本单元内容概述
1. 词汇
单词：
honest,brave,loyal,wise,handsome,smart,argue,solution,classical,cast,survival,deserted,hunt,share,sorrow,feeling,board,parachute,lie,speech,adventure,scared,e-pal,admit,opinion
词组：argue about sth辩论某事，solve the problem解决问题，fill in the form填表,be fond of(doing) sth喜爱某人/物;sruf the Internet上网;likes and dislikes好恶;express one’s ideas表达某人想法;hunt for sth/sb搜寻人/物;in order to do 为了,even though即使;share happiness and sorro同甘共苦;on board在船/飞机上;tell lies撒谎;keep dogs as pets养狗作为宠物;be quick in在…反映快;click sth away（在电脑上）将…清除掉;have fun玩得高兴;drop sb a line给某人写信（通常指短信）2.日常交际用语 喜好与厌恶
A. 喜好
1. like /love+sth 2.love/like doing sth(泛指所喜爱做的事情或习惯性的动作)/to do sth(表示一次具体时间或某一阶段性的动作) 3. enjoy (doing ) sth 4. be fond of (doing) sth 5. be into sth 6.my interest is 7. my hobby is
B.厌恶: 1.dislike sth/doing sth(表达习惯)/to do sth(表达具体的动作) 2.hate sth/to do sth /doing sth
一 名人格言
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难之交才是朋友
Real friends are few and far between.知音难得.
Long distance separates no bosom friends.海内存知己,天涯若比邻.
二 课程内容导学
1.本单元的主题是好朋友.在生活中,每一个人都有自己的朋友,而课文中主人翁查克(Chuck)的好朋友是排球Wilson,是什么原因使他同一只排球结下了不解之缘呢?查克曾是一名商人,忙于生意而很少有时间同朋友们呆在一起.一次意外的飞行事故使他改变了自己对于朋友的态度.再横跨太平洋的途中,他的飞机失事坠毁,而他却幸于免难,被遗弃在一个荒无人烟的岛屿上.除了需要学会收集水,寻找食物和生火等外,最大的困难莫过于没有朋友.特殊的生存环境,使他发展了同一个不寻常的朋友-----排球的友谊,也使他反思自己的过去,意识到他以前没有一个好朋友的原因是一直只为自己作想,也感悟到真正的朋友应是同甘苦共患难,从朋友那里索取多少就应付出多少的人生哲理.
正如问中所说:“我们从查克和其他有不寻常朋友的人那里能 够得到的教训是朋友是老师.友谊能够帮助我们懂得我们是什么样的人,为什么我们彼此依赖,我们能够彼此间为对方干点什么.”
三 重点词语用法
1 honest adj.诚实的，正直的
He is an honest business man. 他是个诚实的商人/ Give an honest opinion提出袒诚的意见 /Do you like my dress? Please be honest.你喜欢我的连衣裙吗? 请说实话. /be ~ about this matter with us开诚布公地对我们谈了这件事情。/She is ~ to John,really.对真诚/Let us be ~ with each other.相互真诚
Ex1..I was ~ __ you to tell me your troubles. (of) 2.(be) quite ~ about it, that’s all the money I have got.(to be)
注意:honest的名词是honesty,意为“诚实;老实;实在”;副词是honestly,意思是“以公平而公正的方式;的确(等于really)”.例如: We should learn how to deal honestly with others.我们应该学会如何与别人公平竞争./ Honesty is the character we should have.诚实是我们应该具有的品质.
2 loyal adj. true and faithful 忠诚的;忠贞的
① We are all ~ to the company. 我们都忠于公司 。/He is ~ to his wife.对妻子忠诚。
注意:loyal 的名词是loyalty,意为“忠诚;忠诚行为”,为不可数;也可作“尽某人忠实的义务或受约束”,为可数名词.副词形式为loyally.例如:
① Can I count on your loyalty？ 你对我的忠诚能让我信得过吗？
② We all have a loyalty to the company. 我们都有对公司效忠的义务.
