一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
本单元同学们重点学习体操是一种高雅的体育健身运动，牢记在进行体操锻炼时的安全措施，如：独自一人地进行高低杠练习是危险的。（It is dangerous to do body-building and exercises on a high bar and other pieces of equipment without others to help you .）开始训练前务必把手表、戒指或者项链取下来。 （Make sure you take off any watches , rings or necklaces before you start .） 当你训练时最好穿紧身衣服，无领、无腰带，以免挂住器械。（While you are doing gymnastics , you had better wear tight clothing without collars or belts so that it doesn‘t catch on any of the equipment .）另外要保重好身体，如果身体不适或者受伤时就停止练习。（ It is necessary for you to keep fit and take good care of yourself . Please stop practise doing gymnastics if you are unwell or have any injury .）观看精彩的体操表演是对美的享受。
在这一单元，同学们还要透彻地复习看病时的常用语 50 句，如：医生询问病情，病人诉说病情，诊断与治疗，开药与医嘱等。（What’s your trouble ? = What‘s the matter with you ? = What’s wrong with you ? / It‘s nothing serious . / You’ll be all right very soon . / Take this medicine three times a day . / Drink plenty of water and have a good rest . … ）
主谓一致难点释疑，如：And 连接主语，谓语总是复数吗 ?
众所周知，当 and 连接两个主语时，谓语常是复数。
Both Mary and Tom are good students .
Both you and she like dancing .
但有下面五种情况，谓语需用单数：
1 . 若 and 连接的两个词是指同一个单一概念时，谓语通常用单数。
The worker and writer has been here .
A knife and fork is on the table .
在这种情况下，第二个名词前没有冠词。
2 . 当 one and a half 修饰名词复数时，谓语用单数。
One and a half apples is on the plate .
3 . 当 and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有 each , every , many a 时，谓语用单数。
In our country , every girl and every boy has the right to receive education .
4 . 当 and 连接并列数词作主语时，谓语用单数。
Four and five is (makes) nine .
5 . 当 and 连接两个连词引导一个主语从句时，谓语用单数。
How and why he came to Princeton , New Jersey was a story of struggle , success and sadness .
宾语从句的 个10 突破点与巧题快递，如：哪些动词引起的宾语从句否定词要前移到主句？他们是主句主语是第一人称代词 I 和 we 时，后跟动词 think , suppose , believe , expect 等，宾语从句的否定词习惯上前移，其反意疑问句与宾语从句相一致，不能受假象的影响而用否定形式。如：We don‘t think she is a famous actress , is she ? (不要用 isn’t she )。
【指点迷津】
A. 大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
Seeing the Doctor 去看病 （功能套语 50 句）
1. What‘s bothering you ? / What’s troubling you / / What‘s wrong with you ? / What’s the matter with you ? 哪不舒服 ？
2. I feel terrible . I coughed a great deal at night . 我很不舒服。 晚上咳嗽得厉害。
3. I don‘t feel like eating anything . 我什么也不想吃。
4. I feel a pain in my left leg . 我觉得左腿疼痛。
5. I feel dizzy and I’ve got no appetite . 我头晕，没有食欲。
6. I‘m aching all over . 我浑身疼痛。
7. I’ve got a pain here . It hurts terrible . 我这儿疼，痛得很厉害。
8. You‘ll be all right . Don’t worry about it . / Take it easy . / It is nothing serious . 没事的，别着急。
9. I‘ll follow the doctor’s advice . 我将遵照医嘱。
10. There is something wrong with my back . 我背部有点不舒服。
11. Let me take a look at it . = Let me examine it . 让我给你检查检查。
12. I guess I have got a headache and a cough . 我头疼并且咳嗽。
13. Are you feeling all right ? 你感觉好吗 ？
14. Do you feel short of breath sometimes ? = Do you have difficulty breathing ? 你有时觉得气急吗 ？
15. Do you feel tired ? 你觉得疲劳吗 ？
16. Have you ever had this experience before ? 你以前有过这种情况吗 ？
17. How long has this been going on ? = How long have you been ill ? = How long have you been like this ? = How long have you had it ? 你得这病有多久了？
18. Since when have you been feeling like this ? 你从什么时候开始有这种感觉的。
19. You are suffering from a bad cold . It is not easy to get rid of it .
20. I can‘t lift my right arm . And I don’t feel like eating anything .
21. I feel a pain in my left leg . And I feel hot and cold . 我感到左腿疼，并且一阵热一阵冷。
22. I feel sick . 我想呕吐。（我晕船。）
23. I‘m running a temperature . My whole body feels weak . 我在发烧。浑身虚弱无力。
24. Breathe deeper , please . = Please take a deep breath . 请深呼吸些。
25. Does it hurt when I touch / press it here ? 我按这儿时你觉得疼吗 ？
26. Go and have / get your chest X-rayed . 去透视一下你的胸部。
27. I’ll have your temperature taken . = Let me take your temperature . 来量量体温。
28. Lie down on the bed there ,. Let me examine your back .
29. Open your mouth and show me your tongue .
30. I don‘t think it’s anything serious .
31. You will have an immediate operation . The sooner , the better .
32. A change of diet may do you good . 改变一下你的饮食可能有好处。
33. Be careful of your diet . Keep warm and rest . Don‘t smoke . Cut down on your drinking . Avoid having rich food . Come back and see me in two weeks if you are not feeling better . 注意饮食，保暖和休息。不要抽烟，要减少饮酒，避免吃脂肪过高的食物。如果不见好，过两个星期再来看。
34. Go home and rest for at least three or four days . Do some exercise .
35. Here is a prescription (药方). I’d like you to take one of these pills three times a day .
36. Here‘s a sick-leave certificate (证明)for three days .
37. This is for reducing the fever . 这是用来退烧的。
38. You should go on a diet . It’s important to have a good diet .
39. I went to see my doctor for a check-up yesterday .
40. He gave me a chest X-ray and took my blood pressure .
41. The doctor advised me to take plenty of exercise and take these pills every four hours .
42. I‘d like to make an appointment to see the dentist , please . 我想预约看牙医。
43. Stay in bed for a couple of days . 卧床两三天。
44. Don’t forget to take the medicine before you go to bed . Remember to take the pills after lunch .
45. If you don‘t feel better after the weekend , come back and see me again .
46. You look ill / pale . Aren’t you feeling well ?
47. Please send for a doctor . His eyes and nose runs . 请个医生来，他流眼泪和鼻涕。
48. Unfortunately , you‘ve got pneumonia . 你真不幸，得了肺炎。
49. You should have an examination . 你应该去检查以下。
50. This eye drops may improve your eye sight .
Model Dialogues 交际示范
（1）
Doctor：What’s the trouble , Mr. Smith ?
Smith：I have a bad cough and my chest aches .
Doctor：Have you got a fever ?
Smith：Yes , thirty-eight point seven .
Doctor：I see . Open your mouth and say “Ah”… Now open your shirt and let me examine your chest . Breathe … Breathe out . That‘ll do . You’ve got a very bad cold . I‘ll give you some medicine for your cough . Stay indoors for a few days and keep warm . Drink plenty of water and get enough exercise . You’d better give up drinking and smoking .
Smith：Thank you very much , Doctor .
Doctor：You‘re welcome .
（2）
Jack：Excuse me , doctor , I feel sick .
Doctor：I’m sorry for that . What‘s the trouble ?
Jack：I’ve got a sore throat (喉咙疼) and I could not even speak .
Doctor：Open your mouth , and say Ah , please . I think you‘ve got a flu (流感). But it’s nothing serious . Take these medicine and you‘ll be well soon .
Jack：Thank you , doctor .
（3）
Doctor：What’s wrong with you , young man ?
Steve：I cough a great deal at night .
Doctor：How ;ong has it been like this ?
Steve：About a week . Sometimes I have a fever .
Doctor：Let me listen to your lungs . … Well , I think you‘d better go and have your chest X-rayed .
Steve：OK.
（4）
Doctor：Good morning , Mr Brown . What can I do for you ?
Brown：I often have headaches and I’m not sleeping well .
