学案目标 1.系统整理、掌握15个虚词的意义和用法,重点掌握高频虚词“之”“其”“而”“以”等。2.学会推断文言常用虚词的用法与意义的方法。
(2006江苏卷)阅读下面的文言文,完成后面的题。
董槐,字庭植,濠州定远人。少喜言兵,阴读孙武、曹操之书。槐貌甚伟,广颡而丰颐,又美髯,论事慷慨,自方诸葛亮、周瑜。父永,遇槐严,闻其自方,怒而嘻曰:“不力学,又自喜大言,此狂生耳,吾弗愿也。”槐心愧,乃学于永嘉叶师雍。
嘉定十四年,起为广德军录事参军,民有诬富人李桷私铸兵结豪杰以应李全①者,郡捕系之狱,槐察其枉,以白守。守曰:“为反者解说,族矣。”槐曰:“吏明知狱有枉,而挤诸死地以傅于法,顾法岂谓诸被告者无论枉不枉,皆可杀乎?”不听。顷之,守以忧去,槐摄通判州事,叹曰:“桷诚枉,今不为出之,生无由矣。”乃为翻其辞,明其不反,书上,卒脱桷狱。绍定三年秋,权通判镇江府。至州,会全叛,涉淮临大江,大府急发州兵。槐即日将兵济江而西,全遁去,乃还。嘉熙元年,出知常州。后三日,提点湖北刑狱。常德军乱,夜纵火而噪。槐骑从数人于火所,且问乱故。乱者曰:“将军马彦直夺吾岁请,吾属将责之偿,不为乱也。”槐坐马上,召彦直斩马前,乱者还入伍中。三年,知江州。秋,流民渡江而来归者十余万,议者皆谓:“方军兴,郡国急储粟,不暇食民也。”槐曰:“民,吾民也。发吾粟振之,胡不可?”至者如归焉。淳祐二年,主管江西安抚司公事,视其赋,则吏侵甚,下教曰:“吾莅州,而吏犹为盗不自悔,吾且诛之!”吏乃震恐,愿自新。槐因除民患害,裨将卢渊凶猾不受命,斩以徇师,军中肃然。帝日乡用②槐,槐言事无所隐,意在于格君心之非而不为容悦。帝问修太乙祠,则对曰:“土工洊③起,民罢于征发,非所以事天也。”帝问边事,对曰:“外有敌国,则其计先自强。自强者人畏我,我不畏人。”槐每奏,帝辄称善。
景定三年五月二十八既夕,天大雨,烈风雷电,槐起衣冠而坐。麾妇人出,为诸生说《兑》《谦》二卦。问夜如何?诸生以夜中对,遂薨。(选自《宋史董槐传》,有删改)
注 ①李全:南宋叛臣。②乡用:重用。③洊(jiàn):再度。
文中“诸生以夜中对”的“以”字,与下列句子中加点的“以”字意义和用法相同的一项是( )
A.焉用亡郑以陪邻
B.王好战,请以战喻
C.不然,籍何以至此
D.一旦抵罪,或脱身以逃
考点探讨
江苏2011年《考试说明》规定考查下列15个虚词:而、何、乃、其、且、若、所、为、焉、以、因、于、与、则、之。在15个虚词中,“以、而、为、其、之”属高频考点。
从江苏命题实践看,文言虚词属轮考点,不大单独设题考查,只是在语句翻译中出现。
如若单独设题,则为单选客观题。形式有“单一考”(只考一个虚词,关联课本例子)和综合考(考四个虚词,且用课本例句配对编组)。无论哪种形式,与课本的关联度都较高。
1.说出下列句中加点“而”的意义和用法。
①侣鱼虾而友麋鹿(《赤壁赋》)
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②置之地,拔剑撞而破之(《鸿门宴》)
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③轲自知事不就,倚柱而笑(《荆轲刺秦王》)
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④君子博学而日参省乎己(《劝学》)
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⑤未有封侯之赏,而听细说(《鸿门宴》)
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⑥籍吏民,封府库,而待将军(《鸿门宴》)
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⑦人而无信,不知其可(《论语》)
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⑧某所,而母立于兹(《项脊轩志》)
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2.说出下列句中加点“何”的意义和用法。
①信臣精卒陈利兵而谁何(《过秦论》)
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②大王来何操?(《鸿门宴》)
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③豫州今欲何至?(《赤壁之战》)
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④齐人未尝赂秦,终继五国迁灭,何哉?(《六国论》)
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①何不按兵束甲,北面而事之!(《赤壁之战》)
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⑥至于誓天断发,泣下沾襟,何其衰也!(《伶官传序》)
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3.说出下列句中加点“乃”的意义和用法。
①度我至军中,公乃入(《鸿门宴》)
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②而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之(《石钟山记》)
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③寻其方面,乃知震之所在(《张衡传》)
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④若事之不济,此乃天也(《赤壁之战》)
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⑤蒙冲斗舰乃以千数(《赤壁之战》)
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⑥王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁(《示儿》)
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4.说出下列句中加点“其”的意义和用法。
①攻之不克,围之不继,吾其还也(《殽之战》)
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②虽九死其犹未悔(《离骚》)
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③其皆出于此乎?(《师说》)
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④其孰能讥之乎?(《游褒禅山记》)
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⑤则或咎其欲出者(《游褒禅山记》)
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②其闻道也固先乎吾(《师说》)
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③其若是,孰能御之?(《齐桓晋文之事》)
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④臣从其计,大王亦幸赦臣(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
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⑨而余亦悔其随之而不得极夫游之乐也(《游褒禅山记》)
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⑩于乱石间择其一二扣之(《石钟山记》)
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吾其还也(《烛之武退秦师》)
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尔其无忘乃父之志(《伶官传序》)
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5.说出下列句中加点“且”的意义和用法。
①然后图南,且适南冥也(《逍遥游》)
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②且从俗浮沉,与时俯仰(《报任安书》)
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③固不如也。且为之奈何?(《鸿门宴》)
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④又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者(《石钟山记》)
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①且将军大势可以拒操者,长江也(《赤壁之战》)
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②且何谓阁子也?(《项脊轩志》)
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③彼所将中国人不过十五六万,且已久疲(《赤壁之战》)
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④臣死且不避,卮酒安足辞!(《鸿门宴》)
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6.说出下列句中加点“若”的意义和用法。
①若潜师以来,国可得也(《殽之战》)
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②若属皆且为所虏!(《鸿门宴》)
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③又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者(《石钟山记》)
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④以若所为,求若所欲,犹缘木而求鱼也(《齐桓晋文之事》)