3.wise a 英明的，明智的，聪明的
a ~ decision英明的决定/a ~ action明智之举/I’m sure you are ~ to wait明智地等
Ex.It was not very ~ ____ you to te sell the computer.(of)
4.handsome a 英俊的（男性）；大方的，美观的;体态俊美、端庄稳重（女士）
The soldier looks very ~.士兵看上去很英俊。/a ~horse/building/car漂亮的马建筑物/汽车/a ~ contribution慷慨的捐助
注意：女士漂亮可用beautiful,pretty…
5. smart adj
1) bright and new-looking; well-drssed; neat 帅气的;衣着讲究的;整齐的
① You look very smart in this new dress. 穿上这裙子看上去很漂亮.
② Make yourself smart before all the guests arrive. 赶快打扮一下.
2) having or showing intelligence; clever;ingenious 聪明的;伶俐的;聪敏的
① She is a very smart student. 他是一个很聪明的学生.
② He quickly gave a smart answer. 他很快做出了巧妙的回答.
③ It is smart of the girls to bring so much food and clothing.这些女孩子很聪明,带上这么多的衣食,
3) quick, brisk 快的,敏捷的
① go for a smart walk in the park.轻轻地散步.
② set off at a smart pace to the playground.迈着矫健的步子走向
4) forceful 有力的,猛烈的
① I gave a smart blow on the lid, and it flew open.朝盖子猛一击,就打开了.
② receive a smart criticism from sb.受到严厉的批评.
5) fashionable 时髦的,高雅的
① We can eat in a smart restaurant 在一家时髦高雅的餐馆吃饭
② She is always the smart set. 她总是赶时髦的人.
注意 :smart的动词是smarten,意为使自己(某人,某物)“更整洁,更有条理等”;其副词为smartly,意为“整洁的,利索的,猛烈的”;名词为smartness.例如:
① You will have to smart yourself up a bit 打扮一下 .
② Try to smarten the house up 把房子整理一下.
③ He walked smartly into the hall. 他迈着矫健的步子进入大厅.
6.argue vi 争论/争辩 （argument n ）
He ~s well.善辩/~ with sb about/over/on sth/sb into(反out of) do sth(说服做/不做)/for(为而力争)/~ against(反驳/证明站不住脚)/sb down驳倒某人
注意：argue侧重于提出理由，据理力争进行反驳。Quarrel侧重于吵架，无所谓有理无理。
7.solution n 解决（方案/方法）；解答
find any ~ to an argument找到争执解决方法
8 especially adv. in particular; specially 尤其;特别
① I bought this flower especially for you. 为你专门买这朵花.
② This mountain is beautiful, especially in spring.尤其是在春天.
注意与specially的异同:都可以表示“专门”解,修饰动词或介词短语,两者可以通用.如上面的句子可以写成I bought this flower specially for you.然而especially可以作程度副词,修饰形容词或副词,而specially不可以.另外especially 后可跟介词短语,表示特殊性,而specially无此用法.如:
① She went to Shanghai specially to see her son.专门去看 儿子.
② These flower are especially beautiful 这些花最美.
especially的形容词为especial,意为“特别的,突出的,特殊的”,“独特的,独有的”.如:① Many people think America attacked Iraq for its special interest.很多人认为美国进攻伊拉克为了其特有的利益.
9 hobby n. favorite activity that a person does for pleasure not as his regular business. (业余)爱好,嗜好
① The boy’s hobby is collecting stamps. 业余爱好是收集邮票.
注意hobby与 interest的不同:interest的范围要广得多,多指某人的兴趣,这个兴趣可以是与工作有关或与经济利益有关,总之一切的喜好都可以叫做interest,而hobby指人们的业余爱好,一般没有利益性或不把此作为赚钱的手段.如:
① His biggest interest is how to make more money. 最大的兴趣
10、bore,bored,boring
1)bore为动词，意思是“使某人感到厌烦”，后跟人作宾语。如：
① all his stories bore me.他的那些事使我厌烦
② Long novels bore me to tears. 我觉得长篇小说特别让人厌烦。
2)bored为bore的过去分词形式，意思是“感到厌烦的”， 修饰人，做表语或定语。如：① I’m bored. Let’s go to the cinema.我闷了
② I hope you’re not getting bored of my conversation.话没让你烦
3)boring 为表示主动意义的形容词，有“令人厌烦”的意思，多作定语与表语，修饰物。如： ① The film is so boring. 电影太乏味了.
