第一章 英语动词时态
Tenses
英语时态是英语语法中的第一首难关，攻下此难关是作文、阅读、口语之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的不同变化形式表达时态。
一、 英语各种时态构成表：以play为例：
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 play is has has
plays am playing have played have been playing
are
过去 played was had played had been playing
were playing
将来 shall shall shall shall
will play will be playing will have played will have been playing
过去 should should should should
将来 would play would be playing would have played would have been playing
二、一般现在时：
1. 构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
(1) 直接加 “s”，works, takes
(2) 以辅音加 “y” 结尾，变 “y” 为 “i”, 再加 “es”
carry → carries
(3) 以 “o, s, x, ch, sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
2. 功能：
(1) 表现在的事实、状态或动作：
eg：. Birds fly.
. She loves music.
. Mary’s parents get up very early.
(2) 表习惯性动作或职业，常与 often, sometimes, usually, always, every week, seldom, occasionally, frequently 等时间副词连用。
eg：. I always take a walk after supper.
. She writes to me very often.
. Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picenic occasionally.
(3) 表客观真理，格言警句或事实：
. The earth moves round the sun.
. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
. Two and two makes four.
. No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。
(4) 表将来：
A. 在由 when, after, before, as, as soon as, although, because, if, even if, in case, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。 （黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！）
例如：
. I’ll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
. Even if it rains this afternoon, I’ll meet you.
. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不错的句型，背下！！）
. I’ll be right here waiting for you wherever you go. （很感人的句型！）
B. 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
. The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
. When does the plane take off?
. He leaves for that city next week.
. According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）
测试精编：
1. The Browns _______ a nice car and brown’s brother _______ a nice jeep.
A. have/have B. has/has C. have/has D. has/have
2. If their house _______ not like ours, what _______ it look like?
A. is/is B. is/does C. does/does D. does/is
3. _______ you think he will come?
If it _______ tomorrow, he will not come.
A. Do/rains B. Are/rains C. do/will rain D. Are/will rain
4. The little child _______ not even know that the moon _______ around the earth.
A. do/move B. do/moves C. does/moves D. did/moved
5. Many a student _______ fond of films, but a good student seldom _______ to the cinema.
A. are/goes B. is/goes C. are/go D. is/go
二、现在进行时： is/am/are +现在分词
1. 表示现在正在进行的动作。如
. The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea?
. Don’t you think you eat too much? You’re putting on weight. (体重增加)
. The workers are building a new bridge across the reiver.
2. 表示现阶段正进行的动作。
. He is taking physics this semester. （本学期）
. We are preparing for our final examination this week.
3. go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于进行时态时表示 即将开始的动作。
. Look! The bus is coming. 看！车来了！
. The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
. Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
4. 与 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶。
. He is always thinking of others.（他总是想着别人。）
. The boy is continually making noises. （这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）
. The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late. （老师一直在批评她迟到。）
5. 下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
（此条戒律请背10遍！！！）
believe（相信），doubt（怀疑），see（看见），hear（听见），know（知道）
understand（理解），belong（属于），think（认为），consider（认为），feel（觉得）
look（看起来），seem（看上去），show（显示），mind（介意），have（有）
sound （听起来），taste（尝起来），require（要求），possess（拥有），care（关心）
like（喜欢），hate （讨厌），love（喜爱），detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）
【简单记忆】：
● 永远不要说 I’m believing…或 He is seeing a house. 再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加 –ing.
● 可怕的是：我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！
● 注意：have a party / think about 可以用进行时，因为这里have 意为“举行”；think 意为“考虑”。
测试精编：
1. How can you _______ if you are not _______?
A. listening/hearing B. hear/listening
B. be listening/heard C. be hearing/listening to
2. The girl even won’t have her lunch before she _______ her homework.
A. will finish B. is finishing
C. had finished D. finishes
3. Those who have applied for the post（职位）_______ in the office. （此题超前）
A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing
C. interviewing D. to be interviewing
4. The old scientist _______ to do more for the country.
A. is wishing B. has been wishing
C. wishes D. has been wished
5. If he _______, don’t wake him up.
A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping
C. still has been sleeping D. will be sleeping still
三、一般过去时。定义动词的过去式：
1. 表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
. We visited the school last spring.
. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
. China was founded in 1949.
2. 表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。（参）
. She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.
. They would not lave until she came back.
. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.
