重点词语用法
1．include的用法
include有较多译法，要根据上下文来理解它的含义。例如：
①You'll find the plan includes most of your suggestions.
你会发现计划里包括了你们的大部分建议。
②The Chinese nation includes more than 50 national minorities besides the Hans.
中华民族除了汉族外，还包括五十多个少数民族。
③Everyone here took part in the fight against the flood, including old people.
这里所有的人，包括老人，都参加了防洪斗争。
④Everybody had something to say, me included/ including me.
所有的人，包括我在内，都有些话要说。
2．动词date的用法
1)date用作及物动词，表示“在某物上写上日期”。
①Don't forget to date your cheque.
别忘了在支票上写日期。
②His last letter was dated 24 May.
他最后一封信的日期是五月二十四号。
2)date还可表示“鉴定某物的年代”
①I can't date that house exactly, but it must be very old.
我不能准确地确定那所房子的年代，但一定非常古老。
3)date back to/ from 可表示“自某时代存在至今”的意思
①This castle dates from the 14th century.
这座城堡建于14世纪。
②Our partnershhip dates back to 1960.
我们从1960年起就合伙了。
3．fun的用法
1)fun用作抽象名词，意为“高兴，乐趣”，不可数，前面一般不加冠词。
①What fun we had!
我们玩得多高兴呀！
②The play at the theatre was very poor fun.
剧场里上演的那台戏太没意思了。
③Swimming in the sea is great fun on holiday.
在海里游泳是假期的一大乐事。
2)fun也可表示“有趣的人或事”，也用作不可数，不加冠词。
①Mr. Jones is great fun.
Jones先生是个很有趣的人。
②It's not much fun going to a party alone.
独自一个人去参加聚会没什么意思。
▲习语make fun of意为”取笑……”。
①It is wrong to make fun of a cripple.
嘲笑残疾人是不对的。
②People make fun of her because she wears such a strange hat.
人们取笑她，因为她戴了顶那么奇怪的帽子。
▲have fun意为“玩得高兴，过得快活”，fun前通常有 no much, a lot of等修饰语。
①We have a lot of fun in the park.
我们在公园玩得很快活。
②Have fun! 玩个痛快！
▲(just) for fun; for fun of it; (just) in fun ，意为“取乐，非认真地，当笑话”
①I'm learning to cook, just for fun of it.
我正在学做饭，做着玩儿而已。
②He only said it in fun----he didn't really mean it.
他只是说着玩儿--并非那这个意思。
③It is for fun that they did it.
他们干这事儿是开开玩笑的。
4．discover的用法
discover [dis'k)v+] vt. 发现(已存在但并不为人所知的事，通常指地方或科学事实)；知道。discover的基本用法如下：
1)跟名词或代词：
①It was Madame Curie who discovered the element radium.
是居里夫人发现了镭元素。
②Columbus discovered America in 1492.
哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。
2)跟从句：
③It was discovered that our food was running short.
我们发现粮食快完了。
④We discovered that he was an enemy spy.
我们发现他是一个敌特。
3)跟带连接词的不定式：
⑤We never discovered how to open the box.
我们找不出打开盒子的方法。
4)跟复合宾语：
⑥We discovered him to be an enemy spy.
我们发现他是一个敌特。
⑦We discovered them sitting around a fire talking.
我们发现他们围坐在篝火旁谈话。
5．unless的用法
unless在本单元中是从属连词，引导一个条件状语从句，相当于if…not，常译为“如果……不……”，“非……不可”，“除非”。unless是具有否定意义的连接词，因此当使用unless引导从句时其谓语形式一般是用肯定形式。使用unless引导条件状语从句时，要注意以下几点：
1)unless相当于if…not，两者常可交替使用。如：
Unless the rain stops, I shall not go out for a walk. (=If the rain doesn't stop, I shall not go out for a walk.)
倘若雨不停，我就不出去散步了。
2)如if…not引导非真实条件句时，一般不可改为unless。如：
If he weren't so silly, he would understand.
如果他不傻的话，他会明白(事实上他很傻)。
3)如果unless引导的从句本身是否定形式，unless就不能由if…not所替代。如：
You'll do well in the English examination unless you don't do your homework.
这次英语考试你会考得好的，除非你平时不做作业。
6．do用来加强语气
助动词do可用于一般现在时和一般过去时的肯定陈述句中，与动词原形连用，以加强语气，在句中要重读。如：
①You do look nice today.
你今天看起来确实很漂亮。
②She does speak well.