② I’m bored with so many boring things . 我厌倦了乏味的事情，。
11、enjoy vt.1)get pleasure from 从......中获得乐趣。如：
① I enjoy adventure stories very much.我非常喜爱惊险故事。
② I enjoy walking around in the garden after meal.喜欢散步
2)have sth. as an advantage or a benefit 享有（某事物）。例如：
Every citizen over 18 enjoys the right to elect 公民享有选举权
3)enjoy oneself 过得愉快。
① These boys enjoyed themselves very much on the boat.过得很愉快。
注意： enjoy 与like, love 的区别：后都可以跟名词或动名词，多数情况下可以通用，但是enjoy有“享有某种权利”的意思，而like, love仅表示“喜爱”。另外love, like后面可以跟不定式作宾语，而enjoy后不可以跟不定式。
enjoy的名词是enjoyment,意为“愉快，欢乐，乐趣， 满意”；形容词为enjoyable,意为“令人愉快的，使人快乐的”。如：
① Reading books is one of her chief enjoyments.她的主要乐趣之一
12.Play vi., vt. ＆ n.
n.1)activity done for amusement, especially by children; recreation游戏，玩耍（尤指儿童的）；娱乐
① All work and no play makes John a dull boy。只工作不休息智者也变傻。
2)playing of a game 比赛，竞赛，运动
① There is no play because of the rain yesterday.没有比赛。
3)work performed by actors, drama戏剧，剧本。
① She has just written a new play .她刚写了一个新剧本。
② Do a play演戏
v.1)doing things for amusement 玩耍，玩
① There is a time to work and time to play.有工作时间和娱乐时间
2)pretend to do sth. for amusement装扮，打扮， 演（不用于被动语态）
① This actor is famous for playing a politician.以演政治家而著名
3)Take part in a game 参加比赛，踢（足球），打（篮球），玩（纸牌）等
① Boys are fond of playing basketball 男孩子喜欢打篮球
13.survive v.1)continue to live or exist 继续生存或存在
① After the war the child is the last surviving member of the family. 战争过后，这个孩子是这个家唯一活着的人。
2)continue to live or exist in spite of nearly being killed or destroyed by sth. 经历某事后幸存
The plants may not survive the frost.这些植物不经冻。
3)remain alive after sb. 比（某人）长命
The old man survived all his children .老人的孩子先他而去世了
注意： survive的名词为survival,意为“继续生存或存在；存活；幸存”，为不可数名词；也可以作“过去时代留存下来的人、物、风俗、信仰等”，为可数名词。Eg. Sometimes there is survival of people in the crash.空难事件中有的人大难不死。
survive on sth.依赖....生活 I can’t survive on 30 a week,我每周收入30英镑，难以活命。
14、challenge n. v.
n 挑战，邀请比赛
give a ~挑战/receive a ~ to a game接到比赛的邀请
vt向挑战~+n( to+n)向某人/某事挑战
Their team challenged us to a game of table tennis.要与我们赛球
注意：challenge的另一名词是challenger， 意为“提出竞争要求的人；挑战者”；开窍词为challenging,意为“提出难题的，激励的；挑战的”。如a challenging job。
15、 hunt for搜寻，追寻，寻找
I had a good hunt for the key.找了好一阵子/The police are on the hunt for further clues.正在进一步搜寻线索/It’stoo cold for the animals to hunt for food.觅食
16、 share v 分享，共有 n 共享，分额
~ sth with/among/between与共同使用/分享If you have an umbrella,open it/put it up and let me ~ it with you./Why not ~ the cost among us?/Your ~ of the cost is $10./You must take your~ of the blame.你必须承担事故的部分责任。
17、 board n 木版，甲板，会议桌 vt 上（船、车、飞机等）
Put up the list on the ~.把名单贴布告牌上/Clean the ~ before class begins./Please ~ the plane immediately.请立刻登基。Flight BA 193 for Paris is now ~ing.乘飞往巴黎的BA193班机的旅客现在可以登机。
18.lie n(C) 谎言 vi(lied,lied)说谎, (lay,lain)躺，位于
tell a lie/lies撒谎/His story is nothing but a pack of lies.他说的纯粹是一派鬼话。Don’t you dare lie to me!你敢跟我撒谎！/lie on one’s back/side仰卧/侧卧/He has lain in bed ./The factory lies about 5 kilos to the east of the town.
