省略与替代
(一)并列句中的省略
在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:
Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.
(二)简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:
(You) Be seated, please.
2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:
(I)Thank you for your help. (谢谢你的帮助。)
(It)Doesn’t matter. (没关系。)
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:
(There is) No smoking. (禁止吸烟。)
(Is there) Anything else ?(还有其他事吗?)
(You come) This way, please. (请这边走)。
(Will you)Have a smoke ?(吸支烟?)
What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?(来一杯怎么样?)
Why(do you)not say hello to him ?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)
3.省略宾语。如:
-Do you know Miss Gao ?(你认识高小姐吗?)
-I don’t know(her). (我不认识。)
-Which of them is the better choice ?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)
-Well, it’s hard to tell(it). (哟,这很难说。)
4.省略表语。如:
-Are you thirsty ?(你渴吗?)
-Yes, I am(thirsty). (是的,我渴。)
5.同时省略几个成分。如:
-Are you feeling better now ?(你觉得好些吗?)
-(I am feeling)Much better(now). (好多了。)
-Have you finished your work ?(你完成工作了吗?)
-(I have)Not(finished my work)yet. (还没有。)
(I wish)Good luck(to you)!(祝你顺利!)
6.其他一些省略结构
1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:
We spent the weekend at the Blacks’.
2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。如:
What a wonderful victory(it is)for Wilma!
How wonderful(it was)to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad.
3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。
①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wish等后边。如:
I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.
②在have,need,ought,be going,,used等后。如:
I didn’t want to go there, but I had to.
③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:
-Will you join in the game ?
-I’d be glad to.
④否定形式的省略用not to。如:
-Shall I go instead of him ?
-I prefer not to.
⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,have been,通常保留be,have和have been。如:
-Are you a sailor ?
-No, but I used to be.
-He hasn’t finished yet.
-Well, he ought to have.
(三)复合句中的省略
1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省去。如:
This is the first time(when)he had trouble with the boss.
2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:
Tom was sad, but I don’t know why(he was sad).
3.状语从句中的省略现象
一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:
由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,even if,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,as if,as though 方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:
1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
①连词(as, as if, once) + 名词
Once(he was)a teacher, he now works in a government office.
②连词(though,whether,when) + 形容词
Work hard when(you are)young, or you’ll regret.
③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语
He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.
④连词(when,while,though) + 现在分词
While(I was)walking along the street, I heard my name called.
⑤连词(when,if,even if,unless,once,until,than,as) + 过去分词
The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.
⑥连词(as if,as though) + 不定式
He opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.
注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:
Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.
2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever) + 形容词的结构。如:
Unless(it is)necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.
另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有if + so/not省略句式。
Get up early tomorrow. If not(you don’t get up early),you will miss the first bus.
He may not be at home then, if so(he is not at home),leave him a note.
替 代
(一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作be afraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。如:
She was not angry at first, but became so(=angry)after a while.
-Is he the best student in the class ?
-I think so(=He is best student in the class. )
-I think not(=He is not the best student in the class).
(二)替代的应用
1.So可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等,则只能放在句首。如:
I believe(say, think…)so. =So I believe(say, think…).
-He is absent today.
-So I see(hear, notice).
2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如:
误:I doubt so.
正:I doubt it.
3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如:
误:Why do you ask so ?
正:Why do you ask that ?
4.do so一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。如:
She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.
-Alice feels better today.
-I think she does.
-So she does.
但不可说:I think she does so.
基础训练
1.(2003春季全国高考题)The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if________whether he was going in the right direction.
A.seeing B.having
C.to have seen D.to see
2.(2002全国高考题)Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,________ I will always treasure.
A.that B.one C.it D.what
3.I often think of my childhood,during________I lived on my uncle’s farm.
A.which B.when C.where D.who
4.-May I help you with some shoes,sir?
-Yes,I’d like to try on those white ________.
A.one B.ones C.two D.pair
5.Here are four choices,which do you think is the best________?