她的确讲得很好。
③I don't take much exercise now, but I did play football quite a bit when I was younger.
我现在不怎么运动了，但是我年轻时确实很喜欢踢足球。
④Do tell me what happened.
请务必告诉我发生了什么事。
⑤Do have another photo!
请再来一份照片吧！
7．afford的用法
1)与can, could, be able to连用，表示“为(某目的)有足够的钱、时间、地方等”。常接名词、代词或不定式。
①They walked because they couldn't afford (to take) a taxi.
他们因为坐不起出租车而步行。
②We can't afford to pay such a price.
这么高的价钱我们付不起。
③She can't afford a new dress.
她没钱买新衣服。
④I'd love to go on a holiday but I can't afford the time.
我倒想去度假，可是抽不出时间来。
⑤We would give more examples if we could afford the space.
假如我们能匀出篇幅来，就可以多举些例子。
2)可与can或could连用，表示“(不)能冒风险而做某事”。
①I mustn't annoy my boss because I can't afford to lose my job.
我可得罪不起老板，因为我舍不得丢掉这份工作。
②You can ill afford to criticize others when you behave so badly yourself.
本身行为不正，不宜批评别人。
8．spare 的用法
1)spare用作形容词，表示“多余的、剩余的、备用的”
①Do you carry a spare wheel in your car?
你车上有备用胎吗？
②We have no spare room (space) for a table.
我们没有放桌子的空地方。
③I wish we had a spare room.
我们要是有一间富余的卧室就好了。
④I have no spare money this month.
这个月我没有余钱。
2)spare用作形容词还可表示“(时间)空闲的，未被占用的”
①Mrs. Smith is a busy woman with little spare time.
史密斯夫人是个忙得没有空的人。
②He paints in his spare time.
他在空闲时绘画。
3)spare可用作名词，表示“(机器、汽车等的)备件”，尤指“汽车备用车轮”。
①I've got a puncture and my spare is flat too!
我的车胎扎破了，备用的也瘪了。
②I'll show you where the spares are kept.
我来指给你看放备件的地方。
4)spare 用作动词，表示“不伤害(某人，某物)；饶恕，宽容”的意思。
①They killed the men but spared the children.
他们把男人都杀了，但放过了孩子。
②The woodman spared a few tress.
伐木工厂留下了几棵树没砍掉。
5)spare用作动词，表示“节制使用或提供(某物)，吝惜；节约”的意思，多用于否定句中。
①No trouble was spared to ensure our comfort.
为了舒适，我们已竭尽全力。
②He doesn't spare himself.
他不偷懒。
6)spare 用作动词，还可表示“(为某人或某目的)提供时间、金钱、物等)；拨出、匀出、分出”的意思。
①I can't spare the time for a holiday at the moment.
目前我抽不出时间去度假。
②Can you spare me a few minutes of your time?
我能耽搁你几分钟吗？
③Can you spare me a few litres of petrol?
你能匀给我几升汽油吗？
④Can you spare a cigarette for me?
给我根烟行吗？
重要词组短语
1．“be of+ 名词”的用法
1)be of+ 表示性质的名词(= be+ 相应的形容词)。例如：
①This question is of importance. (=This question is important.)
这个问题是重要的。
②The medicine is of no use to him. (=The medicine is useless to him.)\
这药对他没有效。
③Their suggestions are of much value. (=Their suggestions are very valuable.)
他们的建议是很宝贵的。
2)be of+ 表示种类、颜色、年龄、尺寸大小等的名词。例如：
①These computers are of the same type.
这些电脑是一种类型的。
②Her eyes are of a dark grey colour.
她的眼睛是深灰色的。
③They are of the same age.
他们年龄相同。
④Your shirt and mine are of medium size.
你的衬衫和我的衬衫都是中号的。
2．such as 的用法说明
1)such as 表示“例如……，像……那样的”，用作列举事物，最好不要再用etc.
①Nouns such as book, pen, apple and toy are countable nouns.
像书、笔、苹果和玩具这类名词，称其为可数名词。
②There are few poets such as Keats and Shelley.
像济慈和雪莱那样的诗人现在少了。
③The farm grows various kinds of crops, such as wheat, corn, cotton and soybeans.这个农场种植各种各样的庄稼，例如小麦、玉米、棉花和大豆等。
2)such as 表示“例如……”时，不可将前面所述数量全部列出。如果需要全部列出，则用namely。
①He knows six languages, such as Chinese, Russian and Spanish.
他懂六种语言，如汉语、俄语、西班牙语。
②He knows six languages, namely, Chinese, Russian, English, French, Spanish and Portugease.