19.adventure n(C)冒险经历;(u)冒险
have an ~有一次奇遇/her ~s in Africa非洲的冒险经历/a life full of !充满惊险刺激的生活/~ stories惊险故事
20.have fun玩得高兴
We have lots of fun at the fair today.在游乐场玩的高兴/Hun fun(=Enjoy yourself)!尽情玩吧!
21、admit v.承认，容认，接纳
He admitted stealing the bike./承认偷了单车(he admitted that he had stolen the bike.)。/Visitors are not admitted to/into this area. 游客不允许进入这个区域/This classroom only admits 50 people. 我们的教室只能容纳50人。
注意：admit作为不及物动词，后跟介词to,形成admit to sth.／doing sth.的搭配， 也可以作为及物动词，形成admit sth.／doing sth.的搭配）
① The thief would not admit to stealing that man, s money.
那个小偷不肯承认偷了那人的钱。
注意：admit的形容词形式是admitted,意为“自己承认的”，多作定语，副词是admittedly,意为“无可否认的；诚然”。
① We all treat him as an admitted liar.认为他是直言不讳的说谎者
② Admittedly, I’ve never actually been there.说实在的
22.opinion n 意见，判断
What’s your ~ of the new Persident?/give his honest ~直言不讳发表意见/in one’s ~(in the ~ of) sb在某人看来/have a good/highbad/poor ~ of对评价很好/不好
23.deserted a 荒芜的，为人所弃的
a ~ island/The office was quite ~.办公室空无一人。A ~ baby弃婴
24、collect 和gather这两个动词都可以表示“收集”“聚集”，但有几点不同。
▲作为及物动词，它们的宾语是物，gather 表示把分散的东西集中到一起；collect 指精心地、有选择地收集。
The little girl gathered some wild flowers.采集了一些野花。
▲当宾语是人或动物时，通常用gather, 这时这些人或动物都处于受支配状况。如： The teacher gathered the children round her.把孩子们聚集要周围。
注：作为不及物动词，这两个词可以换用。A crowd soon gathered／collected round him.一群人很快聚集在他周围。
25.scared a.害怕的 (1)a scared look惊吓的表情 (2)be scared of/at害怕:Are you scared of snakes? (3)be scared to do/that怕做/会:She was scared to ride on the horse?/She was scared that the horse might kick her.
四．重要词组短语
1、too much 与 much too的用法区别
too much意思是“太多”，指超出正常，可以作表语、 宾语、定语或状语（修饰动词）。如：
① You have talked too much about it.这事你讲的太多了。（作状语）
much too 为程度副词， 修饰非积极意义的形容词或副词。如：
① The question is much too difficult for such children.问题极难
2、be/get/ become fond of 相当于like, take pleasure in, be full of love for(一般不用于否定).如：
① I’m fond of singing. 我喜欢唱歌。
注意：fond指惯常的爱好，不指一时的爱好， 如不能说 I am fond of taking a walk mow.而要说I would like to take a walk now.否定句中常用的not care to do 来代替be not fond of doing.如：
① I don’t care to go there.我不愿意去那里。表示喜欢有:like/enjoy/be quite interested in/be fond of/be into/care for/love;My favourite hobbies are/My interests are.
3、all over the world意为“在世界上，在全球”。 多作定语或状语。如：
① People all over the world are for peace and against war.
世界上的人们支持和平，反对战争。
注意：all over the world与in the world的区别：all over the world是一个强调的说法，它指世界的各个角落，而 in the world侧重中人类生活的地方。有时in the world仅起到加强语气的作用，并非强调范围。如：
① Any man in the world can see that their attack is against the people’s interest. 世人都可以看到，他们的进攻是违背人民利益的。
4、make a fire 意为“生火”。注意 教材中fire(U)，词典里是有a。如：
① The young woman went into the kitcten, made a fire and began to cook.