Doctor：How is your blood pressure ? Have you ever had any heart trouble ?
Brown：My blood pressure tends to be high , but i‘ve never had any heart trouble .
Doctor：Oh , I see . Do you drink and smoke ?
Brown：I’m afraid I do . Is it serious ?
Doctor：No , nothing serious . Just take it easy .But I still advise you to cut both out and do more exercise .
Brown：Yes , I will .
Topic Vocabulary (话题词汇)
1. headache 头疼。stomachache 肚子疼。toothache 牙疼。backache 背疼。2. feel sick 感到恶心。 3. fever 发烧。4. a sore throat 喉咙疼。5. catch a cold 感冒。 6. heart trouble 心脏病。7. lung cancer 肺癌。8. flu 流感。 9. see a doctor 看医生。10. send for a doctor 请医生。11. register 挂号。12. emergency case 急诊。13. ask for sick leave 请病假。14. blood pressure 血压。15. temperature 体温。16. have an X-rayed 透视。17. feel one‘s pulse 号脉。18. have an injection 注射。19. take medicine 服药。20. first-aid treatment 急诊。21. do operation 手术。22. at the dentist’s 在牙医诊所。23. be ill , be unwell , be not oneself , be under the weather 不舒服。24. run a temperature 发烧。25. feel a pain in , have a …ache ……觉得疼。26. break an arm 折断一只胳膊。27. sprain an ankle 扭伤一只足踝。28. suffer a head injury 头部疼痛。29. go to hospital / clinic 去医院看病。30. take a blood test 验血。31. give treatment 治疗。32. cure 治愈。33. be in hospital , be hospitalized 住院。34. surgeon外科医生，physician 内科医生，dentist 牙医。35. case history 病历。
B. 单元重点新词透视
1. fortunate 幸运的，侥幸的
You are fortunate to escape being injured . 你真幸运，没有受伤。
He is fortunate to have a good wife . 他很幸运有个好妻子。
测试要点：
(1) be fortunate to do , be fortunate in doing 因……有幸
I was fortunate to catch the train at the last minute .
He is very fortunate in having such a daughter .
(2) fortunate 的反义词是 unfortunate 。 fortunately 的反义词是 unfortunately 。
Unfortunately he mistook his intentions .
(3) 辨析 fortunate 和 lucky
fortunate 指获益于某种境遇，极有利于某人或者帮助某人获得出乎意料的成功或事物。
He made a fortunate decision when he went into advertising . 当他从事广告业时，他作出了一次幸运的决定。
lucky 含有意外或者纯属偶然机缘之意。
He is lucky that he missed his train the day it was wrecked . 火车出事那天，他没赶上火车，真是幸运。
Well , you were lucky they didn‘t rob you of all you had . 嗨，他们没有把你所有的东西抢去，还算幸运。
2. require 是及物动词“需求，要求”。
This job requires a clear head .
测试要点：
(1) require 后的宾语从句用 should 型虚拟语气。
The boss required that she (should) keep it a secret . 老板要求她对此事保密。
He required the work not be done in a haste .
(2) sth + require + doing = sth + require + to be done 某物需要……
These temples require / want / need repairing next month . = These temples require / want / need to be repaired next month. 这些庙宇下个月需要修缮。
3. inch 英寸（0.025 米，1/12英尺）
I am five feet six inches tall . 我身高五英尺六英寸。
There are 12 inches in one foot . 1 英尺有 12 英寸。
1 inch = 约 2.5 厘米。1 foot = 12 inches = 约 30 厘米。1 yard (码) = 3 feet = 约 91 厘米。1 mile = 约 1609米。
测试要点：
(1) by inches 一点一点地，逐渐地
The crops are growing by inches . 庄稼在一点一点的长高。
(2) inch by inch = little by little = step by step 逐步地，一点一点地
He worked his way to the top inch by inch .他一步一步地爬上了顶端。
4. clothing (集合名词) 衣服，服装，衣物。
She works at a clothing factory . 她在一家服装厂工作。
They were all in their summer clothing . 他们都穿着夏天的服装。
I changed my clothing and drank some brandy .
测试要点：辨析 cloth , clothing , clothes , dress , suit , clothe
★ cloth 是做衣服等用的布料，不可数，但是作特殊用途的布时可数。
a piece of cloth 一块布，five pieces of cloth 五块布，a table cloth 一块桌布。
cut one’s coat according to one‘s cloth 量入为出
How much cloth does it take to make a blouse for the girl ?
It will take three yards of cloth to make a suit for you
Have you any cloths for polishing the furniture ? 你有擦家具的布吗
This woman cleaned the floor with an old cloth .
★ clothing 是不可数名词，后接单数动词，指除衣裤外还包括帽子、鞋袜等。不能说 a suit of clothing , 但可以说 an article of clothing , two articles of clothing 一件（二件）衣服。
Our clothing protects us from the cold . 我们的衣服为我们御寒。
The shop sells women’s clothing . 这家商店出售妇女服装。
food , clothing , and shelter 衣、食、住
★ clothes 指裤子、内衣等，不指一件衣服。clothes 的前面不能加 a ，this , that 和数词，但是可以加 many , these , those 等。
（错）this clothes , three clothes
（对）these clothes , many clothes
要表达“一件衣服”用 a suit of clothes
put on one‘s clothes 穿衣服，take off one’s clothes 脱衣服
She bought a good many clothes .
She often wears beautiful clothes .
★ dress 作为可数名词是女人或者孩子穿的衣服，a dress 通常指 an article of women‘s clothing .
The person opposite the street , who wears a dress , is a woman , not a man .
dress 可以构成特殊的服装，如 national dress 民族服装，evening dress 夜礼服。
★ suit 是可数名词，指一套衣服。一套男人的衣服由上衣、背心和裤子组成。一套女子衣服由上衣和裙子组成。
suit 也组成有特殊用途的服装，如：a bathing suit 游泳衣，a sports suit 运动服，a space suit 宇航服，a diving suit 潜水服。
★ clothe 是及物动词“给……穿衣，供养，笼罩”
He has to work hard to feed and clothe his large family .
Now they are able to feed and clothe their children properly .
The trees are clothed in green leaves . 树上披上了绿装。
5. judge 作动词和名词是“判断”，还作“裁判，法官，审判员”。
I can’t judge whether he is right or wrong .
The judge was satisfied with what the Arab had said .
Who is going to judge the long-jump competition ?
I can‘t judge which one I like better .
We judge the distance ( to be ) about four miles .
测试要点：
(1) judge … ( to be ) … 断定……
I judge him to be about 50 years old .
(2) judging by / from 从……判断。注意该短语不与逻辑主语相一致。
Judging from his accent , he must be a southerner .
Judging by his look , the news may be bad .
Don’t judge a person by his looks . 勿以貌取人。
C. 单元重点词组扫瞄
Lesson 33
1. at the doctor‘s 在诊所
2. take / have a look at 看一下，瞧一下
He took a last look at her beautiful mountain village .
Let me take a look at your photos , will you ?
注意由 take 构成的测试常见短语还有：
take / have a break = take / have a rest 休息一下。take a chair 坐下。take a / one’s chance 冒险。take a drop 喝一杯。take it for granted 对之想当然。take a holiday 休假。take a pleasure in 以……为乐。take (a) pride in = be proud of 对……感到自豪。take a seat 坐下。take action 采取行动。take advantage of 利用。take after 与（父母等）相象。take aim at 对……瞄准。take / have an interest in 对……感兴趣。take away 拿走，夺走。take a deep breath 深呼吸。take breath 歇会儿。take … by surprise 突然攻击，奇袭。take care 注意，留神，慎重。take good care of 好好照料。take charge of 负责，看管。take / catch hold of 抓住。take down 取下，写下。take effect 见效，生效。take / fall ill 突然生病。take in 把……带进，改小。take it / things easy . 从容，别着急。take measures 采取措施。take note of 注意。take notice of 注意，留心。take off 脱下，起飞。take on 呈现。 take one‘s seat / place 就座。take place 发生，举行。take the trouble to do 费劲干…… 。take possession of 占有，拥有。take an active part in 在……起积极作用。take an important part in 在……起重要作用。 take the place of 取代。take turns 依次，轮流。take up 拿起，占去，占据。
3. do exercises 做体操练习
Both men and women do floor exercises on the mat . 男子和女子都要做自由体操。
测试要点：当exercise 指体格运动时是不可数名词。
Do you like outdoor exercise ?
