非谓语动词复习要点
一． 非谓语动词功能比较表
主语 表语 宾语 宾补 定语 状语
动名词 V V V X V X
不定式 V V V V V V
现在分词 X V X V V V
过去分词 X V X V V V
二． 非谓语动词的否定式、复合结构
1、谓语动词的否定式为：not+非谓语动词（not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分not +过去分词）
2.不定式的复合结构为：of/for+to do注：若其前的形容词为情感形容词当nice,kind,wrong,wise,clever,stupid,foolish,brave,naughty,careless,careful,nice,good,natural,strange,honest,polite,impolite,rude,thoughtful,cruel等；介词宜用of；若其前的形容词为hard,necessary,impossible,possible,expensive,useful,dangerous,bad,interesting,exciting,important,easy等非情感形容词时，介词宜用for。动名词的复合结构为：形容词性物主代词sb/sb’s+doing(若该结构不位于句首作主语也可用“名词或宾语+doing”来表示。例如：
His not coming to school on time made his teacher angry.
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
不定式 时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
动名词 时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
分词 时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
二、 非谓语动词用法比较
（一）作主语比较：
1、位于句首常用动名词作主语。例如:Learning English well is a must for middle school student.
2、It作形式主语时，非情感形容词或名词作表语时常用不定式作真正主语；若useless, nouse, no good作表语时，常用动名词短语作真正主语。例如：It’s no usee crying like a child for you.
3、不定式短语或动名词短语用语俚语、成语中作主语时，要遵循上下文的一致性原则。例如：To do is better than to say.=Doing is better than saying.
To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.
(二)作表语比较：
1． 动名词作表语时，说明主语的性质，回答What的问题。例如：
-What is his job? -His job is teaching.
2． 不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，常表示将来的动作。例如：
When Einstein was still quite young, his wish was to become a physicist.
3.分词作表语时，说明主语的状态，回答How的问题。现在分词作表语表示“令人。。。。。。的”的意思；过去分词作标语，或表示“感到。。。。。。的”的意思，或表示一个已经发生了的动作。例如：The news is exciting. We are excited at the exciting news.The water is polluted.
(三)作宾语比较：
1、只跟不定式作宾语的及物动词：pretend,hope,expect,desire,agree,demand,hesitate,afford,fail,set out,beg,bother,long,plan,decide,determine,manage,intend,promise,refuse,wish,hate,offer,learn,
2.appreciate,avoid,admit,advise,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,mind,miss,permit,practise,pardon,recall,forbid,stop,suggest,risk,resist,imagine,understand等之后只能跟动名词作宾语。
3.后跟动名词作宾语的动词词组：give up,keep on,succeed in,look forward to,feel like,insist on,set about,oppose to,hear be fond of,be engaged in,be afraid of,thank sb for…,prefer…to…,prevent/stop/keep /save…from…,leave off,put off,can’t stand,be(get)used to,be worth,be busy,be successful in,devote …to, stick to,spend/waste…(in) …,have trouble/difficulty (in),think of,dream of,object to,How/Whaat about…?,It’s no use/good/need…,There’s no good/need…,get down to admit to, prefer…to, be used to, lead to, devote oneself to, object to, stick to, be busy look forward to (to为介词), no good, no use, It's worth…, can't help, It's no use /good, be capable of, be proud of, think of / about, hold off, put off, keep on, insist on, count on / upon, set about, be successful in, good at, take up, give up, burst out, prevent … from… 等。
4.1)remember/forget/regret +to do sth/doing(having done)sth 2).mean to do sth/doing
3).try to do sth/doing sth.4).go on to do sth/doing sth.
5).stop to do sth/doing sth6).can’t help doing sth/to do sth
5.need,require,want等动词表示“需要”时，后跟不定式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
（四）作宾补比较：
1、ask/tell/want/help/would like/allow/permit/advise/persuade/encourage/wish/expect sb (not) to do sth.
2、let/make/have/hear/listen to/notice/watch/see sb do sth
be made/heard/listened to/noticed/watched/seen to do sth.
3.keep sb doing sth./get the car/bus starting/send sb /sth. doing
4.have sb do sth,have sb. doing sth./have sb. done
5.see/hear sb doing sth./do sth
6.make oneself done(understood/heard/noticed/recognized)
7.find the door/windows open/closed/locked
8.find sb. seated/dressed;find stp. changed/polluted.