② The hunters made a fire____(boil) up some water.(to boil)
注意搭配:catch fire着火，烧起来;on fire燃烧着的;set fire to纵火于;set..on fire放火
5、in order to 意为“为了”， 作目的状语，相当于so as to 或 to do.如：
① In order to get there on time these people got up very in the morning. 为了及时到达，这些人早晨很早就起床。
in order to在许多情况下可以与so as to 替换使用，但位于句首时要用in order to 而不用so as to.
6、think about 与 think of
think about 有“就…思考,考虑,回想，想起”的意思，后多跟名词；think of 有“考虑、关心,想起,想一想，想象，(与could,should,never连用)有…的想法、看法,(与as连用)把…看作”的意思， 后可以跟名词、动名词作宾语。如：
① He is very selfish. He is always thinking about himself and never
thinking about others. 他非常自私，他总是考虑自己，从不为别人着想。
② He is thinking of building another house beside the playground.
他打算在操场边再建一所房子。
注意:think well/ill of认为…(不)好;think much/little of认为…很不错/不重视、看轻;think nothing of把…看得很平常
7、treat...as...意为“把.....看作”，“象....一样对待”。as为介词。如：
① I decided to treat his words as jokes.
我决定将他的话当成笑话。
treat本身可以做“对待；探讨，讨论；医治；处理； 款待”解。如
① They treated me as if I were a fool. 他们拿我当傻子看。
8、care about 意为“忧虑；关心；惦念”。如：① People all over the world are caring about the future of Iraq.人们都在关心伊拉克的前途。
要注意与car for 的异同：作“关心”解，两者可以通用。但care for还有“喜欢；在乎；照料；爱；（否定句中）爱好”。如：
① Though he is a business man, he cares little for money.不在乎
9、make friends with意为“与某人交朋友”。注意friend要用复数形式。如：
① He likes making friends with all kinds of people喜欢交朋友
10、as....as 意为“跟.....一样”。中间跟形容词或副词的原级， 第二个as后跟副词、名词或句子。如：
① You should finish the work as early as possible.尽早
注意： as ....as 中间的形容词如果修饰名词，要将名词放在不定冠词的前面。复数名词和不可数名词不用于此结构中。
① Tom is as hard-working a boy as his brother.汤姆像他哥哥一样，是个勤奋的孩子。
11、such as与for example such as和for example都可以用于举例。但such as 为介词短语，后直接跟宾语，而for example后面有逗号， 然后跟名词，另外for example可以位于句末，而such as 不可以。如：
① Many people, such as children and old men, lost their lives in the war. 很多人，如孩子和老人，在战争中丧生。
12、try to do与try doing try to do表示“想，打算”， 尤其表示仅是想法并没有做到或实现的时候，多用此结构；try doing表示“尝试做某事”。如：
① He tried to move the stone, but failed.他想搬动那块石头
② He tried putting this to the soil to make it soft.试着
五 常用句型结构
1.Write down what you hear.
What you hear是object clause,what表示“所听到的事情”，在从句中做hear的宾语。另外在从句中还可以做主语和表语。这种从句有两种情况:
(1)what引导的从句中，仍保留其疑问意义“什么”。Eg.What he wants to do is clear.他想做什么是清楚的。（主语从句）
I can’t understand what he meant.我不理解他是什么意思。
The problem is what they should do next.问题是下一步怎么办?
(2)what引导的从句表示一种东西或一件事情，不具有疑问意义，一般译为“某人所做/说etc…的东西”。Eg.What（=The things that） I had seen impressed me deeply.我所看到的给我留下了很深的印象。
That is what I am looking for.那就是我要找的东西。
I will never forget what you told me.我永远也不会忘记你对我说的话。
注意:what做连接代词时还有一种特殊用法,用来比较说明两种事物相同或相似的关系，起比喻作用。相当于连接词as,“正如、好比、就象…一样”。有三种句式:
(1)A is to B what C is to D.
Water is to fish what air is to man.水对鱼的关系就象空气对人的关系一样。
(2)What C is to D,A is to B.