You should take more exercise .
4. knock into sb / sth 撞着……
You should say sorry if you knock into somebody .
It was too dark there ; I knocked into the door .
5. fall over 摔倒，跌跤。
She hit him so hard that he fell over .
It is easy for you to fall over when you walk on the ice .
6. and so on = and so forth 等等，诸如
At the industrial exhibition we saw many kinds of new machines , tractors , cars and so on .
注意对话中的 and so on and so on 是“就这样反复循环，如此反复进行”。
The water is turned into vapour and is cooled and is turned into vapour again , and so on and so on .
7. on one’s way home 在某人回家的途中。
He saved a drowning girl on his way home .
注意由 way 构成的短语在测试中频频亮相的还有：
all the way 一路上，远远。by the way 顺便，顺路。get in the way 妨碍。in the way 在途中，碍事。on one‘s way to 在去……的途中。on one’s way to do 在去赶……的途中。on the way to doing 即将成为。
8. get a temperature 发烧。
Lesson 34 & 35
1. prepare for = make preparations for 为……作准备
It takes time for them to prepare for the great changes that take place in space .
Now they are preparing for the entrance examinations .
2. prepare sb for 使某人对……进行准备
Doctors and nurses are preparing the patient for his operation .
The nurse is preparing the child for going to hospital .
3. be content to do sth 对做某事满意，甘愿
Don‘t be content to have this small success .
be content with sth 对满足
You should be content with what you have gained .
4. hold one’s body 控制体态
Dance improves the way you hold your body . 舞蹈能使人们在控制体态方面得到改善。
5. do sth to music 伴着音乐做某事
They were dancing to light music . 他们随着轻音乐偏偏起舞。
They are doing eye exercises to music .
6. keep one‘s balance 保持平衡
I found it hard to keep my balance on the icy path .
People must realize the importance of keeping the balance of nature .
7. lose one’s balance 失去平衡
He lost his balance and fell over .
8. a height of ……的高度
He cleared a height of 2.38m . 他跳过了2。38米的高度。
The beam is a length of wood only four inches wide which is fixed at a height of 1.20 metres above the ground . 平衡木是一根只有 4 英寸宽，安在离地1.20米的木头。
9. catch on 挂住在……，绊住，理解
His caught his foot on a tree root and fell over .
Her dress caught on a nail .
I caught on after she had explained it to me a second time .
10. chat with 同……聊天
Before the competition started , the girls chatted with each other .
I would like to chat with you about our affairs .
11. glance at = look quickly at 匆匆瞥一眼，瞅着
He glanced at his watch and left in a hurry .
Glancing at the clock , she knew that she was late once more .
12. sb be / get used to doing 某人习惯干……
13. get on / along well with 进展顺利，相处融洽
14. make no serious mistakes 没有出严重差错
15. do a neat circle 漂亮地转体一圈
16. give a very good performance 做出精彩的表演
17. after a long wait 等了一会儿之后
After a long wait , the results were announced , and Zhou Lan was first .
18. win the boxing competition 赢得拳击比赛
19. aim to do 目的在于，打算
He aims to become a computer expert .
What do you aim to do next week ?
20. give out 分发，用完，耗尽
Give out the papers five minutes before the examination .
She is giving out presents to her guests .
After three days our food gave out .
Suddenly my legs gave out .突然我的双腿不听使唤了。
21. do with my prize money 使用我的奖金
22. lose one‘s voice 失音，嗓子哑
Don’t shout loudly , otherwise , you will lose your voice .
I cheered so loudly at the match that I completely lost my voice .
23. be proud of 为……而自豪
We are proud of our motherland .
Of course she is proud of what you‘ve achieved .
Lesson 36
1. clap one’s hands 鼓掌
2. cause damage to 对……造成损害
3. be delighted to do 很高兴地干……
4. gain good experience 取得宝贵的经验
D. 单元语法学习目标
主谓一致的测试热点
1 . 由 many a 或 more than + 单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。
Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall .
More than one student has visited the exhibition .
2 . “……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几”作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于 of 后的名词。
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea .
40 percent of the students in our class are girls .
3 . “a number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“the number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。
A number of pupils like reading picture-books .
The number of the students in our class is 55 .
4 . 并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时 and 后面的名词前没有冠词。
The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers .
5 . 成对的名词，如 bread and butter 涂黄油的面包，soda and water 汽水，coffee and milk 加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end 目的，salt and water 盐开水等，虽然有 and 连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。
A knife and fork is on the table .
6 . 由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有 each , every 或 no 修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。
No student and no teacher is invited to the party .
In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education .
7 . 主语是单数，其后跟有 together with , along with(与……一道)，as well as (和；也)，no less than(和……一样)，rather than(而不)，以及 with , not , like , but , except , besides , including 等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。
He as well as his sister is a League member .
8 . 在定语从句中主语是关系代词who , that , which , 谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。
I , who am your teacher , will teach you everything I know .
9 . 主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如 clothes , trousers , glasses , compasses , scissors , shoes , socks , gloves 等时，谓语用复数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有 a pair of 修饰时，谓语用单数。
My trousers are being washed now .
There is a pair of shoes in the box .
10 . 表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。
Ten dollars is not enough .
Three months has passed since he left .
11 . 主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词以及 news , works(工厂)等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外 means 一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。
Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn .
A new means of teaching is being used in that school .
注：学科名词前如有物主代词修饰时，谓语常用复数。
My mathematics are week .
12 . 主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式。
The United States is a developed country .
13 . 主语是 family , team , group , crowd , class , committee 等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数。
His family are all music lovers .
14 . “one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”之前有 the only , the very , the 等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
She is the only one of these women who plays the violin .
15 . 主语是疑问代词 who , what , which , 不定代词 all , more , most , any , none等以及名词half , part , the rest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定。
Half of the visitors are from Europe .
Half of the fruit is bad .
16 . 主语是表示数量的“one and a half + 复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是“one or two + 复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。
One and a half bananas is left on the table .
There are one or two things I‘d like to know about .
17 . the + 形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数。如：
The rich are not always happy .
The new is sure to replace the old .
18 . 由 not only … but also , neither… nor , either… or , not … but 以及 or 连接的并列主语，谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致。
Not only your father’s friends but also your father likes smoking .
19 . 在倒装句中以及在 There be … 结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面的第一个主语取得数上的一致。
Where is your mother and younger sister ?
There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk .
20 . 主语 people 作“人们，人民”解时，谓语动词用复数，作“民族”解时，有单复数之分。
Our people is a great one .
There are 56 peoples in China .
21 . 主语是 a / this / that kind of + 名词，谓语用单数形式，主语指的不是一种而是多种，谓语动词用复数。
This kind of cloth feels soft .
There are different kinds of animals .
22 . 主语是“each of … ”，“neither of … ”，“either of … ”，“one of … ”等时，其谓语用单数。
Each of them has his own duty .
23 . 陈述部分用 everybody , everyone , somebody , someone , anybody , anyone , nobody , no one 或 no + 复数名词等作主语时，反意部分用 they。而陈述部分用 everything , something , nothing , anything 时，反意部分代词则采用单数，用 it 。
Somebody is waiting for you , aren‘t they ?
Everything is all right , isn’t it ?
24 . 动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。
When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet .
25 . 用引号的词语作主语时，谓语用单数第三人称。
“I” is the ninth letter of the English Alphabet .
26 . 在强调结构中如被强调的是句子的主语，则 who 或 that 后面的谓语动词的人称和数应和主语一致。
It is Mike who always helps me study maths after class .
27 . wish 后接宾语从句用虚拟语气，如表示与现在事实相反，无论主语是单数还是复数，be 动词用 were。
I wish I were ten years younger .
