情态动词和不定式完成式的用法详解
I.情态动词+不定式完成式结构的意义分类
表达意义的类别 情态
动词 具体意义 例句
推测
may
/might
当时有可能 Tom hasn’t come back yet. He may have missed the bus again.
Sorry I’m late. I might have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.
They might not have gone to the movies yesterday evening.
can
/could
当时可能 She can have failed again.
Jack can’t have arrived yet; otherwise he would have telephoned me.
My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he couldn’t have attended you lecture.
should
/ought to
当时比较可能 He set out early in the morning, so he should have arrived home by now.
They started at nine o’clock this morning. They oughtn’t to have arrived there by now.
will
/would
当时很可能 You will have heard the news, I’m sure.
The police would have gone through every room last night.
His brother would not have been elected as president.
must
当时肯定 I didn’t hear the phone. I must have been asleep.
The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday, didn’t they?
The minister must have arrived in Shanghai, hasn’t he?
They must have been very tired yesterday, weren’t they
需要 must 必须曾经 Any candidate for the job must have practiced for no less that three years.
情感(近似虚拟语气用法)
责备
不满
遗憾
might
mightn’t 本来可以/可能而实际没有;本来/可能可以不而实际做了 You might have been more careful
He might not have bothered her.
You are lucky enough. You might have been killed like that.
could 本来能够而实际没有 You could have come earlier.
---I didn’t go to class last night because my car broke down.
---you could have borrowed mine. I wasn’t using it.
should
shouldn’t
ought to /ought not to 本来应该而实际没有;本来不应该而实际做了 We should/ought to have studied last night, but we went to the concert instead.
They shouldn’t/ought not to have let you out of hospital so soon; otherwise, you would feel better.
needn’t 本来不必而实际做了 There was plenty of time. She needn’t have hurried.
We needn’t have watered the flowers for it is going to rain.
赞叹
惊奇
怀疑
should 当时居然 It’s wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years. (赞叹)
I can’t think why he should have said that; it wasn’t my fault. (惊奇)
To think that should have happened to me! (吃惊)
It is a pity that he should fail in such exam.
can
/can’t
could
/couldn’t 当时可能/不可能
当时居然 Can she really have behaved so badly? （惊奇、怀疑）
Tony can’t have done that, he hasn’t the strength.（怀疑）
I’m surprised that he could/should have left without telling a word.(吃惊、不满)
申辩 would 本来应该、愿意、打算 Oh, what a pity. I would have been so easy for me to bring those photographs. I wanted to show you but I’ve left them at the table at home.
I would have come to help you with your work yesterday, only I was rather busy.
I would have visited you but it rained yesterday.
虚拟（与过去事实相反） might 可能当时 Had he come earlier, he might not have missed the train.
If I were you, I might have bought that car.
could 当时能够、可能 Had you attended the meeting last night, you could have met her.
If she hadn’t learned English hard, she could not have passed the examination.
should 当时可能、应该、愿意 If I had met you yesterday, I should have told you about it.
If he were wise, he should have come to see me.
I should have joined you yesterday evening, only I have been rather busy.
would 当时很可能、愿意 If he had caught the first bus this morning, he would not have been late for class.
He would have come and worked together with us, but he was not here yesterday.
I ought to have done so sooner，it would have saved me numerous misfortune．
II.情态动词+不定式完成式结构的分类练习
can/could
1. Some women _____ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made
2.It is not like Jack to be unfriendly, so he _____ you when you called.
A. can’t have seen B. should not have seen C. must not have seen D. need not have seen
3. Bob_____ to Norfolk yet. He knows nothing about the place at all.
A. can’t have been B. mustn’t have been C. shouldn’t have been D. needn’t have been
4. ---I’m told that John had another car accident this morning.
---I believe not. He ____ so careless.
A. shouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t have been C. couldn’t have been D. mustn’t have been
5. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he _______ your lecture.
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended D. shouldn’t have attended
6. ---Did you go to the movie the day before yesterday?
---No, We ______, but we decided not.