A.choices B.that C.ones D./
6.-What’s the difference between the first house and the second?
-The first one has a garage while the second has ________.
A.nothing B.none C.no one D.neither
7.-Have you ever been to Shanghai?
-________.
A.Not yet B.Haven’t
C.Yet not D.Still not
8.-Don’t forget to come to my birthday party.
-________.
A.I don’t B.I won’t
C.I don’t forget D.I won’t forget
9.-Be sure to get up earlier tomorrow morning.
-________.I’ll be as early as a bird.
A.OK.I will B.I’m afraid 1 can
C.Of course not D.No,I will
10.-What’s the matter with you?
-I didn’t pass the test,but 1 still ________
A.hope so B.hope to
C.hope it D.hope that
11.-Is she really ill?
-________.She’s in hospital.
A.I hope so B.I’m sure
C.1 don’t think so D.I’m afraid so
12.I am happy if you ________.
A.happy B.are C.will D.be
13.-I say it is your turn to be on duty today.
-________?
A.Mine B.I C.Myself D.Me
14.Don’t come in unless ________.
A.inviting B.inviting to
C.invited to D.being invited to
15.-I usually go there by train.
-Why not ________by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.try to go
C.to try and go D.try going
16.The doctor did what he could ________the boy,but in vain.
A.save B.to save
C.saving D.saved
17.He spent most of his spare time________novels.
A.to read B.reading
C.to reading D.for reading
18.All the girl want ________do is________stay at home and study hard.
A./;to B.to;to
C.to;/ D.either B or C
19.-Why did you take a taxi?
-I ________.I was late.
A.have to B.have to do
C.had to D.had to do
20.-Why didn’t you do your homework yesterday?
-But ________,sir.
A.I did so B.I didn’t do it
C.I didn’t forget D.I did do it
21.He is very famous here,so we had no trouble________him yesterday.
A.to find B.finding
C.found D.in founding
22.-How often do they give the concert?
-________.
A.For twice a month B.In twice a month
C.Twice a month D.Twice month
23.He is not ________his sister,but ________.
A.taller than;stronger B.so tall as;strong
C.taller than;is stronger D.as tall as;stronger
24.-You look happy today,Mary.
-I like my new dress and Mother ________,too.
A.likes B.does C.is D.do
25.-What do you think made Mary so upset?
-________ her new bicycle.
A.As she lost B.Lost
C.Losing D.Because of losing
26.-Who’s got all my money?
-He ________.
A.does B.is C.was D.has
27.The children are made________twelve hours a day.
A.to work B.work C.working D.worked
28.We often hear him________English songs.
A.to sing B.sing
C.singing D.to be singing
29.I’m very busy preparing for the exam,so I can’t help________the house work.
A.doing B.do C.did D.done
30.What doctors can do is________ people’s life.
A.save B.saving C.to save D.A or C
31.Although________to stop,he kept on working.
A.tell B.told C.was told D.having told
32.Ask him to take you home________possible.
A.at B.while C.if D.if they
33.The English book for kids is the best of its kind ________.
A.that has ever been made B.ever made
C.ever been made D.has ever been made
34.-Will Susan win the Nobel Prize this time?
-It is likely that she ________.
A.will B.does C.will do D.wins it
35.I prefer the climate of Kunming to________of Wuhan.
A.it B.one C.this D.that
36.-Mr.Black has just arrived.
-Really? ________.He didn’t accept our invitation.
A.I can’t imagine it B.1 don’t think so
C.I hope so D.I don’t believe him
37.They live on a busy main road.________ must be very noisy.
A.There B.It C.That D.They
38.We don’t go to the cinema as much as ________.
A.we used to go B.we used to do
C.used to D.we used to
39.Canada has a large area than________China.
A.that of B.the one of
C.it of D./
40.________,I’ll have a letter sent to your company.
A.If necessary B.If it were necessary
C.As I’m necessary D.Unless it is necessary
41.-Shall I invite Mike to my party?
