高中语法专项七
V-ing 分词
语法要点归纳：
V-ing分词兼有名词性和形容词性，因此它在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语、宾语补足语、定语及状语，但不能充当谓语。
V-ing分词的否定式由not或never+V-ing构成。
一、作主语
Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.
Watching too much TV will do harm to your eyes. Seeing is believing.
注：在部分句型中，用形式主语it代替，把真正的V-ing 主语放在后面。例如：
It’s no use /good doing sth做……没有用处/好处: It’s no use talking with them.
It’s no fun doing.
It’s worthwhile doing.
二、作宾语
1、 动词宾语
(1) 某些动词后只能用V-ing分词作宾语。常见的只能跟V-ing分词作宾语的动词有： mind, escape, miss, enjoy, practise, suggest, consider, keep, avoid, risk, finish, imagine, delay（拖延）, admit, appreciate, allow, ensure, excuse, favour, include, face, can’t stand /bear（不能忍受/容忍）, can’t help（禁不住要去做…）等。
Would you mind giving a talk today about DNA?
If the population keeps growing so quickly, there will only be standing room left for us next century.
(2) 在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.
(3) need, want, require, be worth doing sth 用主动式代替被动式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）这台洗衣机需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 这一点要提到。
This English novel is worth reading. 这本英文小说值得一读。
The situation in Russia required studying. 俄国形式需要研究。
2、 介词宾语
介词后面的动词需用现在分词，如与句子的主语为主动关系，则为介词＋doing，如是被动关系则应：介词＋being done.
However, most of the time, people from the two countries don’t have any difficulty (in) understanding each other.
He took along some of his pictures in the hope of getting a job there.
I went to the party without being invited. He is fond of playing football.
在某些带to的动词词组中，to是介词，后面要加sth或doing sth. 例如：
pay attention to注意 look forward to 期盼 lead to导致 on one’s way to在……道路上
get down to开始着手去做…… turn to转向 devote…to…（致力于……）
get /be /become used to（使……习惯于……） set down to（静下心去做）
adapt to (适应) stick to(坚持) be addicted to(沉迷于) owe…to ( 归功于)
另：
allow/permit/forbid
① allow/permit/forbid＋doing sth如果跟有动词直接用－ing形式。
② allow/permit/forbid sb to do sth.如后有sb作宾语，应用不定式形式。
③ sb be allowed / permitted/ forbidden to do ths（被动语态）
④ allow/permit/forbid sb’s /sb doing sth.后面接复合形式，sb’s 也可用其宾格。
三、作宾语补足语: 动词＋宾语＋宾补
作宾补的动词与宾语构成主动关系，其前的谓语动词多是感官动词和使让动词, 感官动词后面表示正在进行的动作，使让动词后面表示该动作持续一段时间。
可以带分词作宾补的动词：see, hear, watch, observe, notice, find, hear, think, feel, want, get, have, leave, keep等It could be very interesting to watch an Arab and an Englishman talking together.
He kept water running. Sorry to have kept you waiting a long time.
I see him playing basketball now.
注：1. 在see/hear/watch/feel/observe/have/listen to/ notice 等动词后，既可以用现在分词作宾补，也可用动词原形作宾补，但两者含义稍有不同。用现在分词作宾补指动作正在发生，用不定式作宾补表示动作的结果（即全过程结束了。）
2．with引导的复合宾语可以在句中多作状语，表示时间、条件、伴随、方式等。例如：
They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights burning.
四、作表语：表示主语的性质或特征
The real problem is getting all the materials ready before the end of this month .
Children are afraid of the stone figures in the temple which look so frightening .
This book is interesting. My job is teaching English.
五、作定语：
现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行的，并且与被修饰的名词是主动关系, 或表示所修饰名词的性质，或表示所修饰名词的用途=n+for+doing
有前置和后置两种情况。前置修饰语一般由一个单独的V-ing分词充当，后置修饰语通常由V-ing分词短语充当，其后常跟有其他成分（状语或宾语）, 相当于一个定语从句。
a walking stick=a stick for walking a falling leave=a leave which is falling
an interesting story=a story which is interesting
the woman standing there the woman wearing a red dress
六、作状语
V-ing分词短语作状语时，常使用逗号将它与句子前后部分隔开。作状语的V-ing分词在句中可表示时间、原因、结果、行为方式和伴随动作或情况等。
1)时间状语
Walking along the street, he met his old friend. =When he was walking along the street,he met his old friend.
Walking slowly across the grass, he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired.
总结：1。分词等于when,while,after引起的时间状语从句 2。在分词前可以加when,while,after.
3. 作状语用的分词如先于主句的谓语动词则用Having done, 或者带上after, 形式为After doing.
After Tom finished his work, he went out to play. = After finishing his work, Tom went out to play.
= Having finished his work, Tom went out to play.
2) 原因状语
Living in the country,we had few amusements. =As we lived in the country,we had few amusements.
总结：分词等于as,since,because引起的原因状语从句
3)条件状语
Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all. =If I know anything about it,I will tell you all.
总结：1、分词等于if引起的条件状语从句 2、有时可以在分词前加 if
4)让步状语
Buying a lot of books for the exam,he failed in it because of the learning method.
=Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam,he
总结：分词等于although,though,even if,even though引起的状语从句，常用于句首。
5)方式状语
They eat using their fingers. The sperm whale therefore has to look for the squid，using sound waves.
6)伴随状语
He sits there listening to the teacher .
Train in this country spend too much time stopped, waiting for other trains.
7)结果状语
It rained for two days, delaying our trip.
The fish have very sharp teeth; they can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones.
七、几点补充：
1．V-ing分词的逻辑主语
V-ing分词作主语时，其逻辑主语常用物主代词或名词所有格, 而作宾语时则也可以用宾格。
There are many reasons for animals / animals’ dying out.
Your/ Mary’s being late makes me very angry.
2．V-ing分词的体和语态的变化形式
I apologized to him for having kept him waiting.(完成主动式)
In many countries with sea coasts, human waste is piped directly into the sea without being treated. (一般被动式)
3．逻辑主语，否定式和语态并存时的排列次序为：one’s not having done sth…
责任编辑：李芳芳