A. should have gone B. could go C. should go D. could have gone
7. The room is in a terrible mess; it ________ cleaned.
A. can’t have been B. shouldn’t have been C. mustn’t have been D. wouldn’t have been
8. ---We didn’t see him on the exhibition yesterday.
---He ______ it.
A. mustn’t visit B. can’t have visited C. should have gone to see D. may see
9. Mary ______ may letter, otherwise she would have replied before now.
A. should have received B. has received C. couldn’t have received D. ought to have received
10. I _______ a little earlier, but I met a friend of mine on the way.
A. may come B. may have come C. could have come D. must have come
11. Under more favourable conditions, we ______ better.
A. need have done B. should do C. could have done D. might be doing
must
1. I have lost one of my gloves. I ________ it somewhere. （2005,北京，春招）
A. must drop B. must have dropped C. must be dropping D .must have been dropped
2．We’ve been waiting for hours to see the famous pop singer, but the airplane ________ behind the timetable.
A. must be B. will be C. would have been D. must have been
3. John’s sore in the test is the highest in the class; he ______ last nigh.
A. should study B. should have studied C. must have studied D. must have to study
4. Mary was not in her bedroom yesterday afternoon. She _______ in her classroom.
A. should have been B. must have been C. must be D. should be
5. Bob said he was going to join our club but he didn’t. He _______ his mind.
A. can’t have changed B. wouldn’t have changed
C. must have changed D. shouldn’t have changed
6. The road was muddy. It _____ last night.
A. must rained B. must have rained C. must be rained D. could have rained
7. He must have finished his homework, _____he?
A. mustn’t B. must C. needn’t D. hasn’t
8. He must have attended the meeting yesterday, _______he?
A. didn’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. hasn’t
should
1．We _____ for her because she never came.
A. needn’t wait B. mustn’t have waited C. shouldn’t have waited D. can’t have waited
2. I’m rather surprised you haven’t reported him to your teacher. In my opinion, you ____ this as soon as you found out he was cheating.
A. must have done B. might have done C. could have done D. should have done
3. ---We expected you yesterday.
---I’m sorry, I ______ you to say that I couldn’t be here until today.
A. must have called B. would be calling C. could have been calling D. should have called
4. I was really anxious about you. You ______ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
5.Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ______ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
6.Mr. White ______ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up.
A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
7. With all the work on hand, he ______ to the cinema last night.
A. mustn’t go B. shouldn’t have gone C. could not go D. couldn’t have gone
8. Eve was late for class again. She _______ earlier.
A. should get up B. must get up C. need to get up D. should have got up
9. I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I _____ .
A. had B. would do C. should have D. might have
10.--- They have not finished the work up to now.
--- Well, they ______.
A. should have B. should C. ought to D. ought have
11. Walking alone in the deserted village, John was scared. He thought he ______ Tom to go with him.
A. might have asked B. should asked C. must have asked D. should have asked
may/might
1. Research findings show we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we _____ during the day.
A. should have done B. would have done C. must have done D. may have done
2. Nobody knows how people first came to these islands. They _______ from South America on rafts.
A. must have sailed B can sail C. might have sailed D. should have sailed
3. It was really very dangerous; you _______ him seriously.
A. might have injured B. could injure C. should have injured D. must injure
4. --- Why hasn’t Jane arrived yet?
--- She ______ again in the morning.
A. shouldn’t have overslept B. may have turned off the alarm clock
C. must have no one to call her D. should have someone to wake her up
ought to
1.You _____ this morning if you really wanted to see it yourself.
A. ought to come B. may have come C. ought to have come D. could come
2. We ______ the letter yesterday, but it didn’t arrive.
A. must receive B. ought to receive C. must have received D. ought to have received
3. When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I ____ there earlier.
A. ought to get B. ought to have got C. must have got D. must get
4. He didn’t do well in the exam. He _______ hard at his lessons.
A. must have worked B. ought to have worked C. would have worked D. has worked
5. --- Mr. Young, everything is ready for the meeting.
--- I’m sorry. I ______ to tell you the meeting had been put off.