9.have sth（活）. doing/have sth（死）. done/ get sth（死）. done
10. get sb to do sth./get sth.(活) doing. /get sth.（死） done
11．Sb have sb/sth. left. There be sb/sth left.
(五)作状语比较
1、不定式在句中只能作条件或结果状语（只能和…enough,too…,heavy,light,difficult,hard,easy等形容词或副词连用。）
2、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语系句子的主语。如果逻辑主语与分词呈逻辑上的主谓关系，须用现在分词作状语；若逻辑主语与分词呈逻辑上的动宾关系，须用过去分词。分词在句中可作条件、时间、方式、伴随、让步、（自然而然的）结果、原因、比较等状语。
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
3、如果句子的主语不是分词的逻辑主语时，则不能用分词作状语，而用独立主格结构（主语+分词；主语+介词短语；with+宾语+介词短语）试比较：
Book in hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
A book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.
There being no bus left at night, they had to walk home.(Because there was no bus left at night,….)
4、分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道
strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从…判断
all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来
Judging from his face, he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. (speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)
5、逻辑主语问：分词作状语的逻辑主语是句子的主语；分词作定语的逻辑主语是被修饰的名词；分词作宾补的逻辑主语是其宾语。
（六）作定语比较
1、动名词作前置定语，说明所修饰的名词的功能或用途。（a sleeping car,a swimming pool,, a writing paper）
2、不定式作后置定语，说明所修饰的名词的动作的未来性，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
A plan/law/way to do sth.
3、单个分词作前置定语，分词短语作后置定语，说明所修饰的名词的状态。表示正在进行或主动的动作或“令人。。。。。。的”意思，常用现在分词；表示已经发生或被动的动作或“感到。。。。。。的”意思，常用过去分词作定语。注意:polluted,enjuried,dressed,seated,broken,killed等只有过去分词，而没有现在分词。
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written (=which is written )
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A.speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
试比较：
The big building _________(build) over there recently will be the highest one in our city.
The big building _________(build) last year is the highest one in our city.
历年高考非谓语动词真题再现
(86)26. Tell him_____ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut
(86)27. Only one of these books is__________.
A. worth to read B. worth being read C. wroth of reading D. worth reading
(86)28. He had his leg_____ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
(86)29. I can't imagine_____ that with them.
A. do B. to do C. being done D. doing
(87) 30. Most of the people_____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
(87)31. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _____.
A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch
(87)32. Though he had often made his little sister_____, today he was made_____ by his little sister.
A. cry; to cry B. crying; crying C. cry; cry D. to cry; cry
(87)33. They would not allow him_____ across the enemy line.
A. to risk going B. risking to go C. for risk to go D. risk going
(88)34. She didn't remember_____ him before.
A. having met B. have met C. to meet D. to having met
(88)35. They knew her very well. They had seen her_____ up from childhood.
A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
(89)36. Do you know the boy_____ under the big tree?
A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying
(89)37. Go on_____ the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A. to do B. doing C. with D. to be doing
(89)38.There was terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
(89)39. "What do you think of the book?""Oh, excellent. It's worth_____ a second time."
A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
(89)40. She pretended_____ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen
(89)41. "Good morning. Can I help you?""I'd like to have this package_____, madam."
A. be weighed B. to be weighed C. to weigh D. weighed
(89)42. _____ your coat at once. We must hurry.
A. Wear B. Wearing C. Put on D. Putting on
(90)43. Most of the artists_____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
(90)44. _____ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
(90)45. She reached the top of the hill and stopped_____ on a big rock by the side of the path.
A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
(90)46. Last summer I took a course on___________.
A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made
(91)47. The murderer was brought in, with his hands_____ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
(91)48. The secretary worked late into the night, _____ a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
(91)49. I can hardly imagine Peter_____ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
(91)50. --The light in the office is still on. --Oh, I forgot_____
A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
(91)51. John was made_____ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing
(92)52. Little Jim should love _____ to the theatre this evening.
A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking
(92)53. --I usually go there by train. --Why not_____ by boat for a change.
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
(92)54. I would appreciate______ back this afternoon.
A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. you're calling
(92)55. There're so many kinds of tape- recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind_____ to buy.
A. what B. which C. how D. where
(92)56._____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
(93)57, "Can't you read?" Mary said_____ to the notice,
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C .angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
(93)58.How about the two of us_____ a walk down the garden?
A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking
(93)59. The computer centre, _____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
(93) 60. Charles Babbage is generally considered _____ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
(94)61. --I must apologize for_____ ahead of time. --That's all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
(94)62, The missing boys were last seen_____ near the river.