3. 一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异：（别以为这很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）● Her brother was a chemist. （已去世）
● Her brother is a chemist. （尚健在）
● That’s all I had to say. （话已说完）
● That’s all I have to say. （言之未尽）
● It was so nice to see you. （离别时用）
● It is so nice to see you. （见面时用）
● Jane did a lot of work this morning. （已是当天下午或晚上）
● Jane has done a lot of work this morning. （仍是上午）[本句现在完成时，此乃后话！]
测试精编I：（用所给动词的正确形态填空）。
1. Yesterday I _______ (think) that you were not in Beijing.
2. Alice usually _______ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she _______ (sit) at the back this morning.
3. He _______ (tell) the news to us three days ago.
4. He _______ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
5. She would not telephone me if she _______ (have) no time.
测试精编 II：
1. They _______ the trip until the rain stopped.
A. continued B. didn’t continue
C. hadn’t continued D. would continue
2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _______ of hunger and cold. (without 在这里表示条件，你知道吗？)
A. would die B. will die C. would be dead D. would have died
3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth _______ around the sun.
A. moved B. has moved C. will move D. moves
4. When all those present （到场者）_______ he began his lecture. （重点题)
A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated
5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact _______ not.
A. have B. would have C. had D. had had
四、过去进行时：were/was+现在分词。
1. 表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
. I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
. When I arrived, they were watching TV.
. They were doing housework this time last week.
2. 用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
. She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
. I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast.
3. 过去某时将发生的事。 可参考 2(4)
. They told me that they were leaving for New York.
. He was going out when I arrived.
测试精编：
1. My brother _______ while he _______ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell/was riding B. feel/were riding
C. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding
2. He _______ his leg as he _______ in a football match.
A. broke/played B. was breaking/was playing
C. broke/was playing D. was breaking/played
3. My father will be here tomorrow.
I thought that he _______ today
A. was coming B. is coming
C. will come C. comes
4. Jcak was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who _______ in.
A. come B. was coming C. had been coming D. had come
5. Michike couldn’t come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called her because she _______ in the lab.
A. had been working B. has been working
C. was working D. worked
五、现在完成时：have/has +过去分词
1. 表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与 yet, just, before, recently, lately（最近），ever, never 等表时间的副词搭配使用。
● He hasn’t seen her lately.
● I haven’t finished the book yet.
2. 表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：so far （迄今为止），up till now（直到现在），since, for along time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in the past/in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）… …
. He has worked here for 15 years.
. I have studied English since I came here.
. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time.
. So far, I haven’t received a single letter from my brother.
3. 某些非延续性动词（即：动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点：
I. 常见的非延续动词：die, arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go, refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish, buy, marry, divorce（离婚），awake（醒），borrow ，lend …（背三遍!）
II. 这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能接常由for 引导的时间状语。
III. 但若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
● She has gone away for a month.（误）
● She has been away for a month.（正）
● The man has died for two years.（误）
● The man has been dead for tow years.（正）
● How long have you bought the book?（误）
● How long have you got the book.（正）
4. 注意since 的用法：
. They haven’t had an trouble since they came here.
. It has been ten years since we me last time.
. He has been here since 1980.
. He has been here since ten years ago.
5. 几组对比：
He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。
He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。
She is gone. 她缺席了。（or 她死了）
The door has been closed. 门关上了。（动作）
The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
测试精编:
1. The prices _______ going up all the time in the past few years.
A. keep B. kept C. have kept D. are keeping
2. For the whole period of two months, there _______ no rain in this area.
A. is B. will be C. has been D. have been
3. Today is Jane’s wedding day. She _______ John.
A. have just married with B. was just married to
C. has just been married to D. just has been married to
4. No wonder the flower have withered, they _______ any water for ages.
A. hadn’t B. haven’t C. haven’t had D. hadn’t had
5. Nowadays computer _______ a wide application with the development of production and science.
A. found B. has found C. finds D. had found
六、现在完成进行时： have/has +been +现在分词
1. 表示从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。（最好将此定义读5遍）
. I’ve been waiting for an hour but she hasn’t come.
. He has been running after her for 8 years. (run after:追求)
2. 表某种感情色彩。
. I’ve been wanting to see you for so many years.
. Who’s been telling you such nonsense.
释惑要点：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：
现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
. I have thought of it. （我已想到了这一点。）
. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）
. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆门。）
测试精编：
1. They _______ us since five o’clock this morning.
A. are helping B. have been helping
C. have been helped D. have helped
2. I _______ the book the whole day, yet I haven’t finished it.
A. have been reading B. have read
C. am reading D. had been reading
3. Please come in. We _______ about your paper.
A. talk B. had been talking C. have been talking D. would have talked
4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum _______.