28 . police , cattle 等集合名词作主语时，谓语用复数。
The murderer has run away . The police are searching for him .
29 . 算式中表示数目的主语通常看作单数，其谓语常用单数形式，也可用复数。
Five times four is twenty .
30 . youth 作“青年们”解作主语时，谓语用复数。
The youth of China today are doing their best to study modern science and technology .
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
●“要求”不同，反应有别
在第 34 课出现了动词 require 作“要求，需求”讲，demand , request , order , ask 也表示“要求，需求”，但其意义和用法不同。下面从常见的测试角度剖析其各自用法上的异同：
１ require 常含有“要求履行”的意思，表示根据权利要求对方做到某事。
测试点(1)：如果主语是物，应用动名词或者不定式的被动式作宾语，这时require 相当于 need , want 。例如：
These flowers will require looking after carefully . (= to be looked after) 这些花将需要好好的照料。（错：to look after）
测试点(2)：require 在被动语态中可以用主动语态的不定式作为它的保留宾语；但不能以被动语态的不定式作为它保留的宾语。例如：
All passengers are required to show their train tickets . 所有的乘客必须出示他们的火车票。（错：are required to be shown ）
测试点(3)：require 后的宾语从句应用虚拟语气，should 也可以省略。例如：
His health requires that he (should) go to bed early . 为了健康，他早些就寝。（错：goes）
测试点(4)：在表示“要求某人做某事”时后可以接“事物 + of + sb ”的结构。例如：
You require too much of me . 你对我的要求太过分了。
I have done everything that was required of me . 一切要求我做的我都做到了。
测试点(5)：require 后可以跟复合宾语，它表示要求某人做某事。句式为：require sb to do 。例如：
The university requires all the students to take the physical training courses for two years . 读大学要求每个学生上二年的体育课。
They required him to keep it a secret . 他们要求他对这件事保守秘密。
2 .. demand 是表示“权威性地和断然地向对方提出的要求”。它比require 更具有积极和更加强硬的口气。
测试点(1)： 作及物动词后接不定式，不跟动名词，不用 demand sb to sth 。例如：
He demanded to see what was going on . 他要求看一下发生了什么事。（错：demanded seeing）
测试点(2)： 作“要求、查询”时不能把被要求的人或被问的人作为宾语直接连在一起，应该在表示这个人的词前面加上 of 。例如：
Tom demanded an answer of her immediately . (= Tom demanded that she should answer . ) 汤姆要求她立即回答。(错：Tom demanded her for an answer . )
测试点(3)： 作及物动词“要求、需求”，后面不可接 for , 直接跟名词或代词。demand 作名词其后可跟 for 。例如：
He hurried to my house to demand help . 他慌忙地赶到我家请求帮助。（错： demand for help ）
The worker‘s demand for higher wages seems reasonable . 工人们加薪的要求似乎是合理的。
测试点(4)： 后跟宾语从句时，从句中常用虚拟语气，should 可以省略。作名词后跟的定语从句中也要用虚拟语气。例如：
The policeman demanded that the girl (should) tell him everything she knew . 那个警察要求那个女孩讲出实情。 （错：told）
The director makes the demand that she leave the dangerous place as soon as possible . 导演要求她尽快离开那个危险的地方。（错：leaves）
测试点(5)： 常见词组：in great demand 大量需求，make demands on / of 对……提出要求
3 . request 常含有正式或礼貌地请求对方做某事。
测试点(1)：在 其后可以接复合宾语，即：request + sb + to do 。但不能跟人称代词 + for 的结构。例如：They requested us to reread the notice . 他们要求我们再读一遍通告的内容。
I requested them to stop making such a noise . 我请求他们不要这样大声喧哗。
测试点(2)：“向某人要求某物”应用“request sth from / of sb ”。例如：
Mary requested first aid from her neighbours . 玛丽请求她的邻居提供急救。
测试点(3)：其后的宾语从句、表语从句等也要用虚拟语气，should 也可以省略。例如：
The guide requested that her visitor (should) not park her car at the gate . 向导要求她的客人不要把汽车停在大门口。
All that I request of you is that you should be on time . 我所要求的只是你应该准时。
4. order 表示“命令”，是上级要求下级办到的事情，具有强制性。
测试点 (1)：可用句式 order sb to do “命令某人干”。例如：
The doctor ordered his patient to have a rest . 医生嘱咐他的病人好好休息。
测试点 (2)：其后的宾语从句、主语从句等也用虚拟语气，should 可以省略。例如：
The officer ordered that the work (should) be started after work . 军官下令天黑开始工作。
It has been ordered that the sports meet (should) be put off . 已经下达命令推迟举行运动会。
5 . ask 是表示“要求；邀请”的最普通的用词。
测试点：这个词后面所接的搭配不同，意义有别。例如：
to ask sb to do 要某人干……，to ask sb a question 问某人一个问题，to ask sb for sth 向某人要……，to ask a favor of sb 请某人帮忙，to ask sb for more advice 向某人征求更多的建议， ask for a pound of sugar 要一磅糖， to ask after sb 问候某人，ask / cry for the moon 想做做不到的事，ask / look for trouble 自找麻烦，ask sb out to dinner 邀请某人外出吃饭。
● 易用错的动词
一、下列动词后面不跟副词或介词：
1 . marry 昨天汤姆和玛丽结婚了。
误：Tom married with Mary yesterday .
正：Tom married Mary yesterday .
2 . serve 我们应该全心全意为人民服务。
误：We should serve for the people heart and soul .
正：We should serve the people heart and soul .
3 . return 他上周从北京回来了。
误：He returned back from Beijing last week .
正：He returned from Beijing last week .
4 . remove 雨水冲走了大量的土壤。
误：The rain has removed a lot of soil away .
正：The rain has removed a lot of soil .
5 . dozen 前几天我买了两打鸡蛋。
误：I bought two dozen of eggs the other day .
正：I bought two dozen eggs the other day .
6 . get 当我到家时天已经黑了。
误：When I got to home , it was already dark .
正：When I got home , it was already dark .
7 . enter 他走进房间，手里拿着一本书。
误：He entered into the room , book in hand .
正：He entered the room , book in hand .
二、下列动词(短语)没有被动语态：
1 . belong to 这所房子是我的。
误：This house is belonged to me .
正：This house belongs to me .
2 . last 会议持续了四个小时。
误：The meeting was lasted four hours .
正：The meeting lasted four hours .
3 . take place 近几年来我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
误：Great changes have been taken place in my hometown in the last few years .
正：Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the last few years .
4 . happen 你出了什么事 ?
误：What has been happened to you ?
正：What has happened to you ?
5 . break out 1887年爆发了那场战争。
误：The war was broken out in 1887 .
正：The war broke out in 1887 .
6 . lack 我缺少教学经验。
误：The experience in teaching is lacked by me .
正：I lack the experience in teaching .
7 . fit 这件大衣不合我的身。
误：I am not fitted by the coat .
正：The coat doesn’t fit me .
8 . blame 他应该受到责备。
误：He is to be blamed .
正：He is to blame .
9 . weigh 我没挪动那块石头，它至少有两吨重。
误：I couldn‘t move the stone away . It was weighed at least 2tons .
正：I couldn’t move the stone away . It weighed at least 2 tons .
10 . add up to 他总共才上了一年学。
误：His whole school education was added up to no more than one year .
正：His whole school education added up to no more than one year .
● consider与高考
有这样一道高考题：
Charles Babbage is generally considered the first computer .
A. to invent B. inventing C. having invented D. to have invented
答案选：C 。因为 invent 表示的动作发生在 consider 之前。consider 在此不作“考虑”讲，而是“认为”之意。
consider 常用作及物动词，作“考虑”、“认为”等解。consider 在表示不同含义时跟的成分也各不相同。
1 . consider 作“考虑”，“细想”，“考虑到”解，常用于句型：(1)consider doing something ; (2)consider how / when / what…to do(sth . ) ; (3) consider something ; (4) consider how / when / what 等引导的从句。例如：
Well , have you considered using the lab in your free class ?