What food is to body,a book is to the mind.书籍对于心灵犹如食物对于身体。
What the gun is to a fighter,a pen is to a writer.作家的笔犹如战士的枪。
(3)What C is to D,that A is to B.
What lungs are to the body,that parks are to the city.公园对于城市犹如肺对于人体。
2.Nor／So+连系动词／助动词／情态动词＋主语
1)nor与so位于句首，后面运用部分倒装形式， 它表示主语的情况与前面所陈述的情况相同。其中Nor也可以用Neither代替，表示“也不”，用于表示否定的情况；So表示“也是如此”，用于肯定的情况。如：
① ─John has been to the Great Wall twice. 约翰去过长城两次。
─Really? If that so, so have I.(=If he has been to the Great Wall twice, I have also been to the Great Wall twice.)
真的吗？如果那样的话，我也是。
注意： So／Nor引导的从句中的连系动词、情态动词或助动词的时态要与前文时态保持一致性。如： If you go to the cinema tonight, so will I.
如果你今天晚上去看电影，我也去。
在本例句中，从句用一般现在时，然而so后的助动词不可以用do，因为从句是用一般现在时表达将来的动作。
2)在“ Nor+ 连系动词／助动词／情态动词＋主语”结构中，nor本身表示否定，因此助动词不可以用否定形式。如：① He has never been to Guilin. Nor has my brother. 他从没有去过桂林，我弟弟也是。
要注意“so＋连系动词／情态动词／助动词＋主语”与“主语＋do／did／does + so”以及“so＋主语＋连系动词／情态动词／助动词”在使用上的区别：
(1)“so ＋连系动词／助动词／情态动词＋主语”表示前面提到的情况也适合第二人或物，因此本结构中的主语与前文中的主语不是同一个人或物。如：
① Johnson likes watching TV very much. So does his sister Cathy.约翰逊非常喜欢看电视，他的妹妹凯希也是。
(2)在“主语＋连系动词／助动词／情态动词＋so ”结构中，主语就是前文提到的人或物，我们运用本结构是为了进一步证明或证实，意思是“这样做了”。我们运用本结构是避免重复。如：① My English teacher told me to hand out the papers he had marked, and I did so.我的英语老师要我将他已经阅完的试卷发下去，我这样做了（I did so=I handed out the papers）
(3)在“so＋主语＋连系动词／助动词／情态动词”的结构中，主语与前文的主语或提到的人或物是同一个。我们运用本结构是为了进一步强调，意思是“确实如此”。要注意在本结构中的连系动词／助动词／情态动词使用。
① I thought they should finish the work before nine o’clock and so they did. 我认为他们应该在9点前完成工作，他们也是这样做的。
注意：在本句中不可用and so I did或 so they should, 因为第二分句表示的是they finished their work before 9 o’clock的概念。
② ─Your farther said that your mother would buy you a very good present for your birthday. 你父亲说你母亲为你的生日买了一个很好的礼物。
─So he did and so she did.他是这样说的， 我母亲也确定这样做的。（＝My father said so and my mother bought me a present）
注意：“so＋主语＋助动词”除表示赞同我，还带有惊异的意味。如：
─You left your keys at home when you went out.
─你出去的时候把钥匙丢在家了。
─Good heavens. So I did.
─天哪，可不是吗？
3)“So＋连系动词／助动词／情态动词”也可以用“ So it is with+sb.／sth.”或“It is the same with+sb.／sth.”的结构。尤其当前面的句子的谓语动词有多个，并且不是一类，或有的用肯定有的用否定时，多用此结构。如：
① Tom studies very hard and is never late for school. So it is the same with Dick. 汤姆学习非常努力， 上学从不迟到，迪克也是如此。
2、so....that... so...that引导的是结果状语从句，so 修饰的是形容词或副词，因此经常用在下列的搭配：
A.so+adj.(或adv.)+that-clause
① It is so fine today that we’d better go swimming.
B.so + many (few, much, little)+名词+that -clause
① I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over .