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⑤徐公不若君之美也(《邹忌讽齐王纳谏》)
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⑥桑之未落,其叶沃若(《诗经卫风氓》)
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7.说出下列句中加点“所”的意义和用法。
①某所,而母立于兹(《项脊轩志》)
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②杳不知其所之也(《阿房宫赋》)
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③为国者无使为积威之所劫哉!(《六国论》)
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8.说出下列句中加点“为”的意义和用法。
①为吾子之将行也(《殽之战》)
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②慎勿为妇死(《孔雀东南飞》)
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③谁为大王为此计者?(《鸿门宴》)
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④而为秦人积威之所劫(《六国论》)
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⑤天下熙熙,皆为利来;天下攘攘,皆为利往(《史记货殖列传序》)
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⑤然此可为智者道,难为俗人言也(《报任安书》)
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⑦何故怀瑾握瑜,而自令见放为?(《屈原列传》)
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⑧草木为之含悲(《〈黄花岗烈士事略〉序》)
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9.说出下列句中加点“焉”的意义和用法。
①积土成山,风雨兴焉(《劝学》)
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②且焉置土石?(《愚公移山》)
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③于乱石间择其一二扣之,硿硿焉(《石钟山记》)
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④犹且从师而问焉(《师说》)
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10.说出下列句中加点“以”的意义和用法。
①且吾不以一眚掩大德(《殽之战》)
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②还军霸上,以待大王来(《鸿门宴》)
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③余船以次俱进(《赤壁之战》)
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④以故法为其国与此同(《察今》)
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⑤是时以大中丞抚吴者为魏之私人(《五人墓碑记》)
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⑥予分当引决,然而隐忍以行(《指南录后序》)
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⑥秦亦不以城予赵,赵亦终不予秦璧(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
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⑦余以乾隆三十九年十二月(《登泰山记》)
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⑧欲以客往赴秦军(《信陵君窃符救赵》)
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⑨樊哙侧其盾以撞(《鸿门宴》)
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⑩日削月割,以趋于亡(《六国论》)
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11即除逆阉废祠之址以葬之(《五人墓碑记》)
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晋侯、秦伯围郑,以其无礼于晋,且贰于楚也(《烛之武退秦师》)
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11.说出下列句中加点“因”的意义和用法。
①因击沛公于坐,杀之(《鸿门宴》)
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②或因寄所托,放浪形骸之外(《兰亭集序》)
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③因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
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④恩所加,则思无因喜以谬赏(《谏太宗十思疏》)
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⑤侯生因谓公子曰(《魏公子列传》)
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⑥罔不因势象形,各具情态(《核舟记》)
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⑦项王即日因留沛公与饮(《鸿门宴》)
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12.说出下列句中加点“于”的意义和用法。
①青,取之于蓝,而青于蓝(《劝学》)
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②衡善机巧,尤致思于天文阴阳历算(《张衡传》)
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③州司临门,急于星火(《陈情表》)
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④而耻学于师(《师说》)
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⑤于其身也,则耻师焉(《师说》)
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⑥权起更衣,肃追于宇下(《赤壁之战》)
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①故燕王欲结于君(《廉颇蔺相如列传》)
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⑧至激于义理者不然(《报任安书》)
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13.说出下列句中加点“与”的意义和用法。
①竖子不足与谋(《鸿门宴》)
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②备他盗之出入与非常也(《鸿门宴》)
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③去时里正与裹头(《兵车行》)
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④吾王庶几无疾病与(《庄暴见孟子》)
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⑤与嬴而不助五国也(《六国论》)
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⑥玉斗一双,欲与亚父(《鸿门宴》)
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14.说出下列句中加点“则”的意义和用法。
①则知明而行无过矣(《劝学》)
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②及诸河,则在舟中矣(《殽之战》)
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③此则岳阳楼之大观也(《岳阳楼记》)
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④于其身也,则耻师焉(《师说》)
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15.说出下列句中加点“之”的意义和用法。
①作《师说》以贻之(《师说》)
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②道之所存,师之所存也(《师说》)
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③以其求思之深而无不在也(《游褒禅山记》)
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④石之铿然有声者(《石钟山记》)
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⑤顷之,烟炎张天(《赤壁之战》)
许愿