Have you considered looking for one special friend ?
I considered when to go to see Paul .
We have considered how to do a tomato experiment . Have you considered it ?
She considered how she should improve her English .
They are considering whether they should do the experiment .
2 . consider 作“认为”，“把……看作”解，常用于句型：(1) consider somebody / something(to be)something / adj . ; (2) consider sb . to do sth . ; (3) consider it + n . / adj . + to do sth . ; (4) consider + that引导的从句。例如：
Consider every fire alarm to be a real fire .
This book was considered to be an important summary of the knowledge of farming .
I consider him a fool .
I consider it a great honour to be here with you .
Do you consider it wise to interfere (v . 干预) ?
They considered that the danger was not over .
3 . considering 可用作介词，作“鉴于”、“就……而论”解。例如：
She is active , considering her age .
He did poorly in his examinations , considering how hard he had studied for them .
4 . all things considered 用作条件状语，作“考虑到所有情况”，“全面考虑”解。例如：
All things considered , it is a good plan .
All things considered , you won‘t accept that job .
● 摆脱“选择”的迷离
动词choose , select , elect , pick , prefer ,以及其相关的名词choice , selection , election , preference等都已在新教材亮过相，它们均含有“选择”之意，可怎样在测试中准确“选择”呢？
一. choose
１. 往往强调根据意愿进行选择，有时强调这是最后的决择。
例如：choose between life and death／chose one’s friends ／ choose Sunday for one‘s departure选定星期日动身。
２. choose有“推选、选举”之意，后接“宾语(+ as/to be)＋名词”作复合宾语。例如：They chose me as their leader／ to be their leader.
Last week she was chosen to attend a women conference.
３. choose用于固定词组cannot choose but + do／have no choice but to do, 中表“不得不”之意。
例如：That employee cannot choose but obey his employer.
那位雇员只好服从雇主的安排。
You have no choice but to give up doing that.
４. choose还可接不定式表“决定、愿意”。例如：
He chose to stay where he was.
５. 另外注意以下搭配：at choice可随意选择／make no choice of无法作出选择／make one’s choice作出自己的选择，等。
二. select
１. 侧重慎重考虑并加以辨别后再作出“选择”，含“精选”。例如：
He looked through the suits and selected the cheapest one for me.
他在那些衣服里找了一阵，挑了一套最便宜的给我。
Mr Li always selects exercises for us.
李老师总是呕心沥血地为我们精选习题。
Do you have "the Selected Works of Ding Xiaoping"?
你有《邓小平选集》吗？
２. select也可接“名词(或代词)＋(as/to be) + 名词”作复合宾语，但不接不定式。例如：
They all selected Tom as/for/to be president(总裁)。
３. 名词selection 常用于如：Selections from Charles Dickens狄更斯选集／read selections from a long novel 阅读长篇小说中的精选片断／make the final selection from among three 从三者中作出抉择／natural selection 自然选择，等。
三. elect
１. 常指用投票方式“选择”某人担任职务。例如：
He was elected mayor of the city.
他被选为市长。
He was elected to a new leading post.
他被选拔到了新的工作岗位。
２. elect后接不定式时含在有限范围内作出“选择”。例如：
Many of them elected to stay on.
下列搭配常在阅读中见到：a general election普选／ an election campaign 竞选运动／hold an election举行选举／lose an election在选举中遭到失败，等。
四. pick
１. 是通俗用语，更具口语化，强调根据个人的意愿在若干人或物中“挑选”。还有“掏、摘、扒”之意。例如：
pick one‘s words with care 字斟句酌， have one’s pocket picked衣袋被偷，pick flowers采花。
２. pick常用于搭配中：pick out拣出，挑出／pick up 拿起，捡起；把……载上车／pick fault with sb 找某人的岔，等。例如：
The bus stopped to pick up some passengers.
五. prefer
１. 表示根据个人的爱好“宁愿选择”， 常用 prefer to do …rather then do ／prefer＋ing… to+ing／ prefer sth to sth搭配中。例如：
I prefer reading to watching TV.= I prefer to read rather than watch TV. 比起看电视，我还是更喜欢看书。
The heroine preferred death to surrender. = The heroine preferred to die rather than surrender. 女英雄宁死不屈。
２. would prefer sb (not) to do 更喜欢让某人干(不干)。例如：
The director preferred her to play the role of an old lady.
导演更喜欢让她扮演一位老太太。
３. preference是名词“偏爱”，偏爱的事（或人）。例如：
Which is your preference, tea or coffee?
In planning the meals she always considers her husband‘s preferences. 在准备饭菜时，她总是考虑到丈夫爱吃的东西。
He has a preference for fruit over vegetables. 比之蔬菜，他更喜欢吃水果。
【妙文赏析】
科普系列阅读 （一）
Ocean Living
Can you imagine travelling to work in a one-man submarine? Some scientists believe that some day one-man submarines will be as numerous as automobiles are today . A famous French driver says , “one day soon , men will walk on the ocean floor as they do on the street !” Perhaps during your lifetime people will travel , work , and live in the sea .
If human beings want to live in the ocean , many human problems will need to be studied first . Some of these problems , similar to those of living in outer space , are pressure , lack of oxygen and weightlessness . Many questions remain unanswerd . For example , can our blood adjust itself to underwater surroundings ? What will happen to our muscle if we live in the water very long ? Scientists are searching for answers .
Perhaps in the future man will live in the sea , away from the crowded and noisy cities on land . They sea has plenty of space , not only for floating communities and parks , but also for storing supplies and for underwater travel .
Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in more than physical ways . In the freedom and beauty of the deep sea , man may find new sources of joy .
NOTES ：⑴ submarine n. 潜水艇 ⑵ nurmurous adj. 许多 ⑶ automobile n . 汽车，自动车 ⑷ similar adj . 相似的 ⑸ lack n . 缺乏 ⑹ adjust v . 调整 ⑺ community n . 团体
EXERCISES：请回答下列问题
⑴ What will we need a one -man submarine for ?
⑵ What can we do if we live in the ocean ?
⑶ Why do some people hope to leave cities to live in the sea ?
⑷ What may we use the space of the sea for ?
⑸ Do you think ocean living could be helpful to man ? In what ways ?
〖对照译文与答案〗
海 洋 生 活
你能设想人们乘着单人潜水艇去上班吗？一些科学家相信将来有一 天单人潜水艇会和今天的汽车一样多。一位著名的法国司机说：“不久将来的一天，人类走在海底就跟走在大街上一样。”。或许在你有生之年，人们将会在海里行走、工作并居住。
如果人类想住在海里，首先需要研究一下人类所要面临的诸多问题。其中有些问题，与外层空间生活时所遇到的一样，是压力、缺氧和失重现象。许多问题仍未解答。例如，在水底环境里我们的血液能自我调节吗？如果我们在水里居住很长时间，我们的肌肉将会怎样呢？科学家们正在搜寻着答案。
或许将来人类将住在海里，远离陆地上拥挤而又喧嚣的城市。海有足够大的空间，不仅可供（建立）水上居民点和公园之用，而且可供贮存物质并进行水下旅行。
一些科学家认为海洋生活不仅仅会给人类带来物质上的好处，在自由美丽的深海里，人类还可以发现新的快乐之源。
答案：⑴ We can travel , work and live in the sea with one-man submarine . ⑵ We can live in the sea just like living on the earth , for example , walking , travelling , working , living , eating , playing , etc. ⑶ Because the cities on land are crowded , noisy , polluted . ⑷ The sea has plenty of space , not only for floating communities and parks , but also for storing supplies and for underwater travel . ⑸ Yes . In physical ways and psychological , spiritual ways , ect.
Journey to the Moon
Whenever I look at the moon , I wish I could go there . Do you ever wish that you could take a trip to the moon ?
For hundreds of years , men have wanted to travel to the moon . Whenever they looked at the moon , they asked questions . Is the moon hot or cold ? Do people live there ? Are there any plants or living things there ? There were many arguments . Some people said that there were living plants on the moon . Others said nothing could live there because there is no water on the moon . These people could not agree .
