被动语态
（一）简介
在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者；
被动语态（passive voice）表示主语是动作的承受者。
如：
Saddam is being tried（审判）. ______________
The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. ______________
More and more people use computers now. ________________
Computers are more and more widely used now. ________________
（二）英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异
汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。
（三）被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态；被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：
时态 动词形式
一般现在时 am/ is/ are given
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去将来时
现在完成时
过去完成时
被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号；
否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。
如：
“面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗？
“During the interview, ________________________________________”
“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”
“No, __________________________________.””
那家餐馆正在装修(decorate)吗？
___________________________________________?
那家餐馆没有在装修。
___________________________________________.
实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。
In fact ______________________________________.
（四）被动语态的用法
1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。
I felt a little nervous when I was being interviewed.
These fighters are imported from Russia.
That place has been turned into a swimming pool.
2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态
He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。
还有下列常用句型（that后面跟句子）：
据说 ________________________ 据报道 ___________________________
希望 ________________________ 人们相信 _________________________
据宣布 ______________________ 众所周知 _________________________
已经决定 ____________________ 人们认为 _________________________
有人建议 ____________________ 务必记住 _________________________
被视为当然 __________________
（五）主动句变被动句的注意事项
一、________________不能改变；
二、变为被动语态后，谓语动词要和________________ 在人称、数上保持一致。
还要作如下变动：
1. 把主动语态的_________变为被动语态的_____________；
2. 主动语态的主语放在介词 ________ 的后面，组成介词短语，再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。
3. 在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时，by短语可以省略。
They will open a new supermarket there soon.
A new supermarket will be opened there soon.
The doctor gave two lectures in English.
Two lectures were given by the doctor in English.
Somebody has warned us to be careful of rats.
We have been warned to be careful of rats.
4. 如果主动语态有两个宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），变为被动语态时，可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语，另一个不变。
The reporters asked the president some questions.
The president was asked some questions by the reporters.
Some questions were asked the president by the reporters.
（六）含有情态动词的被动语态
句中含有情态动词时，其被动语态的结构是：____________________
The timetable can be changed any time.
This book may not be taken out of the reading room.
This dictionary must be taken good care of.
（七）不能用于被动语态的动词
1、不及物动词不能用于被动语态，因为它们没有宾语。
2、表示状态而不是动作的及物动词，如 break out, belong to, cost, deserve, fit, have ( 有、使)，hold (盛下、装下)，lack, resemble, suit, take part in, take place, want, wish等动词不能变为被动语态。例如：
Everybody wanted Doris to be the manager.
We like everybody to say what they think.
Do you wish me to stay？
Will you help me (to) do the work?
The war broke out in 1937.
This car belongs to me.
He has a good job.
They have a large house.
I’ll have him come early.
Though I like the dress, it doesn’t fit me.
We lack manpower at the moment.
My computer cost me seven hundred and ninety dollars.
She resembles her father.
（八）关于被动语态的几点说明
1、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：
They made him go.
He was made______________.
I heard him say good-bye to his friends.
He was heard _______________________.
2、除助动词be外，动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态，是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:
I got lost in the huge market.
You might get killed/ hurt.
In the end this story got translated into English.
His car got damaged in a road accident.
3、在need, want, require后面，主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思：
My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned)
Your garden needs watering. (=_______________________)
Does your suit require pressing, sir?
(=_______________________)
The car wants servicing. (=_______________________)
（九）练习
1、将下列句子变成被动语态：[主要步骤是：把原句的宾语变成主语（代词宾格要变成主格）；把原句的谓语动词变成被动形式（注意：时态不变，新谓语动词与新主语要一致，疑问句要注意助动词的转换）。复合句中如有可能主句和从句都要变成被动语态。]
1）He gave me a present.
2）My sister made the soup.
3）The workers could not find the manager anywhere in the factory.
4）The army engineers and soldiers have built a bridge over the river.
5）The police will surely arrest the thieves.
6）My brother will repair my bike for me.
7）You must clean your watch once a year.
8）I didn’t tell you Xiao Wang could do the job.
9）I cannot find my dictionary. Someone has taken it.
10）She cannot find her bag. Someone must have taken it.
11）The pupils asked the teacher to tell a story.
12）The Association asked Mr. Green to make a speech.
13）The government is sending him abroad.
14）He told me to wait here for him.
15）Mr. Hopkins has found his wallet.
16）The workers themselves invented the new machine.
17）They set up this hospital in 1950.
18）Tom broke the window.
19）Did you write the letter?
20）They do not make this kind of watches in Beijing.
21）People call him Little Old Man.
22）John answered all the questions.
23）The farmer was ploughing the field.
24）People speak English in almost all the countries of the world.
25）The wind blew the clouds away.
26）We shall paint the room.
27）Must I do all the exercises on my own?
28）I am going to ring Tom up.
29）Everyone expects that he will win.
30）Did you finish your composition in class?
31）Do you wash your clothes very often?
32）Have they paid you the money?
33）Mr. Wang gave us an English lesson.
34）He told his brother the news.
责任编辑：李芳芳