A. gradually are exhausted B. are being gradually exhausted
C. have gradually exhausting D. have been exhausting gradually
5. It _______ almost every day so far this month.
A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining
用所给动词正确时态填空。
1. You should go to bed. You _______ (watch) TV for 5hours.
2. I _______ (write) letters since breakfast.
3. I _______ (write) 3 letters since breakfast.
4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith _______ (leave) for Beijing.
5.I _______ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be?
七、过去完成时：had+过去分词
1. 表示过去某表动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。
● They had got everything ready before I came.
● The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2. 过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely... when, no sooner… than 等固定句型结构中。（此乃超级重点句型，意为：“一…… 就”）
● She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
● No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.（注意no sooner在句首时句型倒装。）
3. intend（打算），mean（意味）， hope（希望）， want（想要）， plan（计划）等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。
● I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.（……原想昨天去看你……）
● They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because he had weather.（……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……）
测试精编：
1. Let’s hurry! The president is coming.
Oh, I was afraid that we _______ .
A. already miss him B. had already missed him
C. will miss him already D. have already missed him
2. Your letter came just as I _______ my office.
A. was leaving B. would leave
C. had left D. left
3. I _______ my keys, I can’t remember where I last saw them.
A. was losing B. lost C. had lost D. have lost
4. Nobody knew where the teacher _______.
A. has gone B. would have gone C. had gone D. would be gone
5. The sportsmen ______ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest.
A. have been B. are C. had been D. were
八、一般将来时： shall/will + 动词原形
1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
● He will graduate form the college next year.
● We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2. 将来时的其它结构：（务必背下！）
I: be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美国口语中常读做 be gonna）
● I’m going to buy a new coat this fall.
[be going to 与will的对比：下列情况须用will]
● I’ll be sixteen years old next year.
● It will be the 20th of August tomorrow
● When he comes, I will give him your message.
II. be + to do sth. 表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
● Am I to take over his work?
● We are to meet at the gate.
iii. be about to do sth. 即将做某事。
● The talk is about to begin.
3. 重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
set out to do sth. 着手做某事
set about doing sth. 开始做某事
测试精编：
1. “The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o’clock.”
“But _______ a delay.”
A. it will be B. there’d be
C. there will be D. there is
2. He’ll leave for Paris before you _______ next week.
A. will come back B. will be back
C. come back D. came back
3. Our next meeting _______ on 1st December.
A. has been held B. will hold
C. is to be held D. is holding
4. Where _______ a will, there is a way.
A. there will have B. has been there
C. there is D. there has been
5. It _______ be Wednesday tomorrow.
A. is going to B. will C. is about to D. is to
九、过去将来时： should /would + 动词原形
1. 表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或状态。
● He said that they would meet me at the station.
2. 此用法常用于间接引语中。
测试精编：
1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader _______ on Saturday.
A. is arriving B. will arrive C. would be arrived D. would arrive
2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we _______ ready.
A. will be B. would be C. were D. are
3. My aunt _______ to see us, she would be here soon.
A. is coming B. was coming C. came D. had came
4. They would be given a new house if more _______ the next year.
A. will be built B. would be built C. are built D. were built
十、过去完成进行时：had been + 现在分词
表过去某个时间之前一直在进行的动作。
● She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in.
比较：
. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy.
. The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside.
测试精编：
1. It _______ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained
2. He told us that he _______ there since 1982.
A. has been living B. had been living C. would have lived D. was living
3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and _______ now.
A. is still learning B. had been learning
C. was still learning D. has been learning
4. By the end of last week, he _______ in the company for 10 years.
A. had worked B. had been working
C. will have worked D. would have worked
5. Not until then did people know that he _______ important military information to the enemy for a long time.
A. sold B. would sell C. had sold D. had been selling
十一、将来进行时：shall/will be + 现在分词
1. 表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作:
. What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
〖比较：〗
. Tom won’t cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（说明意图）
. Tom won’t be cutting the grass.（无意图、仅陈述事实）
2. 用将来进行时询问别人的计划、打算比用一般将来时更显礼貌。
. Will you be having supper with us this evening?
3. 将来进行时表示对即将发生的动作的推测。
. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning.
. The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.
十二、 过去将来进行时：should/would be + 现在分词
表示过去某时看将来某时正在进行的动作。
. He asked me what I should be doing when he came the next day.
测试精编：
1. Tomorrow, I _______ the book all morning.
A. am reading B. will be reading C. will read D. have read
2. “Can you attend the meeting tonight?”
“No, _______ the manager about something urgent.”
A. I see B. I’ll have seen C. I’ll be seeing D. I can see
3. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people _______ long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century?