-Yes,it will be nice if you ________.
A.do B.do invite
C.are D.invite
42.-Have you been here long?
-________.
A.No,not very B.Not much
C.Yes,only little D.No,only yesterday
43.-Do you follow me?
-Yes,________.
A.it is good B.I will
C.perfectly D.very good
44.Look out for cars________the street.
A.when crossed B.when crossing
C.if you crossed D.while you are crossing
45.She worked very hard________still rather poor in health.
A.though she B.although she
C.though D.although was
46.-Is the stamp very unusual?
-________.
A.Yes,very much B.Yes,it is so
C.Yes,very D.Yes,not very
47.-Can you climb that tree,my boy?
-________?
A.I B.Mine C.Myself D.Me
48.-Will you waste your time and money on that?
-Certainly ________.
A.I not B.no
C.won’t D.not
49.-What happened to the boy? He’s making so much noise.
-He wanted to play football,but his mother warned him ________.
A.not B.to
C.not to D.不填
50.-Shall I wake you up tomorrow morning?
-Yes,________.
A.please do B.you shall
C.you will D.you may
51.You have three children,but I have only two ________.
A.one B.ones
C./ D.child
52.-Mary said the lecture was boring.
-Yes,I said ________.
A.that B.this
C.the kind D.the same
53.-Alice,why didn’t you do it the day before?
-I ________,but I had an unexpected visitor.
A.had B.would
C.was going to D.does
54.-Do you need a new tie to go with your new suit,Mr.Smith?
-No.________.
A.I’m having plenty of ties
B.I have lots of ties to do it
C.I think I have several that will do
D.There are lots of ties to do it
55.-Are you a film star?
-________.
A.Yes,I was B.I used to be
C.I used to D.I’m used to
56.-I’ll be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my cat?
-Not at all.________.
A.I’ve no time B.I’d rather not
C.I’d like it D.I’d be happy to
57.-I’m going to dig it up.
-What ________?
A.with B.by C.at D.from
58.Frightened by the noise in the night,the girl did not dare ________in her room.
A.sleeping B.to sleeping
C.sleep D.slept
59.-They have done a good job.
-________.Let’s go to congratulate them.
A.So they have done B.So they have
C.So have they D.So is it
60.He smokes a lot.Does his father ________?
A.smoke so B.smoke that
C.do so D.did that
基础训练18 省略与替代
1~5 DBABD 6~10 BABAB
11~15 DBACD 16~20 BBDCD
21~25 BCABC 26~30 DABBD
31~35 BCBAD 36~40 ABDDA
41~45 AACBC 46~50 CDDCA
51~55 CDCCB 56~60 DACBC
【解析】
1.根据上下文,空白处为he wanted to see之省略。
2.one在这里代替moment,以避免重复。
5.此处既可不填直接用形容词最高级表示替代,也可在其后加一个one表替代。
6.此处用none表示第二套房没有车库之类的设施;而nothing表示什么也没有,显然语意不合。
7.现在完成时否定式的省略回答。
10.hope to pass the test之省略。
11.根据下文的回答用I’m afraid so表示“恐怕如此”之意。
12.if you are happy的省略。
13.Is it my turn(=mine) to be on duty today?的省略。
18.当主语部分中含有do这个动词时,不定式作表语可省掉to,也可不省。
19.I had to take a taxi的省略。
20.I did do it表示“我确实做了”。
25.所做的回答要能替换What在句中所起的作用。
27.make sb.do sth.在主动语态中do前没有to,但如果变成被动语态则必须加to。
29.这里的can’t help是“不能帮忙(做某事)”的意思,所以跟带to或不带to的原形动词;如果can’t help是“禁不住;情不自禁”之意,则后跟动词的-ing形式。
32.if it is possible的省略。
58.dare用作实义动词时,在否定句中,其后的不定式符号to可以省略。
责任编辑:李芳芳