When we look at the moon through telescopes , we can see lines and circles . People used to say that this was the moon’s face and that there was a man in the moon ! You may have seen drawings like this in story books for young children . This is nonsense , of course . There is no man in the moon . The lines and circles are mountains , valleys , and deep holes . There are also plains where the ground is quite flat .
We know a great many facts about the moon now . Scientists have studied the moon through telescopes for many years and have discovered many facts . Recently rockets with men inside them have reached the moon .
What do we know about the moon ? First of all , if we compare the moon with the earth , we find that the moon is much smaller . It is about one-quarter the size of the earth . It is travelling around the earth .
Days and nights on the moon are very long . One day on the moon is as long as two weeks on the earth . One night is also as long as two weeks on the earth . In the day time the moon is very hot :120℃ . The nights are very cold : -156℃ . This is very cold indeed . A man on the moon would quickly freeze to death in the night-time. It would be too hot to live without special clothes. The moon is much hotter and much colder than the earth .
There is another surprising thing . On the moon things are not as heavy as they are on the earth . Something that weights one kilogram on the earth would weigh only 166 grams on the moon . Did you know that ?
Perhaps one day in the future anyone will be able to take a trip to the moon just like going on a train or bus journey . What an adventure that would be !
Notes ⑴ nonsense n . 无稽之谈
Exercises : 请回答下列问题
⑴ Whenever you look at the moon , do you wish to go there ? And what ideas do you have ?
⑵ What can we see if we look at the moon through a telescope ? In fact what are they ?
⑶ Is there anyone on the moon ?
⑷ Nowadays , what do we know about the moon ?
⑸ If we put the same thing on the moon and then on the earth , are the weights we get the same ?
〖对照译文与答案〗
月 球 旅 行
每当我看着月亮时，我就向往着能到那儿去。你曾经向往过到月球上去 旅行吗？
数百年来，人们就向往着到月球上去 旅行。每当看月亮的时候就会提出一些问题。月亮上是热是冷？有人住在那儿吗？那儿有植物或别的生物吗？关于这些问题，有过许许多多的争论。有人说月球上有植物生长，另一些人说不可能生长任何生物，因为月球上没有水。 人们得不出一致的意见来。
当我们用望远镜来观察月亮时，我们看到一些线条和圆圈。人们过去常常说这是月亮的面孔，月亮上还有一个人呢？你也许在儿童的故事书里看到过这种图画。当然，这些都是无稽之谈。月亮上根本没有人。线条和圆圈是山脉、山谷和深坑，月亮上也有平原，表面相当平坦。
现在我们掌握了大量的关于月亮的情况。许多年来，科学家们通过望远镜研究着月亮，发现了许多真相。不久前，载人火箭已到达了月球。
关于月球，我们知道些什么呢？首先，如果我们把月球和地球相比较的话，我们发现月球小多了，大约相当于地球的四分之一。月球围绕着地球旋转。
在月球上，白天和黑夜都是漫长的，月球上的一个白天相当于地球两个星期，一个黑夜也相当于地球上两个星期。白天，月球上非常热，温度达120℃，黑夜则很冷，温度达零下156℃，这确实很冷了。晚上，人在月球上，如果不穿特别的衣服，很快就会冻死。到了白天，天就热得不得了，如果不穿特制的服装就无法生存。月球比地球要热得多，也冷得多。
还有件惊人的事，物体在月球上没有在地球上那么重。地球上重1公斤的东西，在月球上只有166克重了，你知道这些吗？
或许将来某天任何人都能到月球上去 旅行，就像乘火车或汽车旅行一样。那将会是一次多么惊险的旅行啊！
答案：⑴Yes , I often ask myself many questions : Is the moon hot or cold ? Do people live there ? Are there any plants or living things there ? etc ⑵ We can see lines and circles . In fact they are mountains , valleys and deep holes . There are also plains on flat ground . ⑶ No , but rockets with men inside them have reached the moon . ⑷ We find that the moon is much smaller . It‘s travelling around the earth . Days and nights on the moon are very long . In the daytime the moon is very hot : 120℃ . The nights are very cold :-156℃ . One the moon , things are not as heavy as they were on the earth . ⑸ No . Something that weighs one kilogram on the earth would weigh only 166 grams on the moon .
Dislexia
As many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some form of the learning disorder called dislexia .
Experts on dislexia say that the problem is not a disease . They say that persons with dislexia use information in a different way . One of the world’s great thinkers and scientists Albert Einstein was dislexic . Einstein said that he never thought in words the way that most people do . He said that he thought in pictures instead . The American inventor Thomas Edison was also dislexic . Dislexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago . Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons with the disorder were not mentally slow or disabled . The doctors found that the brains of persons with dislexia are different . In most people , the left side of the brain -- the part that controls language -- is larger than the right side . In persons with dislexia , the right side of the brain is bigger . Doctors are not sure what causes this difference . However , research has shown that dislexia is more common in males than in females , and it is found more often in persons who are left handed .
No one knows the cause of dislexia , but some scientists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a baby‘s body long before it is born . They are trying to find ways to teach persons with dislexia . Dislexic persons think differently and need special kinds of teaching help . After they have sloved their problems with language , they often show themselves to be especially intelligent or creative .
Notes : ⑴ dislexia n . 读写困难症 ⑵ suffer v . 遭受 ⑶ disorder n . 失调 ⑷ creative adj . 有创造力的
Exercises: 请回答下列问题：
① How many children in the United States suffer from dislexia ?
② Is dislexia a disease ?
③ Are persons with dislexia mentally slow or disabled ?
④ What kind of person is dislexia more common in ?
⑤ Is there anyone who knows the cause of dislexia ?
答案：① As many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from dislexia .② No . ③ No . ④ Research has shown that dislexia is more common in males than in females , and it is found more often in persons who are lefthanded . ⑤ No one knows the cause of dislexia .
【思维体操】
中 英 文 谜 语 漫 话
谜语是以某一事物或词语为谜底，用隐喻、形似、暗示或描写其特征的方法为谜面，供人猜测的文字游戏，是世界各民族共有的一种民间文学体裁。
一、 中英文谜语源远流长
世界各国的谜语都有极其悠久的历史。希腊神话中的带翼狮身女怪斯芬克司 (Sphinx）常叫过路行人猜谜，猜不出就将行人杀死，后因谜底被俄狄浦斯道破，她即自杀了。这个世界著名的谜语是：“What goes on four legs in the morning , on two at noon , and on three in the evening”，其谜底是“People”（人）。因为人在婴儿时四肢地上爬行，成人后两腿行走，年老后拄拐杖走路。在《圣经》中也有几个著名的谜语，其中之一是“士师记”第十四章中的故事。力士参孙杀死了一头狮子，后来在狮子的尸体里发现一群蜜蜂和苍蝇，于是他就这件事情编了一个谜语：
“Out of the eater came something to eat; Out of the strong came something sweet .”
作为民间文学的一种形式，中英文谜语在民间都得到广泛的流传，具有强烈的民族色彩。先看一则中文谜语：
"小小一个白脸郎, 爬山过岭做衣裳, 穿得衣衫来洗浴, 洗得浴来脱衣裳。" （藕）
再看一则英文谜语：
“Little Nancy Etticoat, in a white petticoat and a red nose . The longer she stands, the shorter she grows.” (A lighted candle)
这样的谜语风趣幽默，读来朗朗上口，不仅大人喜欢，而且儿童也喜欢，自然得以长时间广泛流传。
许多著名的作家也创作了不少具有文学价值的谜语。例如，在中国的《镜花缘》、《红楼梦》等小说中都有谜语佳作。例如，曹雪芹在《红楼梦》第 22 回中的谜语：
"能使妖魔胆尽丧, 身如束帛气如雷, 一声震得人方恐 , 回首相看已化灰。"（爆竹）
直到今天，谜语在我国和西方国家仍旧受到广大读者的欢迎，中英文谜语既有相似之处，又有不同之处，比较它们的异同会给我们带来极大的乐趣。
二、 中英文事物谜花开并蒂
中英文谜语都有一个主要类别：事物谜。中英文事物谜的谜面的构成方法特别相似，都是用隐喻、形似、暗示或描写其特征的方法为谜面，所以，英文的事物谜又叫做“描述性谜语”（descriptive riddles）。
先来看以“鸡蛋”（egg）为谜底的几个中文和英文的事物谜：
(1)“大小生来像个桃, 又无核来又无毛, 今日被我吃下去，免得将来挨一刀。”
(2)“外面白金桶，里面黄金桶，一旦打开来，永远合不拢。”
(3)“一层墙，二层墙，中央藏个小红娘。”
(4)“希奇希奇真希奇，爹娘生我怪东西，人家都是皮包骨，我从生来骨包皮。”
(5)“圆滚滚一块石头，石头里一张绵绸，绵绸里一团破絮，破絮里一个日头。”
(6)“Ｗhen I was going over a field of wheat , I picked up something good to eat . Neither fish, flesh, fowl, nor bone. I kept it till it ran alone.”