注意： 当little作“小”解时，仍用“such little+名词”形式。如：They are such little children that they can not understand what you say sometimes.这些孩子很小,有时候他们不理解你说得什么。
C.so+adj. +a(n)+单复可数名词＋that -clause
① He is so good a student that we all want to make him our good example.他是个优秀的学生，我们都想以他为榜样。
注意：在本句型中，形容词后的名词必须是可数的单数名词，而不可以是不可数名词，或名词的复数形式。
要注意与such...that 引导结果状语从句的不同：such...that在这里的意思是“如此...以致于...”，连接一个表结构的状语从句，such修饰的是名词。形成下列搭配：A.such+a(n)(+adj.)+单数可数名词＋that-clause
① Tom made such a silly mistake in his composition that we all
had a good laugh over it.
B.such(+adj.)+不可数名词＋that -clause
① It is such fine weather today that we’d better go swimming.
C.such(+adj)+复数名词＋that-clause
① They are such interesting films that want to see them a second time.
要注意区别so....that与so that的不同：so....that引导结构状语从句，而so that 多引导目的的状语从句，从句多用may,might,can,could 等表示目的的情态动词。同时也可以引导结果状语从句。
① They got up so early that when he got there h e found no one
there. 他起得很早，当他到那里的时候，他发现那里没有人。（结果状语）
3、...when....就在这时① One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes. 一天查科正在太平洋上空飞行，就在这时他的飞机突然坠毁。
when 作“就在这时，恰恰在这时”解时， 不可以用其它词代替。多用在下列句型中：A.be+表示状态的介词短语＋when...在做某事，就在这时...
① We were at work that aftenoon when suddenly a fire broke out.
B.be doing sth.+when ....正在做某事，就在这时.....
① We were having a meeting when someone broke in angrily.
C.be about to do sth .when....正要做某事，就在这时...
① I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.
D.had (not) done …when刚…就…eg.We had just begun to work when the machine broke down.
注意： when,while,as 引导时间状语从句的不同：
when,while,sa 都可以引导时间状语从句，when与 while后都可以跟持续性动词，表示一段时间，这一点两者用法相似，但when也可以接非延续性动词，而while不可以。如：① While(When)he worked in that factoty,he made a lot of friends.在那家工厂工作的时候，他交了很多朋友。
when,while后面的主语如果与主句的主语一致，谓语含有动词be,经常采用省略的形式。但when 后经常用过去分词或现在分词，而while后经常跟介词短语。如：① When asked why he hadn’t finished his homework, the boy kept silent. 当问到为什么没有做作业时，那个孩子什么也不说。
when除表达时间外，也可以暗含某种条件，而while 没有此用法。如：
① When there is no water or air,there will be no life on the earth.
while 也可以表示两者之间的比较， 意思是“然而”。when没有此用法。如：① Mike is very weak while his brother is very strong.
as引导时间状语从句时，多表示主从句的谓语的动作相伴随而发生，因此经常翻译为“一边....,一边.....”。如：
① They were laughing as they were talking. 他们边说边笑。
as后经常采用省略的形式，可以直接跟名词。
① As a small boy,I often went to the small river near my village to go swimming. 还是小孩的时候，我经常到我们村子旁的小河游泳。（As a small boy =When I was a small boy 或 When still a small boy）
4、现在完成进行时
He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend,because he always been thinking about himself.
他认识到自己不是个好朋友，因为他总是想着自己。
have been doing为现在完成进行时，它由“have( has)been+doing”构成，有下面两个方面的意义：A.表示动作从过去开始，一直持续到现在，现在动作仍在进行之中。如：① He has been talking about two hours. When do you think he can stop.他已经讲了两个小时了，你认为他什么时间能停下来。（ He is still taling now.）
B.表示动作在说话时刚刚终上，强调对说话时的影响。如：① It has been raining for two days. The river is overflowing now. 已经下了两天的雨，小河都涨水了。
注意不可以使用现在完成进行时的情况：
当动词为非延续性动词时，可以运用完成时形式，表示结果，但不可以用现在完成时。Eg.He has left.他已经走了。(不可以说He has been leaving.)