他懂六种语言，即汉语、俄语、英语、法语、西班牙语和葡萄牙语。
3．start doing 和start to do的区别
1)当我们谈论一项长期的或习惯性的活动时，用doing形式的情形较多。
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你最初弹钢琴的时候有多大？
*比较 She sat down at the piano and started to play.
她在钢琴前坐下开始弹了起来。
2)start 的进行时态之后，不用doing形式。
①I was starting to get angry.
我开始发火了。
②I am starting to cook the dinner.
我正要开始煮饭。
3)在 start 之后出现的动词涉及感情或思想(如 understand, realize等)时，只可用不定式。
①She started to understand what he really wanted.
她开始明白他真正想要什么。
②She started to wonder why he was here.
她开始觉得奇怪为什么他会在这儿。
4)当主语是物不是人时，要用不定式。
The ice started to melt.
冰开始溶化了。
【注】begin 用法与start在以上各点上相同。
4．be made from 与be made of 之间的区别
1)be made from(由……制成)，指由什么原料制成，其制成品已变得看不出原料。例如：
①The wine is made from rice.
这种酒是由稻谷酿制而成的。
②Butter is made from milk.
黄油是牛奶制成的。
2)be made of(由……制成)，指由什么原料制成，其制成品能看得出原料。例如：
The bridge is made of stones.
这座桥是由石头砌的。
3)be made up of 意为“由……构成”。例如：
Our class is made up of six small groups.
我们班由六个小组构成。
5．throw…away 意为“扔掉”。例如：
①This is your last chance; don't throw it away.
这是你最后的机会了，别扔掉。
②All his efforts were thrown away.
他的一切努力都白费了。
6．sooner or later 意为“迟早”。例如：
①They will come sooner or later.
他们迟早会来的。
②We will succeed sooner or later if we keep studying hard.
如果我们坚持努力学习，我们迟早会成功的。
7．would like 的用法
would like 常用来表示“愿意”之意，尤其是礼貌地提出邀请或愿意提供帮助时。like后可接名词或带to的动词不定式，但不接动词-ing 形式。如：
①Would you like some bananas?
你想吃香蕉吗？
②Would you like to go there with me tomorrow?
明天你愿意和我一起去那儿吗？
【注意】用这种邀请句时，
肯定回答用：“Yes, I'd love to.”
否定回答用：“I'd love to, but…”
③I'd like to see your ten-speed bicycles.
我想看看你们的十速自行车。
常用句型结构
1．“It is(was)+adj. +(for/of sb.)to do sth.”是一常用句型，表示“对某人来说做某事是怎么怎么样的”之意。例如：
①It is important for us to read English every day.
对我们来说，每天读英语是很重要的。
②It is possible for us to travel to the moon.
对我们来说，到月球旅行是可能的。
③It is not easy for us to learn English well.
对我们来说学好英语是不容易的。
④It is very kind of you to help us with our English study.
你帮助我们学习英语真是太谢谢你了。
2．句型“It is known that…”中的it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的thatclause，相当于“People know that…”。例如：
①It is known that a new factory will be built in our village.
据说我们村里将建一座新工厂。
②It is known that the fire will be put out soon.
据说大火将会很快被扑灭。
③It is known that more than 150 people had been killed in the earthquake.
据说，那次地震中有150多人丧生。
3．句型：It is/ was + adj. +that-clause.
用于这种句型的形容词有：clear, true, strange, (im) possible, good, wonderful, funny, unusual等。例如：
①It is very clear that he studies harder than ever.
很清楚他学习比先前更努力了。
②It's strange that he should have said that.
很奇怪，他竟会说出那种话。
③It's impossible that he will be here in time.
他不可能会及时到这儿。
④Is it true that he passed the exam?
他真的考试及格了？
4．常用的打电话用语(Making telephone calls)
1)Hello! May I speak to…?
喂，我可以同……通话吗？(这是电话接通后找人的习惯用语。)
【注意】最好不说：I want to speak to…，因为语气不太客气。
2)Is that…(speaking)?
你是……吗？(这是问对方是不是某人时的习惯用语。
也可以说：Is that you, Mrs Black?
【注意】要避免说：Are you Mrs Black?)
3)Hold on, please. 请等一下。
(这是让对方别放下电话，去给找人的说法。)
这句话也可说成：Hold the line, please. 或：Hold on a second, please.
He/ She isn't here right now. 他(她)现在不在呀。
(告诉对方某人没在这儿。)
也可这样说：Sorry, but he's out.
