacles to…, in its content, in her refreshingly light and ironic style, evident from the first sentence, a single man with a fortune, be in want of a wife, represent the opinions of …, have daughters to marry, make fun of…, marry their daughters well, find it an even more hopeless task to publish novels under their own names, publish their works using men’s names, adopt this practice, do the same, write under the name of…, see through this deception, give one’s approval to…, the most famous of the three Bronte sisters, revolutionary, the explicit way, struggle against…, in society, outspoken in expressing one’s feelings, demonstrate honesty and conscience in one’s choice, describe the growth of a poor, abused heroine with an unhappy childhood through to a mature person, find eventual happiness, after many struggles and disappointments, be hailed as…, the masterwork of a great genius, become a great success, a revelation after the more reserved feelings expressed in…, examine the morally ambiguous concessions, make concessions in one’s lives, discover a little girl, take in… to live with…, lose one’s second wife’s love, acknowledge…, suffer a mistake, with the 19th century being regarded as…, stand out as…, a literary critic of the injustices of his society, describe the hardships of poor people, possess money or a sponsor to smooth one’s path, experience suffering, meets one’s eccentric kind and tolerant aunt, benefit from…, owe one’s education to …,be confirmed as…, be mentioned above, produce works of the highest quality
IV. Transferring information
Read the text once again to complete the table with necessary information from it.
THE RISE OF ENGLISH AUTHORIESSES IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Who? Jane Austen, the three Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), and the writer known as George Eliot.
The first? Jane Austen (1775-1817) was the first of these great women writers.
What does the sentence “Everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of a wife.” mean? It is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to marry their daughters well.
Why did women writers chose to publish their works using men’s names? After Jane Austen, authoresses found it an even more hopeless task to publish novels under their own names.
Who was the most famous of the three Bronte sisters? Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) was the most famous of the three Bronte sisters.
Who was the fifth premier authoress? The fifth premier authoress of this period was George Eliot (1819-1880).
Who were the excellent male authors then? Among the excellent male authors Charles Dickens (1812-1870) stands out as a literary critic of the injustices of his society.
V. Closing down by learning about more novelists
What is a novelist? He/ She is someone who writes novels.
What is an author, writer? They are writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay).
Famous novelists
Agee, James Agee - United States novelist (1909-1955)
Alcott, Louisa May Alcott - United States novelist noted for children's books (1832-1888)
Balzac, Honore Balzac, Honore de Balzac - French novelist; he portrays the complexity of 19th century French society (1799-1850)
Falkner, Faulkner, William Cuthbert Faulkner, William Falkner, William Faulkner - United States novelist (originally Falkner) who wrote about people in the southern United States (1897-1962)
Jean Genet, Genet - French writer of novels and dramas for the theater of the absurd (1910-1986)
Giraudoux, Hippolyte Jean Giraudoux, Jean Giraudoux - French novelist and dramatist whose plays were reinterpretations of Greek myths (1882-1944)
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - German poet and novelist and dramatist who lived in Weimar (1749-1832)
Hugo, Victor Hugo, Victor-Marie Hugo - French poet and novelist and dramatist; leader of the romantic movement in France (1802-1885)
George Meredith, Meredith - English novelist and poet (1828-1909)
Luigi Pirandello, Pirandello - Italian novelist and playwright (1867-1936)
Marcel Proust, Proust - French novelist (1871-1922)
Emile Zola, Zola - French novelist and critic; defender of Dreyfus (1840-1902)
Additional Materials
Complete the summary of the text with one word in each blank.
The 10th century turned out five __1___ the most courageous and gifted authoresses. __2___ are Jane Austen, the __3___ Bronte sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), __4___ the writer known __5___ George Eliot. Austen (1775-1817) was the first of __6___ great women writers. She __7___ six completed novels, all of which __8___ with the problems and limitations __9___ women’s choices. After Jane Austen, authoresses ___10__ it difficult to publish novels under their own names. So they started to __11___ their works using men’s names. __12___ three Bronte sisters adopting this practice, Mary Ann Evans __13___ the same and wrote __14___ the name of George Eliot. Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855) __15___ the most outstanding ___16__ the three Bronte sisters. Her novels were __17___ for the explicit way they __18___ women struggling against their __19___ roles in society.
The fifth premier __20___ of this period was George Eliot (1819-1880). Her ___21__ studied __22___ morally ambiguous concessions people __23___ in their lives in order to succeed.