A. should phone. B. ought to have phoned C. need to phone D. should have been phoned
needn’t
1. As it turned out to be a small house party, we _____ so formally.
A. needn’t dress up B. didn’t have to dress up
C. might not have dressed up D. needn’t have dressed up
2.It was very kind of you to do the washingup, but you ____ it.
A. mustn’t have done B. wouldn’t have done C. mightn’t have done D. needn’t have done
3. You ______ all those clothes! We have a washing machine to do that sort of thing.
A. needn’t have washed B, shouldn’t have washed
C must not have washed D. can not have washed
4. You _______ to town to see the film yesterday. It will be on TV tonight.
A. needn’t go B. had better not go C. should not go D. needn’t have gone
would
1. Oh, what a pity. It ______ so easy for me to bring those photographs. I wanted to show you, but I’ve left them at the table at home.
A. would have been B. would be C. had been D. was
2. I ________ you a valuable present for your birthday, but I was short of money.
A. would have liked to give B. liked to give C. have liked to give D. would like to give
3. ---Why didn’t come to my party? I was so disappointed at your absence.
--- I’m very sorry. I ______ but I had a visitor at the last minute.
A. would like have B. would like to C. would like to have D. would like
4. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he _______ a goal.
A. had scored B. scored C. would score D. would have scored
5. ---Your sister nearly ______all her spare time to her course during the three years.
---That’s right, or she ________ the first place in her school in the 2000 College Entrance Examination.
A. spent; wouldn’t take B. devoted; wouldn’t have taken
C. hadn’t devoted; hadn’t taken D. hadn’t spent; couldn’t take
II.情态动词意义分类
可能推测 需要职责 请求许可
许诺 意图打算 意愿决心 能力才能 习惯倾向 功用(拟人)
辩解
注定
胆敢
can
could √
will
would √
would √
shall
should √
should √
ought to √√
have (got) to
must √
need
dare
used to
be to
1. shall 的用法。 shall 用作情态动词，主要用于疑问句中征求对方意见，意为“要不要”、“。。。好吗”：
Shall I get a chair for you?
What shall we do this evening?
2. should 的用法。 should 作为情态动词，主要表示“应该”：
You should study hard.
We should help him.
You should ask her first.
（1）有时表示“应该”，其实是一种推测，语气比 may, might 等表推测时要强：
The book should be interesting.
（2）有时用于第一人称的疑问句形式表示征求意见，与 shall 用法相似：
Should I open the window?
What should we do now?
（3）若用于谈论过去的情况，应用“should+have+过去分词”结构：
The train should have already left.
You should have told us earlier.
（4） 用于 should like / should love 可视为习语，意为“想要”，其后接名词、代词或不定式：
I should like you to stay here.
I should love to ask you a question.
Anthony
1 should的其他用法
A 当说话人对某种设想是否合理或正当提出疑问时，可把
should用于 can’ t think why／don’t know why／see no reason why：等后面：
I don’t know why you should think that I did it．
我真不知道你凭什么竟会认为这件事是我干的。
I see no reason why you should interfere in their quarrel．
我不明白你有什么理由竟然会介入他们的争吵。
当这种设想与过去的事情有关时则用完成式：
I can’t think why he should have said that it was my fault．
