Reading
词汇：Cosmetic n.化妆品adj.化妆用的
1 link vt., vi.（常与together, to, with连用）连接
The two towns are linked by a railway.这两个城镇由一条铁路连接起来。
（与on, to, in to连用）联合
link up（与with连用）会合
2 advertise vt., vi.-tised, -tising vt.登...的广告；登广告征求或推销商品；通告; 宣布
宣扬; 大肆宣传；发出广告
I advertised him of my plans.我把我的计划通知了他。
The company advertised for a new secretary.公司登广告招聘一名新秘书。
We should advertise for someone to look after our children.我们该登个广告聘人来照管孩子们。
advertise for登招请[待聘等]广告
advertise oneself (as)自吹(是)
advertising un.广告业, 广告 adj.广告的
advertising agency广告公司 advertising agent广告经纪人 advertising expense广告费
advertising is one of the biggest businesses in America.广告是美国最大的行业之一。
Advertisement n.广告(= ad)
The wall was covered with advertisements.墙上贴满了广告。
It has many advertisements and many different sections.星期日报有很多广告和许多栏目。
They like advertisements which show women in office, planes, and cars.
妇女们喜欢那些表现妇女在办公室工作、乘飞机旅行、驾驶着汽车等情形的广告。
3 aim vt., vi.（常与at连用）瞄准；对准
He aimed with the gun.他用枪瞄准。
He aimed the gun at the enemy officer.他用枪瞄准了敌军官。
以…为目标
I aim to be a lawyer.我要当个律师。
The factory must aim at developing new models of machines.该工厂必须致力于研制新型机械。
Aim n.瞄准；对准The hunter took aim at wolf.猎手瞄准狼。
目标；目的What is your aim in life?你生活的目的是什么?
The aim is not just to keep busy.其目的不仅是为了使每个人不致闲着。
aim at向...瞄准; 旨在, 针对; 志在
take aim (at)瞄准
4 involve vt. involved, involving（常与in连用）牵涉；拖累
Don't involve other people in your trouble.别把别人牵涉进你的麻烦中去。
（常与in连用）使陷入
包括，涉及All the children were involved in the school play.所有的孩子都参加了学校排练的剧。
This lesson involves a lot of work.这一课需要做的工作有很多。
be involved in trouble卷入纠纷 be involved in disaster陷入不幸
a task which involves much difficulty困难重重的任务
He was involved in working out a plan.他专心致志地制订计划。
be involved in包含在...; 与...有关; 被卷入; 专心地(做)
be involved with涉及 become involved in卷入, 陷入
get involved with给...缠住
5 promise n.诺言
He broke his promise and did not come to see me.他不遵守诺言，没来看我。
希望；展望The news brings little promise of peace.这消息使和平无望。
Promise vt., vi.（常与to, that连用）允诺；承诺
He has promised to behave better henceforth.他答应从今以后要表现得好些。
She promised her brother that she would write to him.她答应弟弟将给他写信。
预示；给予…希望Early mist promises fair weather.晨雾预示好天气。
This year promises to be another good one for harvests.今年看来又是个丰收年。
break [go back] one's [a] promise违背诺言, 违约
give [afford, show] promise有希望, 有前途
I promise you.我敢肯定; 说句老实话; 我警告你。
keep [redeem] one's [a] promise遵守诺言, 守约
make [give] a promise答应, 许诺
of great [high] promise大有希望的, 前程远大的
promise well很有希望, 前景很好
6 present adj.出席的；到场的
How many people were present at the meeting?会议有多少人出席？
There are twenty children present.在座的有20个孩子。
现在的；现存的the present government
What is your present job?你现在的工作是什么？
I don't need the literature at present. Thank you very much all the same.
"我现在还不需要这些文献,但我还是要感谢你。"
at present现在；目前At present, he is on holiday.目前，他正在度假。
for the present眼前；暂时
vt.赠予；颁予
They presented flowers to their teacher.他们献花给老师。
The mayor presented the winner with a silver cup.市长把银杯授予了获胜者。
提出；呈递The committee is presenting its investigation report next week.委员会将于下星期提出调查报告。
介绍；引见；举荐May I present Mr Robinson to you?可否让我向你介绍罗宾逊先生?
