语法和词汇考点详解----主谓一致
【命题依据】 主谓一致是历年高考试题中的主要测试点之一，它主要以单项填空的形式来测试语法形式上一致的原则，语言内容上一致的原则，谓语与毗邻主语一致的原则，同时还涉及动词时态、语态和修饰等。由于汉语中没有主谓一致问题，所以，有时，我们很难把握这一语法现象。尽管近几年全国高考对主谓一致这一语法现象的考查的频率不高，但在今后的高考试题中还是不可避免的。我们在注意掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时，要特别注意语言内容上一致的原则，分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、主语从句等用作主语的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。
[例题1]-How did your students express their thanks to you on Teachers’ Day?
-A gift, together with many flowers ____ sent to me by my students.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意当主语后面带有with等介词短语时谓语动词与主语在人称和数上的一致关系。
【答案解析】题干中句子的主语是A gift ，介词短语together with many flowers在句中用作状语，故谓语动词应用单数形式，因动作已在过去发生，故用一般过去时。答案C。
[例题2]-Mike, what did our monitor say just now?
-Every boy and every girl as well as teachers who ____ to visit the museum ___ asked to be at the school gate before 6∶30 in the morning.
A. is; is B. are; are C. is; are D. are; is
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理解题干结构，把握以every, no, each 等限定的并由and连接的两个并列名词用作主语时的主谓一致以及定语从句中的主谓一致。
【答案解析】该题为一个带有定语从句的复合句，句中作定语的关系代词who指代先行词teachers，为复数，故谓语动词该用are； as well as连接两个主语时，谓语动词要根据前一个主语决定；由 every, no, each 等限定的并由and连接的两个并列名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。答案D。
[例题3] Children under sixteen are not permitted to see such kind of films ___ bad for their mental development.
A. that is B. that are C. as is D. as are
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确判断such...that与 such...as 引导从句的区别以及以kind of构成的短语作主语时主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】分析句子意思及句子结构，该句为such...as引导的定语从句，不属 such...that 引导的结果状语从句，故排除选项A、B；在 kind of +名词作主语时，其谓语动词要与kind保持一致，故该句中谓语动词用单数。答案C。
[例题4]-What’s your favorite in your spare time, Jack?
-Writing stories and articles ____ what I enjoy most.
A. is B. was C. were D. are
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意把握动名词、不定式以及主语从句用作主语时的主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】分析句子意思可知，该题是"动名词+名词复数"作主语，在这一结构中，谓语动词应由动名词决定，"写小说和文章"是强调"写作"这一概念，为单数形式，表示现在的状态。答案A。
[例题5]-Are the new machine working?
-Yes. Three million tons of coal ____ exploited every year in the city.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意不可数名词被表示"数量、容量单位的复数名词+of"限定，用作主语时的主谓一致的运用。
【答案解析】句中coal（煤）为不可数名词，被 three million tons of限定，在句中作主语。这时，句子谓语动词的数应与 of 短语中表示"数量"的名词"tons"一致，故要选复数形式的谓语动词。根据句子意思，选项部分为一般现在时的被动结构，选项 C、D都是主动语态结构。答案 B。
[例题6] I have finished a large part of novel written by Dickens, the rest of which ____ very difficult.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意句中关系代词which所指代的名词。
【答案解析】根据句子意思可知，句中关系代词which所指代先行词 novel为一整体概念的名词，应视为单数，说明代词 the rest为 novel的部分，也应该视为单数形式，故句子的谓语动词为单数形式，强调现状，用一般现在时。答案 A。
[例题7] The great writer and professor ___, who ___ very strict with his students.
A. is an old man; is B. are both old men; are
C. is an old man and a young man; is D. are two Chinese; are
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意区别由and连接的两个可以兼类的名词作主语时的主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】句中and连接的两个名词为可以兼类的表示人的职业的名词，当两个名词前被一个冠词限定时，应视为单数，表示一个人，当两个名词前分别有冠词限定时，应视为复数，表示两个人；根据句子结构，定语从句中的关系代词who指代的先行词就是前面的单数名词，故定语从句也应为单数形式。答案 A。
[例题8] A large number of students in our school from the countryside; the number growing these years.
A. is; has been B. are; has been
C. is; have been D. are; have been
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意a number of 和the number of 后接名词复数作主语时的主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】a number of意思为"许多"，后接复数名词作主语时，应视为复数，谓语动词要用复数形式； the number of后接复数名词，意思为"……的数量"，表示单数意义，谓语动词要用单数形式。答案B。
[例题9] What the remote areas need ____ education to children and what the children need ____ good textbooks at the moment.
A. is; are B. are; is C. was; were D. were; was
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意由特殊疑问词what引导的主语从句作主语时的主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】一般情况下，what引导主语从句，常表示单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式，但当它所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词要用复数形式。该题强调现在，用一般现在时态。答案A。
[例题10] There ____ a table, four chairs, three bikes in the courtyard, in the middle of which ____ two tall trees with great shade.
A. are; is B. is; are C. has; have D. have; has
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确判断there be结构中地点状语前置的主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】在there be句型结构中，如果有两个或两个以上的名词位于 there be之后，用作句子的主语时，be动词的单复数应与最靠近它的名词保持一致，故第一空选 is；第二空为地点状语前置，选项后的名词为句子的主语，为复数名词，故谓语动词要用复数形式。选项 C、D均为结构错误。答案 B。
[例题11] The Arabian Nights ____ well瞜nown all over the world, in which many a story ____ interesting and instructive.
A. is; are B. are; is C. are; are D. is; is
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意把握以复数形式出现的书名、人名、国名等专有名词用作主语以及"many a+单数名词"用作主语时的主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】题干中the Arabian Nights为书名，形式上是复数，但谓语动词要用单数形式；如果主语名词被 many a限定，从意义上看为复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。答案D。
[例题12] The young ____ eaten up almost everything; one and a half bananas ___left on the table.
A. is; are B. are; is
C. has; have been D. have; has been
【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意有些形容词前加上the以后表示一类人用作主语以及 "one+and a half +复数名词"用作主语时的主谓一致关系。
【答案解析】第一空the young 意思为"年轻人"表示复数意义，故谓语动词要用复数形式，且用主动语态；第二空 "one + and a half +复数名词"，常视为单数意义，谓语动词用单数形式，且用被动结构，选项B第一空为被动结构，不符合句子意思。答案 D。
责任编辑：李芳芳