我真不明白他怎么能说这是我的过错。
B 作为一种惯用表达法，should与 what，where，who连用以形象生动地表达惊奇的感情：
What should I find but an enormous spider！
怎么也想不到我看见的竟是一只巨大的蜘蛛！
这种惊奇经常掺杂着令人为难的因素：
Who should come in but his first wife！
怎么也想不到进来的竟是他的前妻！
C should用在 lest后面，有时也用在 in case后面：
1 在书面语中，lest…should结构有时放在表示惧怕或担心的词后面：
He was terrified lest he should slip on the icy rocks．
他害怕在结冰的石块上滑倒。
对过去的动作表示担心时用should+完成式：
She began to be worried lest he should have met with some accident．
她开始担心他出了什么事。
2 lest也可用于目的从句，表示 for fear that（惟恐）：
He dared not spend the money lest someone should ask where he had got it．
他不敢花这笔钱，怕有人问他钱是从哪儿来的。
如上所示这是一种书面形式。
在这种情况下 in case较 lest更常用，后面可跟 should或一般现在时或一般过去时：
in case someone should ask／someone asked
惟恐万一有人问起（另参见第227节与第337节。）
D should 有时用于目的从句以代替 would／could：
He wore a mask so that no one should recognize him．
他戴了一个面罩，好让别人认不出他来。（参见第336节。）
E 在条件句中用should代替现在时态：
If the pain should return take another of these pills．
疼痛复发时，可再吃一片这些药。（参见第224节。）
F should 还用于颇为正式的间接命令，这种命令不一定是向对方直接发出的：
He ordered that Tom should leave the house．
他下命令叫汤姆离开这所房子。（参见第321节B。）
与下面一句比较一下：
He ordered Tom to leave．
他命令汤姆离开。（他亲自告诉汤姆。）
2 can 的用法大搜索
情态动词can有一定的词义,但不能独立存在,它必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词can没有人称和数的变化。其具体用法如下:
1. 表示“能、会”,指脑力或体力方面的“能力”。例如:
I can speak English. 我会讲英语。
Jim can swim but I can’t. 吉姆会游泳,但我不会。
2. 表示“可能”,常用于否定句或疑问句中,指某种可能性。例如:
Han Mei can’t be in the classroom. 韩梅不可能在教室里。
Can he come here today, please? 请问他今天能到这里来吗？
3. 表示“可以”,常用于口语中,指许可或请求做某事。例如:
Can I have a cup of tea, please? 请问我可以喝一杯茶吗？
You can go out. 你可以出去了？
补给站:
①can在口语中可以代替may,表示许可或可以。
②can’t在口语中代替mustn’t时,表示禁止或不准。例如:
You can’t play football in the street. 不准在马路上踢足球。
③情态动词can的过去式could,用于现在时,可使语气更委婉、更客气。例如：
Could you help me with my English? 你能帮助我学习英语吗？
情态动词can的基本句型
1. 肯定句型为:主语+can+动词原形+其它。例如:
They can play basketball. 他们能打篮球。
She can dance. 她会跳舞。
You can go to watch TV. 你可以去看电视了。
2. 否定句型为:主语+can not(can’t/cannot)+动词原形+其它。表示“某人不能(不会、不可能)做……”。其中can’t是can not的缩略式,英国多写成cannot。例如:
You cannot pass the ball like this. 你不能像这样传球。
I can’t ride a motorbike. 我不会骑摩托车。
3. 疑问句句型分为:一般疑问句句型和特殊疑问句句型两种类型
一般疑问句句型为:
Can+主语+动词原形+其它。表示“某人会(能、可以)做……吗？”,用于口语时,常表示请求或许可。其肯定答语用“Yes, 主语+can.”作答;否定答语用“No, 主语+can’t.”作答。注意答语中作主语的人称代词,应根据问句中的主语作相应的变化。其变化规则为:第一人称问,则第二人称答;第二人称问,则第一人称答;第三人称问,第三人称答。例如:
①-Can you sing an English song for us? 你可以为我们大家唱一首英语歌吗？
-Yes. 行。(注意在Yes后面常省略I can)
②-Can I skate? 我可以滑冰吗？
-Yes, you can. 可以。
③-Can she climb hills? 她能爬山吗?
-No, she can’t. 不,她不能。
特殊疑问句句型为:
a. Who+can+动词原形+其它。该句型中who相当于主语。例如:
-Who can sing in English in your class? 你们班上谁会用英语唱歌？
-Lily can. 莉莉会。
b. 特殊疑问词(作定语)+名词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用how many, how much等。例如:
-How many boats can you see in the river? 你能看见河中有多少只船吗？
-Only one boat. 仅有一只。
c. 特殊疑问词+can+主语+动词原形+其它。该句型中的特殊疑问词常用what, where, when等,一般用肯定陈述句作答。例如:
-What can you see in the picture? 你能在图画中看到什么？
-I can see some birds and two big trees in it. 我能看到一些鸟儿和两棵大树。
责任编辑：李芳芳