The new ambassador was presented to the president.新大使被引见给总统。
at present现在, 目前 be present to出现在...面前
for the present暂时, 暂且 live in the present顺应当前形势, 只顾眼前
up to [until] the present直到现在
7 sue vt., vi.sued, suing
起诉（常与to, for连用）控告
sue at (the) law起诉 sue to sb.请求某人
sue for a woman's hand向女子求婚 sue out a pardon求得宽赦
sue for为...提出诉讼, 诉请..., 请求; 乞求
sue out【律】请求法院而得到 (赦免, 赔偿等)
sue sb. for控告某人违犯...; 向法院起诉要求某人赔偿
8 avoid vt.避开；避免
I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.
我横穿马路以便避开他,但他看到了我并朝我跑过来。
To avoid confusion, the teams wore different colours.为避免混淆,两队分穿不同颜色的衣服。
Young ladies should learn to spend money carefully and avoid extravagance.
年青的妇女要学会花钱审慎小心,避免浪费。
逃避Are you trying to avoid me?你是不是想躲开我？
9 ensure vt.ensured, ensuring使…必然发生 （亦作： insure）
We can ensure that the work shall be done in the right way.我们可以保证把工作做好。
I fitted a new lock to ensure that the bicycle would not be stolen.我装了一把新锁以保证自行车不致失窃。
保护; 使安全(against, from)
保证给, 赋予(to, for)ensure success [safety, supplies]
保证成功[安全, 供应]ensure sb. against[from] danger
10 apply vt., vi. applied, applying
请求；申请I want to apply for the job.我想申请这项工作。
应用；使用；适用The principle of diligence and frugality applies to all undertakings.
勤俭节约的原则适用于一切事业。
涂，敷，抹A nurse is applying some medicine to his wound.有个护士正在给他的伤口敷药。
产生作用；有直接关系What I have said does not apply to you.我说的话与你无关。
This rule does not apply.这个规则不适用。
专心；集中精力 apply oneself to专心从事，埋头于…
The new comer applied his mind to the job.新来的职员工作专心致志。
Students should apply themselves to their study.学生们应该专心致志地学习。
apply to the consul for a visa向领事申请签证
apply a theory to practice把理论应用于实践
apply one's mind to专心于...
We must apply our energies to finding a solution.我们必须全力想出一个解决的办法。
常用短语：be applied to适用于, 应用于, 施加于, 用来表示, 与...接触
apply for申请; 请求, 接洽
apply oneself to致力于, 集中精力做某事
apply sth. to把...施于...; 把...运用于...
apply to关系到, 牵涉到；适用于; 运用于；向...询问, 向...接洽
11 back vt., vi.
向后退The car backed through the gate.车子倒退着开出大门。
（用金钱）资助，支持，援助
The organization is backed by The U.N..该组织由联合国资助。
Will you back me against the others?你会支持我反对其他的人吗？
back down让步，退却；放弃They refused to back down.他们不愿让步。
Since most of the people present agreed with her, I had to back down.
大多数到会的人都同意她的意见,我只好放弃原来的意见了。
back up支持，援助The new evidence backed up my argument.新的证词有助于我的辩论。
倒退，后退‘Don't shoot!’ he said and backed up.“别开枪！” 他说着往后退。
be laid on one's back卧病在床
be on one's back仰卧; [口]卧病; [口]毫无办法, 一筹莫展
back and forth来回; 往复
12 pursue vt.追赶, 追踪, 追击, 继续, 从事
pursue the enemy追击敌人 pursue pleasure寻欢作乐
pursue a calling从事一种职业 pursue a discussion继续讨论
pursue one's studies从事研究
Illness pursued him till his death.疾病一直纠缠着他, 直到他去世。
We have always pursued a friendly policy towards the people all over the world.
对世界人民我们一贯奉行友好政策。
vi.追, 追随(after)继续进行
13 ignore vt.
忽视, 不理睬; 抹煞(建议)【律】驳回; 忽略(不计)
He completely ignored all these facts as though they never existed.
他完全无视这一切, 好象它们根本不存在似的。
She saw him coming but she ignored him.她看见他走过来, 但装做没看到他。
14 ban vt. -nn-（法律上）禁止Smoking is banned in school.在学校禁止吸烟
n.禁止There is a ban on smoking.有一个禁烟令。
15 promote vt.-moted, -moting
（常与to连用）提升；擢升
Our teacher has been promoted to headmaster.我们的老师已被提升为校长了。
积极筹划Who is promoting this boxing match?谁在筹划这次拳击赛？
宣传，推销（商品）Do you have any idea how to promote the sales of this product?