Can I take a message for you?
给您留个口信好吗？
(句中的take a message for sb. 是“给……捎个信儿”的意思。句中的Can换成Could，语气更为客气。)
4)I called to tell/ask you…
我打电话告诉(问，让)你……
(这个句式可用来说明打电话具体内容。)
I called to tell you all about it.
I called to ask you a question.
▲这个句式后面常接从句。如：
I called to tell you that he had gone to Beijing.
He called to ask you if he could come here.
5)Goodbye. 再见！
(打完电话要说Goodbye！一般由主动打电话的人先说。)
【注意】用例(供参考)：
A：(sound of telephone ringing) Hello!
B：Hello! May I speak to John?
A：Hold on, please, I'll fetch him up.
B：OK, Thank you.
A：He isn't here right now.
B：I called at two this afternoon, but nobody was in.
A：Oh, sorry. Could I take a message for you? He's out.
B：Oh, yes, Tell him to give me a call when he returns.
A：OK, I'll tell him that you called and I'll ask him to ring you up when he comes back.
B：Thank you very much. Goodbye!
A：Good-bye!
5．表示道歉和应答(Apologies and responses)说法
1)I'm sorry. (Sorry.)
对不起！(抱歉！)(这是表示道歉的普通用语，其中Sorry更为随便些。)
I'm sorry for/about…
对不起，我…(在for或about后一般接名词或动词 -ing 形式，表示道歉的内容。)
I'm sorry for not phoning you.
对不起，没给你打电话。
Sorry about the noise last night.
对不起，昨天夜里吵了你们。
【注意】I'm sorry. 有时表示难过和后悔等意，这时在意思上不同于“道歉”。如：
I'm sorry to hear that he failed again.
听说他又失败了，我很难过。
I'm sorry she didn't come.
真可惜，她没有来。
Excuse me.
“请原谅”，或“对不起”。
用这句话表示歉意，实际上是一种打招呼的口头语。一般多用于对陌生人询问，请求某事之前，或者用在打断别人讲话之前，表示不同意见以及暂时要离开一会儿等场合。如：
Excuse me, sir, will you tell me the way to the station?
劳驾！先生，请问去车站走哪条路？
当你在人前打喷嚏时，或不小心碰了别人时都要说 Excuse me，这样显得有礼貌。
2)That's all right. 没关系。
(这是回答别人道歉时的普通用语，语气较随便。)
也可说成：That's OK. It doesn't matter. 不要紧。
(这也是回答道歉的常用语，其意思与“Never mind. ”相同。)
That's nothing. 没什么。
(也是一句普通的回答道歉常用语。
▲像这样的用语还有：It's not your fault. Not at all.等。
【注意】用例(供参考)：
①
A：Excuse me, but is it seven o'clock yet?
B：I'm sorry, but I haven't a watch.
A：It doesn't matter.
I'll try the man over there. He will know.
②
A：I'm sorry for the inconvenience.
B：That's all right.
③
A：Sorry, did I step on your toe?
B：That's nothing.
6．表示遗憾和同情(Regrets and sympathy)的说法
1)What a pity！真可惜！
(这是用于表示遗憾，失望的普通用语，如果语气较随便些，可用：What a shame! 真可惜！Just our luck! 真倒霉！等感叹句。)
2)I'm sorry to hear…听说……我很难过。
(这是表示同情的常用句式。在hear后可用of短语或that从句等。如：I'm sorry to hear of it. 或 I'm sorry to hear that. 听到这件事我很难过。又如：I'm sorry to hear that you are ill. 听说你病了，我很不安。)
【注意】用例(供参考)：
①
A：I hear that she hasn't passed the examination.
B：What a pity! I'm sorry to hear that.
②
A：Oh dear, I'm sorry to hear what they've told me.
B：Yes, What a pity! I should have bought…
7．It doesn't matter…
此句型后常可带if, what, who, where引导的从句。
①It doesn't matter if I miss the train, because there's another later.
我要是误了这趟火车也不要紧，因为后边还有一班车呢。
②It doesn't matter do me what you do.
你做什么我都无所谓。
③It doesn't matter whether you get there early or late.
无论你早到还是迟到，都无关紧要。
【注】此句型也可用于疑问句中，Does it matter…, what does it matter…?
①Does it matter if we're a bit late?
我们晚到一会儿有关系吗？
②Does it matter a great deal to him whether they come or not?
说到他们是否来，这与他有没有很大关系呢？
③What does it matter whether he comes or goes?
他来也好去也好，那有什么关系呢？