高中语法专项八
V-ed分词
语法要点归纳：
V-ed分词一般表示被动和完成的意义。源自不及物动词的V-ed分词则表示主动的完成意义。V-ed分词只具有形容词性，在句中可充当定语，表语、宾语补足语、及状语。
一、作定语
过去分词作定语，表示已经完成的被动的动作或状态。也有少量不及物动词构成的过去分词只表示完成，而不表示被动意义。
例如： 完成+被动： a polluted river a locked room
主动的完成： a retired worker a fallen leaf boiled water
作定语的V-ed分词也有前置和后置两种情况
二、作表语
作表语的V-ed分词通常用于谓语动词BE或其他系动词之后（例如look，seem等），表示主语所处于的状态
The water in the river is polluted.
She looks very excited at the news.
三、作宾语补足语
如果宾语与后面作宾补的动词构成被动关系，则使用过去分词作宾补。可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有：see, hear, watch, observe, notice, find, think, feel, want, get, have, leave, keep, make, like, wish, expect, order.
有的作宾补的过去分词前可加上（to be）这主要在于引导宾补的动词通常可说v＋n＋to do sth, 其被动式为：v＋sth＋(to be) done.
如：tell/want/wish/expect/order…sb to do sth,则有：tell/want/ wish/expect /order…sth to be done.
例如：I want you to do the job. I want the job (to be) done by you.
When we talk with others, we make ourselves understood not just by words.
In the morning people woke up and found the world outside their houses completely changed.
注：感官动词后面的过去分词表示被动状态，使让动词后过去分词表示让别人做或被动动作
四、作状语
作状语的V-ed分词短语在它与句子主要部分之间常有逗号隔开，在句中可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随动作或情况等。
1) 时间状语
(When )Seen from space, the earth looks blue. = When the earth is seen from space, it looks blue.
After being finished, the work should be handed in.
While unfinished, he looked ugly.
(before / after引导的分句改为分词时before/after＋being＋done，指被动,因为此时分词前的before/ after再也不是连词了，而只能是介词了，而介词后只能采用V-ing作介词宾语。其它连词引导的分句，无论什么情况，连词的词性始终不变.)
总结：1. 分词等于when,while,after引起的时间状语从句
2. 在分词前可以加when,while,after.
2) 原因状语
Born into a poor family,he had only two years of schooling.
=As he was born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.
Moved by the story, they decided to help her.
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.
由于被大孩子打了鼻子，那个小男孩哭了。
总结：分词等于as,since,because引起的原因状语从句
3)条件状语
( If )Given more time,we are sure to finish it.=If we are given more time,we are sure to finish it.
Bitten by a snake, you should send for help and don’t walk .
= If you are bitten by a snake, you should…
总结： 1、分词等于if引起的条件状语从句
2、有时可以在分词前加 if
4)让步状语
(Though)Laughed at by everybody, he had my sympathy
=Though he was laughed at by everybody, he …
Although invited, he didn’t go to party.
总结：分词等于although,though,even if,even though引起的状语从句，常用于句首。
5)方式状语
The lichens came borne by storms. 这些地衣是暴风雨带来的。
Dr Watson and I will spend the night locked in your room.
五、补充：
1. 过去分词也有时态变化：
The question being discussed now is important, but the question discussed yesterday is more important.
(Do you know the question to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow?)
2. 动词seat的被动形式表示主动意思： seated = sitting
Be seated here, please.
Can you see the girl seated (=sitting ) at the back of the classroom?
责任编辑：李芳芳