A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
(94)63.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
(94)64. The first textbooks_____for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
65.--You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting: --Well, now I regret_____ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
(95)66. Paul doesn't have to be made_____. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
(95)67. We agreed_____ here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
(96)68. The patient was warned______ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
(96)69. ______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
(97)70. I would love______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
(97) 71. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
(97)72. -- Alice, why didn't you come yesterday?-- I______, but I had an unexpected, visitor.
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
(97)73. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to
(98)74. _____ it with me and I'll see what I can do.
A. When left B. Leaving C.If you leave D. Leave
(98)75. Cleaning women in big cities usually get______ by the hour.
A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
(98)76. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
(99)77. Robert is said_____ abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
(99)78. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _____ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. DO not make
(99)79. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door___ "Sorry to miss you; will call later."
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
(2000)80. I've worked with children before, so I know what______ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
(2000)81. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see______ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
(2001)82. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
(2002)83. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002)84. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002上海)85. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving______ their products more competitive.
A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made
(2002上海)86. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster_____ if a mirror was broken.
A. was sure of striking B. was sure of having struck
B. C. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike
(2002上海)87. Though______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
(02上)88. Don't use words, expressions, or phrases_______ only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
(2002上海)89. ______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
(2002春招)90. Prices of daily goods______ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying
(2002上海春招)91. In some parts of London, missing a bus means______ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
(2002上海春招)92. When_____, the museum will he open to the public next year.
A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed
(2002北京)93--How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?
--The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand _______ by the customers.
A. to solving; making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; made
(2002广东)94. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains______ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
(2002广东)95. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows______.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it
(2002广东)96. The research is so designed that once______ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
(2003全国)97. The teacher asked us______ so much noise.
A. don't make B. not make C. not making D. not to make
(2003全国)98. ______ time, he'll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given
(2003上海)99. The discovery of new evidence led to______.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
(2003上海)100. Generally speaking, ______ according to directions, the drug has no side-effect.
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
(2003上海)101. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered_______ clear warnings before firing any shots.
A. to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued
(2003上海)102. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars_______ road conditions need______.
A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving
(2003北京春招)103. --Why did you go back to the shop? --I left my friend______ there.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. waits
(2003北京春招)104. The manager,______ his factory's products were poor in quality, decided to give his workers further training.
A. knowing B. known C. to know D. being known
(2003北京春招)105. The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if _______ whether he was going in the right direction.
A. seeing B. having seen C. to have seen D. to see
106. Don't be discouraged. ______ things as they are and you will enjoy every day of your life.
A. Taking B. To take C. Take D. Taken
(2003上海春招)107. Friendship is like money: easier made than ____.
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
(2003上海春招)108. ______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president's attending
(2003上海春招)109. Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.
A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited
(2003上海春招)110. Site will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role______ in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing
(2004广东) 111.________ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
(2004天津) 112.Don't leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
(2004浙江) 113.Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ________ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
(04全国III) 114.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures________ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed
(04全国II) 115. When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.
A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced
(04全国II) 116."We can't go out in this weather," said Bob, ________ out of the window.
A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked
(04全国IV) 117.It shames me to say it, but I told a lie when ________ at the meeting by my boss.
A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned
(04全国IV) 118.Alice returned from the manager's office, ________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A. having told B. tells C. to tell D. telling
(04辽宁) 119.I don't know whether you happen ________ , but I'm going to study in the U.S.A. this September.
A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard
(04江苏) 120.The old man, ________ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
(04北京)121.________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
(04福建)122.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________ the exam.
A. pass B. to pass C. passed D. passing
(04辽宁)123.________ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm.
A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted
(04上海)124.The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused
(04上海) 125.The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt
(04上海) 126.The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
(04上海)127.Having been attacked by terrorists, ________ .
A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
(04全国III)128.Helen had to shout ________ above the sound of the music.
A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear
C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard
历年高考非谓语动词真题再现KEYS:
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3l. CA AAA 36. DABCA 41. DCAAC 46. ADBCC 51. AADCB 56. CACDC
61. BACDC/D 66. BCCCB 71.CCDDC 76.AABDB 81.CABCA 86.DCDCB
91.AABBC 96.DDDCB 101. AAAAD 106.CADAB 111C B B C B
116 A C D DD 121. C. D. B. C B 126 A. B D
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