如何来推销这种产品你有什么好办法吗?
promote growth [prosperity, understanding]促进增长[繁荣, 了解]
be promoted (to be [to the rank of]) first mate被提为大副
16 in funds手头有钱; 有资本no funds存款不足(银行退回空头支票时用语)
out of funds缺钱
fund vt. 为…提供基金
The work is funded by the government.这项工程由政府提供基金。
17 remark n.备注, 评论, 注意, 注释
vt.评论, 注意, 谈及vi.谈论
（常与that连用）说
He remarked that it was getting late.他说天色渐晚了。
（常与on, upon连用）谈论；评论
make [pass] a remark on就...发表意见, 对...品头品足
pass without remark置之不理, 置若罔闻; 默认
remark on [upon]谈论, 议论, 评论
general remark一般说明
remarkable adj.不平常的, 非凡的, 值得注意的, 显著的
18 cause n.原因, 导致某事发生的人或事, 动机, 理由, 根据, 目标, 理想, 事业
vt.引起, 惹起, 使(发生), 促成
The heavy rain was the cause of the flood.大雨是导致洪水产生的原因。
There is no cause for anxiety.不必焦虑。
There is no cause for concern, for the windstorm was not too serious.那场风暴不太厉害,没必要担心。
fight for the cause of world peace为世界和平而战
She has made up her mind to fight for the cause of peace all her life.她已下定决心为和平事
V What caused his failure?什么使得他失败了?
His absence caused me much trouble.他的缺席给我带来了许多麻烦。
Necessity caused me to come.我不得不来。
Cause reason都含“原因”的意思。
cause 指“产生结果的原因” 或“使某事发生的原因”, 如:
Carelessness is the cause of his failure.粗心是他失败的原因。
reason 指“根据事实、情况或产生的结果,推导出结论的理由或道理”, 如:
The reason for the flood was all that heavy rain.那场大雨是发生洪水的原因。
Word Formation
Prefix Example Meaning
anti- anti-cloning, anticancer against, opposed to
dis-
un- disappear, disagree
unfair, unwilling not, apposed of
in-
il-
im-
ir- incorrect, incomparable
illegal, illogical
immoral, immodest
irresponsible, irregular
not, without
pre- preview, preserve early, before
pro- pro-cloning in favour of, supporting
re- recreate, repeat, renew again
Some other commonly used prefixes
Prefix Example Meaning
de- decompose, declassify apart, from
mal- maltreatment, malnutrition badly, ill
non- non-smoker, non-alcoholic, non-profit not
inter- international, interaction, interrupt between
tele- telescope, telegram, telecommunication far off
trans- transport, translate, transnational across
mis- misunderstand, mislead, misdeed wrong
sub- subtitle, subway, submarine under
over- overeat, overwork, overact too much
tri- triangle, tricycle, tricolor three
auto- autobiography, autoalarm, automobile self
Suffixes
Suffix Example Meaning
-able comfortable, noticeable worthy of, able to be
-ful cheerful, thoughtful full of, characterized by
-ist scientist, novelist someone who does something
-less hopeless, aimless without
-ment agreement, treatment indicate a state or condition
-ness dryness, madness indicate a quality, state or character
Some other commonly used suffixes
-al cultural, national, original of or concerning
-ion invitation, competition, protection action or condition of…
-ship hardship, scholarship, relationship state of being, skill
-dom freedom, kingdom condition or state of…
-ish childish, selfish of the nature of…
-proof waterproof, fireproof, soundproof protect against
-en widen, sharpen, shorten make or become
-ward eastward, homeward, backward in the direction of
-like womanlike, childlike similar to
Listening skills(P68-P73)
Pharmacy n.药房, 药剂学, 配药业, 制药业, 一批备用药品 ; staff n. 支柱, 全体职员, [军]参谋机构 ; press release n.新闻稿 ;
1 value vt.-ued, -uing估价；定价
He valued the ring at $80.他估计这枚戒指值80美元。
尊重；珍视
I value your advice.我尊重你的劝告。
of no value没有价值的
put [set) little value on [upon]对...评价不高; 不怎么重视
put [set] much [a high] value on [upon]对...给予高度评价; 重视(I don't put much value on what he says.我不重视他所说的话)
set a value on估价, 评价(I asked him to set a value on the pictures. 我请他对这些画估个价。)
value at估(某物的)价为
value oneself on [upon]以...自豪; 以...夸耀自己
2 recommend vt.推荐；推举
Can you recommend a good dictionary?你能介绍一本好词典吗？
劝告；忠告I recommend you to wait.我劝你等一等。
recommend to try a new medicine建议试服一种新药
（与to连用）交付；托付
The dying man recommended his soul to God.这垂危病人把灵魂交付上帝。
recommend a child to sb.把小孩子托给某人照管
recommend that sb should do…
Writing(P77-P79)
Perishable adj.容易腐烂的; spoilage n.食物变质，食物腐坏; prolong vt.延长, 拖延
Aesthetic adj.美学的, 审美的, 有审美感的;
1 argue vt.辩论, 争论;说服, 劝说;主张, 认为, 论证
They argued the case for hours.他们就这件事争论了数小时。
They tried to argue him into joining them.他们试图说服他参加。
Her accent argues that she is from Dalian.