除了运用的比喻不同以外，中英文事物谜的描述手法基本上是相同的。鸡蛋的形状被比作“桃”、“桶”、“石头”、“房子”、“盒子”等，鸡蛋的外壳被比作 “墙”，蛋黄被比作“黄金桶”、“小红娘”、“日头”、“宝藏”、“黄金“等。描述的内容包括外壳能打碎、里面的东西可以吃、能孵出东西来等等。这类谜语在汉英互译以后，简直很难认出哪个是原始的谜语。
事物谜猜测的是“事物”，“事物”自然有其民族特点,有中国与英国不同的国情和文化背景。具有民族特色的谜面和谜底经常在谜语中出现，反映了不同的民俗。例如：“四四方方像亩田，常供书房案桌前，白头乌鸦偷水喝，鸟子将军立提鞭。”
这个中国谜语的谜底是“砚台”，英美人就难以猜出来了。再看一个英国谜语：
“I saw five birds all in a cage . Each bird had but one single wing . They were a hundred years of age and yet did fly and sweetly sing . The wonder did my mind possess . When I beheld their age and strength , besides , as near as I can guess ,－their tails were thirty feet in length .”
这个英国谜语的谜底是“Bells in a steeple”（教堂尖塔里的五口大钟），中国读者是很难猜得出来的。
民族特色还反映在语言特点上。在“What is black and white and red all over ?”这个谜语中，由于 red 和 read 的发音相同，英美人不难猜出谜底是“Newspaper”（报纸），而中国读者对于?
高三Angkor Wat
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
在本单元同学们将要学习有关古迹保护的知识，了解闻名于世的柬埔寨古高棉王朝庞大的宫殿遗址吴哥寺（又名吴哥窟）的历史和现状，树立爱护古迹的战略思想。也许你曾听到过它的美丽传说，见到过它旖旎风光的拍照，看到过它富有神秘色彩的特写镜头。真是“风景这边独好”。春天，万木茂盛，百花盛开；夏天，泉清林翠，风景幽奇；秋天，硕果累累，层林尽染；冬天，银装素裹，悬冰倒挂。课文中对吴哥寺的高度评价是：“As the sun sinks lower , shadows spread across the courtyard . After sunset , the sky turns pink . The grey stone towers take on a golden colour before turning pink . Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet , beautiful place .” ( 随着夕阳西下，院内阴影纵横。日落后，天空一片红霞。灰色的石塔抹上一层金黄色，然后变成粉红色。世界上再没有这样优美、恬静的地方了。) 今天，吴哥寺这座世界文物古迹，正以它独特的魅力吸引着世界各地越来越多的游客。
虽然我们人人都走出国门去领略吴哥寺的风光不现实，但是在本单元的阅读课中，作者用一种趣味盎然的笔调重现吴哥寺的文明和灿烂，让我们从一滴水而感知辽阔的大海，从一只贝壳而聆听渺远的风声。下面就让我们在课文中提到的神秘的古迹中作一次精神旅行吧！
【指点迷津】
A. 大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
Obligation (职责)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套语 30 句
1. We should finish the task ahead of time . 我们应该提前完成这项艰巨的任务。
2. I think we should paint the windows green . 我认为应该把窗户漆成绿色。
3. Is it necessary to give you a ring immediately ? 有必要立即给你回电话吗？
4. We must stop people ( from ) walking on this floor until it‘s firm . 在地板牢固以前，我们不能让人们在地板上走动。
4. I ought to do some studying . 我应该学的东西。
5. You must stay home looking after your mother . 你必须呆在家里照顾你生病的母亲。
6. - Must I be present at the meeting at 7 o’clock ? 我必须 7 点到会吗 ？
- No , you needn‘t . You may come at around eight . 不，不必要。你可以 8 点左右来。
7. I have to type this report tonight . 今晚我必须打出这份报告。
8. - Do I have to return the dictionary before Friday ? 周五前我必须归还词典吗 ？
- No , you don’t have to . 不，没必要。
9. In my opinion , you should do your homework more carefully in future . 依我之见，你以后要多注意你的作业。
10. You ought to write to your parents very often . 你应该经常给父母写信。
11. Is it necessary to show your passport at the entrance ? 在入口处得出示护照吗 ？
12. It‘s necessary that you should come to the office tomorrow morning . 明天上午你得到办公室去一下。
13. We must keep the balance of nature . 我们应该保持生态平衡。
14. Students should keep the classroom tidy and clean . 学生应该保持教室整洁。
15. It is necessary to fill in the form at the door . 进门时必须填表。
16. Am I expected to repeat the explanation ? 要不要我把解释再重复一遍？
17. Am I supposed to pay a visit to our sick neighbour ? 我是不是探望一下有病的邻居？
18. Are we required to make a plan tonight ? 是不是今晚我们必须制定一个计划？
19. Is there any need for us to get his permission ? 我们是不是需要得到他的许可？
20. I am afraid you will have to walk home on foot . 恐怕你不得不步行回家了。
21. I am afraid you can’t avoid do some washing by yourself . 恐怕你逃避不掉自己洗衣服了。
22. I think it necessary for you to obey the rules . 我看你有必要服从规章制度。
23. It is for you to decide whether to go or to stay . 是去是留由你决定。
24. There‘s no reason why you should pull down that fence . 没有理由一定要你拆掉那个篱笆。
25. It is up to you decide . 由你决定。
26. Please leave it alone . 请别理它 。
27. You had better not pick the flowers . 你最好别摘这些花。
28. I feel it is my duty to give you a hand . 我感到帮助你是我的职责。
29. No , I mustn’t be late for class once more . 不， 我决不能再迟到。
30. No , I shouldn‘t tell him a lie . I had better not object to his suggestion . 不，我不应该对他说谎。我最好不反对他的建议。
从以上 30 句可以看出，在提示对方的职责中常用情态动词 must , should , need , have to , had better , ought to , don’t have to 以及 be supposed to do , be necessary to do 等。
● Model Dialogues 交际示范
A
Monitor：Who is on duty today ?
Yu Fang：I am .
Monitor：Class will begin in a minute . You should clean the blackboard .
Yu Fang：Sorry , I nearly forgot it . I‘ll do it at once .
Monitor：You have to remember this next time .
Yu Fang：Yes , I will .
B
Receptionist：Can I help you ?
Guest：Are there any free beds ?
Receptionist：Sure . What kind of room do you like ?
Guest：A single room with a bath .
Receptionist：OK. But you have to fill in this form first .
Guest：Is it necessary ?
Receptionist：Yes , we should also see your ID (身份证) card .
C
Doctor：Well , Mrs Smith , I’ve completed my examination and I‘m happy to say it’s nothing serious .
Mrs Smith：Don‘t you think I should take an X - ray ?
Doctor：I don’t think an X-ray is necessary for this illness .
Mrs Smith：Will I need a blood transfusion ?
Doctor：No , Mrs Smith , you won‘t need it .
Mrs Smith：Shouldn’t I stay in bed for the rest of the week ?
Doctor：No , you should get outdoors more and get plenty of exercise .