有些表示状态的动词，如live,teach,work,stay等运用现在完成时和现完成进行时，意义区别不大。
① He has worked here for five years.他已经在这里工作5年了。（＝He has been working here for five years.）
5 even though引导让步状语从句
even though也可以写作even if,引导让步状语从句，意思是“即使”。如：
① Even though he was very busy he should have given you some help.
even though引导让步状语从句时， 如果主语与主句的主语相一致，谓语含有动词be,可以省略主语和动词be. 如：① ─Will you go to his birthday party?你要参加他的生日聚会吗？
─No,even though invited to,不，即使受到邀请也不去。
注意： even though 与 as though 的不同：even though引导让步状语从句，意思是“即使，即便是”，而as though 引导的是方式状语从句，意思是“似乎，就像”。如： ① How wild his hair looked,as though it had been electrified. 他的头发多乱啊，就像受了电一样。
6、should have done 结构
should have done 表示“本应该做然而没有做，含有责备、惋惜”的意思。如：① You should have fimished your homework at five o’clock.
你本该在5点钟完成你的作业。
shoud have done 的否定形式是should not have done ,意思是“本不应该做，然而做了”。如：① We shouldn’t have told him the bed news .You see,he now is very sad. 我们本不应该告诉他这个坏消息，你看，他现很难过。
注意： should do或shouldn’t do 表示“应该”或“不应该”，仅表示看法或观点，有时表达建议。
① The have taken away all our belongings. What should we do now? 他们已经把我们所有的东西都拿走了，我们该怎么办？
7、There is something wrong with...
本句型中表示“某物出了故障（毛病）”，也可以表示“某人身体某部位不舒服或有毛病”。如： I bought this radio last week,but it doesn’ t work.There must be something wrong with it .
wrong 单独使用时，表示“错误，不正确”。如：
① Your answer is wrong. Will you please correct it?
wrong也可以表示“不合适的， 不恰当的”， 其反义词是right.如：
① If you want to work in the fields,you shoudn’t wear the wrong clothes. 如果你想在田里干活，你就不该穿不合适的衣服。
8、by the end of....作时间状语的句子的时态问题。
by the end of 意思是“到....时候为止”。指一段时间，因此句子多用完成时态。如果表达将来多用将来完成时；表达过去，多用过去完成时。如：
① We will have learned five lessons by the end of next week.
到下周末，我们就学了5课了。
如果谓语是终止性动词，如finish等，也可以用一般时态。如课文中She said that ste would try to finish reading the book by the end of this week.她说她将尽量在周末前读完那本书。
At the end of在…末,在…尽头 eg.
At the end of this month we’lll hav ean exam.
There is a tailors shop at the end of this road.
In the end最终We talked and talked about where to go and stayed in the end.
9、have gone to与have been to
have gone to表示“已经却了某地”，表示“在去某地的路上”或“现在在某地”，不表示已经回来。如：
① Mr. Lee isn,t here,He has gone to Shanghai.
have been to表示“去过”，它表示现在不在那个地方，早已经回来了。或表达结果。如：① ─How many times have been to the Great Wall?
─Twice. 两次。
六．语法基础知识
直接引语变间接引语时态“五不变”：
(1)直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
① He said,"Light travels much faster than sound."
─He said that light travels much faster than sound.
(2)直接引语中有明确表示过去时间的状语， 在变为间接引语时，一般过去时通常不变。
① He said."I was born in 1990 in Beijing".
─He said that he was born in 1990 in Beijing.
(3)主句的谓语是一般现在时，直接引语变为间接引语时， 时态通常不变。
① He says ,"Tom is good at Chinese."
─He says that Tom is good at Chinese.
(4)直接引语有以since或when引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，状语从句中的一般过去时不变，但主句的谓语动词则要改为过去完成时。
① She said,“I’ve worked here since I finished school."
─She said that she had worked here since she finished school.
(5)在含有时间状语从句的直接引语中， 主句的谓语的动词为过去进行时，过去完成时或过去将来时，在变为间接引语时这些时态通常不变。
① He said,"I was watching IV when she came in."
─He said that he was watching IV when she came in.
(6)当直接引语表示的是名人名言或谚语时，从句时态不变。
① He said,"Where there is a will,there is a way".
─He said where there is a will,there is a way.
七．特色平台
八．练习