argue about\ on \over辩论[争论]某事
argue against反驳;显示出与...相反的结论, 证明...是站不住脚的
argue down驳倒某人
argue for赞成; 为...而力争
argue sb. into说服某人(做某事或接受某种意见)
argue sb. out of说服某人不做某事, 打消某种念头
2 behalf n.为, 利益
‘Don't trouble to do it on my behalf.不要为了我去麻烦了。
on behalf of代表, 为了
on sb.'s behalf以某人的名义; 为了某人; 代表某人
My husband could not be here tonight, but l want to thank you on his behalf.
我丈夫今晚因故不能前来, 我代表他向你们致谢。
3 estimate vt.估计，判断
（常与that连用）估价
（常与at连用）估计
I estimate her age at 35.我估计她有35岁。
at a rough estimate据粗略估计
by estimate照估计
form an estimate of给...作一估计; 评价
make an estimate of给...作一估计; 评价
4 perish vi.毁灭, 灭亡, 死去;枯萎, 腐烂, 腐朽
The city perished in an earthquake.这城在一次地震中毁灭。
5 evident adj.明显的
It's evident that you are tired.显然你累了。
6 reputation n.名声; 名誉;声望, 名望;荣[信]誉, 体面; 著名
a man of no reputation没有声望的人
a person of reputation有信誉的人, 体面的人
build up a reputation博得名声
have a good [bad] reputation名誉好[坏]
have a reputation for sth. (=have the reputation of)因...而著名, 以...闻名
live up to one's reputation不负盛名; 名副其实
lose [ruin] one's reputation名誉扫地
of great[good, high] reputation很有声望的, 享有盛名的
of no reputation声名狼藉的
of reputation有名望的
7 merit n.优点；价值；功绩
These so-called merits are often offset by its undesirable effects.
这些所谓的好处往往被鞭炮产生的不良后果抵消了。
There's little merit in passing the driving test if you don't have a car of your own.
"如果你没有自己的汽车,通过驾驶考试也没什么价值。"
vt.应得；应受；值得
His work merits a prize.他的工作值得奖赏。
He merited all the praise which had been given to him.他理应受到人们给他的一切称赞。
8 to a certian extent在一定程度上, 有几分, 部分地
to a great extent很大程度上, 非常
to some extent某种程度上, (多少)有一点
to that extent达到那样的程度
to the extent of到...的程度
9 cut across取捷径；走近路;超越
a new group of members of parliament that cuts across party lines无党派议员组成的新团体
cut back剪枝；修剪;减少；缩小；削减
to cut back on industrial production缩减工业生产
cut down砍倒；砍伤；砍死;减少；减低
to cut down a tree with an axe用斧头把树砍倒
to cut down on smoking减少抽烟
cut in插嘴Don't cut in while I'm talking.我说话时别插嘴。
（突然）插入to cut in on a queue加塞儿
cut out剪除；切掉；割掉to cut out a dress裁剪衣服
停止；放弃to cut out smoking戒烟
cut up切碎;使受苦
Jean was really cut up when her husband left her.在丈夫抛弃她之后，简痛苦极了。
10 apart from除…外
All the children like music apart from Bobby.除了博比外所有的孩子都喜欢音乐。
The writer lives apart from his family.作家不与家人同住。
Apart from being too large, the trousers don't suit me.
这条裤子不但太大,而且我穿着也不合适。
Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all.
除了很少的几句外,我对法语一无所知。