Mrs Smith：Can I be cured ?
Doctor：You should listen to my advice and I‘m certain you’ll be fine .
Mr Smith：What should I do ?
Guest：You should put this medicine on your arms every four hours and by tomorrow it will be all gone . There‘s nothing to worry about .
● 高考试题缩影
1. - Shall I tell John about it ?
- No , you . I’ve told him already . ( NMET 94)
A. needn‘t B. wouldn’t C. mustn‘t D. shouldn’t
2. - We could have walked to the station ; it was so near .
- Yes . A taxi at all necessary . ( MET 92 )
A. wasn‘t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn‘t be D. won’t be
3. There was a lot of fun at yesterday‘s party . You come , but why didn’t you ? (99 上海)
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
答案：AAC
B. 单元重点新词透视
1. smooth 作形容词是“光滑的，平静的，平坦的”；作及物动词是“使光滑，消除困难、障碍”。
Our path in life will not always be smooth . 我们的生活道路不会总是一帆风顺的。
This is a smooth meeting . 这是一次顺利的会议。
The cloth feels smooth . 这布摸起来很光滑。
The sea is smooth . 海面风平浪静。
The gardener smoothed the soil in a flower bed . 园丁平整了花坛的泥土。
测试要点：
(1) smooth 的发音 [ smU:T ] ，比较极是 smoother ，最高级是 smoothest 。过去式是smoothed , 发音为[ smU:Td ] 。用在第三人称后的发音是 smooths [ smU:Tz ]。
(2) 该词的同义词是 calm ，反义词是 rough 。常用搭配是 smooth away “克服困难，消除障碍或者分歧”。如：Don‘t be afraid . We are able to smooth away these difficulties sooner or later . 不要担心，我们迟早会克服这些困难的。/ The guide smoothed away / over the quarrel between the two visitors . 向导平息了那两位游客间的争执。
2. spread ( spread , spread ) 延伸，展开，流传，传播，蔓延
In two years the city has quickly spread for ten miles to the north . 这两年里城市很快地向北延伸了 10 英里。
How terrible ! The forest fire spread quickly . 真可怕 ！火势很快地蔓延。
The story of these advanced workers spread quickly . 这些先进工人的事迹很快就传开了。
测试要点：
(1) 特别注意该词的过去式和过去分词形式。如：Word spread quickly about the accident .
(2) the spread of … “……的普及；……的传播；……的蔓延”。这里 spread 是名词。如：the spread of a disease 一种疾病的蔓延。the spread of education 教育的普及。
3. opposite 作形容词是“相反的，对面的，相对的”。作副词是“相反地，对面地”。作名词是“对面，相反，对立物”。注意该词的发音：[ ’Cp[zIt ]
It is strange that he should go in the opposite direction . 真奇怪，他朝相反的方向走了。
They sell things on the opposite side of the river . 他们在河的对面卖东西。
Right and left are opposites . 左和右是相对的。
Black and white are opposites . = Black is the opposite of white . 黑和白是对立物。
Hate is the opposite of love . 恨是爱的反义词。
测试要点：
(1) 辨析 opposite 与 contrary to
opposite 多指位置、方向、性质、结果的不同。表示处于讲话人对面时放于其后；表示一组相对事物中的一个时放在其前。如：the girl opposite对面的姑娘，live on the opposite side of the street 住街的对面，。contrary 表示与目的、行为、论据对立的含义，只用作表语。如：You deeds are contrary to the traffic rules . 你的行为是和交通规则背道而驰的。
(2) 该次还可以作介词。如：opposite the school 在学校的对面。/ The shop opposite the street belongs to me . 街对面的商店是我经营的。作介词时其后也可以加 to 。如：He smiles and sat down opposite to her . 他微笑着坐在她的对面。/ The direction opposite to north is south . 和北相反的方向是南。
C. 单元重点词组扫瞄
1. buy some more bricks 买更多的砖
some more + 可数名词或者不可数名词，意思是“更多的……；再……怎样”。如：
Will you have some more beancurd ? 你多吃点豆腐好吗 ？
This time I feel like borrowing some more magazines . 这次我想多借几本杂志。
2. make the surface smooth 让表面光滑
It is said that this cream will make your face smoother . 据说这种面霜会使脸部皮肤更光滑。
3. do some drawings 画些画
It is not right for a pupil to do some drawings on the wall . 小学生在墙上乱画不对的。
4. stop sb / sth (from) doing = prevent sb / sth (from )doing 阻止某人干……
注意：当 from 后是被动语态时，from 不要省。如：
No one can prevent / stop this plan from being carried out . 谁也不能阻止这个计划的落实。
We must stop these children (from) playing football in the street . 我们必须阻止孩子们在大街上踢足球。
5. put up a notice saying “Keep off”= put up a notice on which is written “Keep off”立一个上面写有“勿踩踏”的牌子
注意 keep off 在上下文中的不同意思有：避开，挡住，制止吃喝，不吃不喝……
Do be careful to keep off the dangerous dog . 务必躲开那条危险的狗。
After his illness the old man kept off noodles for a week .
The only way to get your weight down is to keep off fat . 减肥的唯一办法是不要吃肥肉。
Wet paint ! Keep off ! 油漆未干，请勿靠近 ！
6. do some studying 学点习
It is useful for you to do some studying in your spare time .
7. masses of 大量的，大批的（修饰可数或者不可数名词）
Can‘t you see I have masses of things to see to today ? 你没看到我今天有很多的事要处理吗？
I have masses of unanswered letters this week . 本周我有一大堆来信没有回。
The majority of us are worried about masses of homework on Sunday . 我们大部分都担心星期天的许多作业。
8. watch the news on television 看电视新闻
9. fix up an electric wire 安装电线
10. ring the building firm 给建筑公司打电话
11. as it is / was 事实上，既然如此，就目前这样子看，根据现在的情况看
As it is , we can hardly get to the station by 6 o’clock . 事实上，我们 6 点前是很难赶到车站的。
She agreed to buy the house as it is . 她同意照房子原样买下来。
I thought things would get better , but as it is they are getting worse and worse . 我原来以为情况会好转，但现在看来，情况是越来越恶化。
Don‘t do anything to make the situation worse ; it’s bad enough as it is . 不要再火上加油了，现在情况就够糟的了。
12. report on 对……进行报道
13. one‘s first visit to + 地点 “对……的第一次访问”。
He will never forget his first visit to China .
14. at war 处于战争状态，处于交战状态
At that time China was at war with Japan . 当时，中国正与日本交战。
注意这里介词 at 后没有冠词 the 。类似的表达还有：at desk 在工作，at table 在用餐，at work在上班，at sea 在海上，at + 名词
针对练习：
1) When he writes , he always keeps a dictionary （在手边）.
2) My family and I were ____ (吃饭) when somebody knocked at the door .
3) Don’t be nervous . Make yourself ____ (无拘无束) .
4) ____ (目前) I‘m very busy . Let’s discuss it sometime next week .
5) His manners are rough , but he is a kind man (在内心里) .
6) It‘s ten o’clock (晚上) .
7) He is （求学）in Paris , so I‘m afraid you can’t see him .
8) They had first met (在航海中) .
9) Wilma can play music (一见) .
10) (有时) I made mistakes when speaking English .
11) These nations were (在交战) but now they are (和好) .
12) You may come and go (随意地) .
13) Are your parents (在上班) ?
14) The baby weighed 8 pounds (在出生时) .
注意留心下列习语中的冠词有无，其意义不变：
at (the) worst 在最坏的情况下，at (the) least 至少，at (the) latest 最迟 ，at (the)most 最多
答案：1) at hand 2) at table 3) at home 4) At present 5) at heart 6) at night 7) at school 8) at sea 9) at sight 10) At times 11) at war , at peace 12) at will 13) at work 14) at birth
15. When he was in college , his college was at war . 当他上大学时，他的国家正处于战争状态。
16. fall to pieces 倒塌，解体，垮台，摔碎，身体垮下来
That ancient building was falling to pieces . 那座古建筑物正在倒塌。
After the deat