(key: 1.of 2. They 3. three 4. and 5. as 6.these 7. wrote 8. deal 9.of 10. found 11. publish 12. The13. did 14.under 15.was 16. of 17.revolutionary 18.described 19. restricted 20. authoress 21. novels 22. the 23.make )
Notes to the difficult sentences
1. She produced six completed novels, all of which deal with the problems and limitations of women’s choices. 她写了六部长篇全集，讲的都是妇女选择的种种问题和局限性。句中all of which引导的是非限制性定语从句。
在“介词+which / whom”的结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况：⑴定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配，比如：This is the college in which I am studying. He is the man about whom we are talking. ⑵ 先行词与介词的习惯搭配，当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：aspect, respect, area, field等，用 in which；
当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如：rate, price, speed 等，用at which；
当先行词表示“程度”时，如：degree, extent等，用 to which；当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如：grounds, foundation, basis等，用 on which。比如： The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter. 仪表上显示出这台机器的运转的速度。It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand. ⑶当定语从句为最高级时 只能用of which，否则用其他介词： I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK. 注意：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定。如：be familiar with / to ; compare with / to。
2. “Everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of a wife.”人人都知道富裕的单身男人一定都需要找个夫人。want ：1. 缺乏; 不足: stayed home for want of anything better to do沒事可作只好待在家裡 2. 貧乏： lives in want 生活困苦 3. 慾望 a person of few wants and needs 清心寡慾的人
3. Skeptical reviewers did not see through this deception and gave their approval to their work. 多疑的书评人没有看穿这个骗局，对他们的工作表示赞同。由give构成的短语还有：give a ring, push, pull, kick, smile, cry, sigh, shout, laugh, shrug, welcome, concert, lecture, punch, reply, course, description, blow, definition, kiss, demonstration, hand, raise, give trouble, help, offence, pleasure, encouragement, permission, respect, support, chase, give an excuse, order, example,
give sb. a rise, hand, lift,
4. The book was a revelation after the more reserved feelings expressed in Jane Austen’s novels. 在奥斯汀小说表达了更加保守的感觉之后，这本书却是对时世的揭露。
5. Her own father has already rejected her, because he fears he would lose his second wife’s love if he acknowledges her ---- a mistake for which the couple both suffer. 因为他害怕，所以她自己的父亲已经拒绝她了，因为如果他承认她，他会失去他的第二个妻子的爱--- 一个夫妇两者都在为之吃苦的错误。句中for which引导的是定语从句。 “介词＋关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构，可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词”结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
6. These women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them. 这些女人写出了高质量的产品,任何19世纪英文文学的调查一定会包括她们的。逗号前是“名词+现在分词”构成的独立主格结构，请看更多例子：The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。 Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
相关高考链接
请看课文最后一句话：These women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them. 这些女人写出了高质量的产品,任何19世纪英文文学的调查一定会包括她们的。逗号前是“名词+现在分词”构成的“独立主格结构”，而“独立主格结构”正是本单元要复习的语法项目。
独立主格结构
（一） 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。
With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
I．独立主格的结构形式
独立主格结构在形式上由两部分组成。第一部分由名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语担任，但在四级考试中以分词担任第二部分的居多，有时也会由不定式担任。
1）名词或主格代词＋现在分词
例1，______a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor．
A）Other things being equal 鶥）Were other things equal
C）To be equal to other things 鶧）Other things to be equal
（答案A B and 4，1997．6）
例2 So many directors ______，the board meeting had to be put off．
A）were absent B）been absent C）had been absent D）being absent
（答案D B and 4，2001．1）
当独立主格中的分词所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词所表示的动作时，用分词的完成形式
例3 The speech______，a lively discussion started．
A）being delivered B）was delivered C）be delivered鶧）having been delivered
（答案D B and 4，1995．1）
当独立主格结构中的名词或主格代词是分词表示的动作的承受者时，用分词的被动形式。
例4 All flights_____because of the snow-storm，many passengers could do nothing but take the train． A）were canceled B）having been canceled C）had been canceled D）have been canceled
（答案BB and 4，1999．1）
2）名词或主格代词＋过去分词
例5 All things_____，the planed trip will have to be called off．
A）be considered鶥）considered C）considering鶧）having considered
（答案BB and 4，1998．6）
3）名词或主格代词＋动词不定式
例6 If the building project______by the end of this month is delayed，the construction company will be fined．
A）to be complete B）is completed C）being completed鶧）complete
（答案A B and 4，2001．6）
形容词、副词、名词和介词短语担当第二部分的情况在四级考试中虽不多见，但在书面语中却是一种有效的表达手段，在此略举几例，供有兴趣的同学参考。
4）名词或主格代词＋形容词
例7 Hands red with the cold，they were sweeping the snow outdoors．（他们在户外扫雪，两手冻得通红。）
5）名词或主格代词＋介词短语
例8 A book in hand，the teacher of English walked into the classroom．（手里拿着本书，英语老师走进教室。）
6）名词或主格代词＋副词
例9 Class over，all students went to play on the playground．（下课了，学生们都到操场上去玩耍。）
7）名词或主格代词＋名词
例10 His first shot failure，he fired again．（他第一枪没击中，又打了第二枪。）
8）With 结构用法
例 ______ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. (2004北京)
A With B Besides C As for D Because of
（答案:A）
例It was a pity that the great writer died _________his works unfinished. (2004福建)
A．for B．with C．from D．of
（答案：B）
例I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ________.(2005北京)
A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on
（答案：A）