A. will the live B. they will be living C. will live D. living
4. He told us that he _______ visiting Japan by this time next year.
A. will be B. would be C. was D. is
5. It _______ when you wake up tomorrow morning.
A. is snowing B. will snow C. will be snowing D. snows
十三、将来完成时： shall/ will have + 过去分词
表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。
. They will have been here for 5years next Friday.
. By the en of next term, the students will have finished the book.
十四、过去将来完成时： would/should have + 过去分词
表示从过去某个时间看将来某时之前已经完成的动作。
. He said that they would have arrived by seven o’clock.
十五、将来完成进行时：shall/will have been + 现在分词
表示某一动作将继续到将来某时，且该动作此时尚未发生。
. We shall have been staying here for four weeks when tom arrives.
. It will have been raining for a week if it does not stop tomorrow.
[注: 此句型过于复杂，人们很少运用，了解而已。]
单项自测题（综合训练）
1. Simple photographic lenses can’t _______ sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.
A. to form B. are formed C. forming D. form
2. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one _______the most.
A. it influences farmers B. that influences farmers
C. farmers that it influences D. why farmers influence it
3. By tracking the eye of a hurricane, forecasters can determine the speed at which _______.
A. is a storm moving B. a storm is moving
C. is moving a storm D. a moving storm
4. During the flood of 1927, the Red Cross, _______ out of emergency headquarters in Mississippi, set up temporary shelters for the homeless.
A. operates B. is operating C. has operated D. operating
5. Of all the economically important plants, palms have been _______.
A. the least studied B. study the least
C. study less and less D. to study the less
6. During an eclipse of the sun, _______ in the shadow of the moon.
A. the Earth lies B. the Earth when lying
C. that the Earth lies D. the lying Earth
7. The photo periodic response of algae actually depends on the duration darkness, _______.
A. the light is not on B. and not on light
C. but is not on the light D. is not on light
8. The wallflower _______ because its weak stems often grow on walls and along strong cliffs for support.
A. so called is B. so is called C. is so called D. called is so
9. Because of its importance in modern living, _______ in all parts of the world.
A. algebra is studied in schools and colleges
B. studying algebra in schools and colleges
C. and the study of algebra in schools and colleges
D. in schools and colleges are algebra studies
10. Sociologists have long recognized that social tension _______.
A. elements from group living
B. elements of a normal group life
C. living are a group of elements
D. are normal elements of group life
第二章 名 词
Nouns
（一）. 名词变复数：
1. 规则名词复数形式：
在单数名词后加 “s” day → days week → weeks
2. 在以 o, s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加 “es”.
hero → heroes box → boxes class → classes
bush → bushes watch → watches
3. 黄金重点：
I. 有些以o结尾的外来词或缩略词的复数形式只加 “s”。
II. 以元音字母加o结尾的单词只加 “s”。（不认识的单词，请你查词典，懒惰是学英语的唯一大忌。）
piano, photo, zero, radio, bamboo, tobacco, solo, cuckoo, dynamo, cameo, soprano
教你一招
如果以o 结尾的名词有生命力，则该词汇一般加 –es.
hero, tomato, potato, Negro（黑人）[简记：黑人英雄吃西红柿马铃薯。]
4. 以辅音加y结尾的名词变y为i再加 “es”。
family → families city → cities
5. y前面是元音字母只加 “s”。
key → keys boy → boys play → plays toy → toys
6. 以f, fe结尾的名词，变f, fe为v加es.
Calf → calves knife → knives
当心当心：
I. 下列名词直接加 “s”.（请大声朗读三遍，然后背下。注意读音！）
roof（房顶），reef（暗礁），chief（首领），cliff（悬崖），grief（悲痛），turf（草皮），belief（信仰）， gulf（港湾）， dwarf（侏儒），safe（保险箱），sheriff（长官），tariff（关税）
II. scarf（头巾）， wharf（码头），staff（全体职员），handkerchief（手帕），hoof（蹄）既可直接加 “s”,又可变f为v加es.
（二）. 不规则名词复数形式：
1. foot → feet mouse → mice goose → geese child → children ox → oxen louse → lice woman → women man → men
2. 单复数同形：
sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, works, barracks （兵营）,bellows(风箱)，kennels（狗窝）
3. 一些英语外来词的复数形式：
crisis → crises 危机
analysis → analyses 分析
oasis → oases 绿洲
parenthesis → parentheses 括号
axis → axes 轴心
ellipsis → ellipses 日蚀
hypothesis → hypotheses 假定
synopsis → synopses 内容提要
erratum → errata 勘误误表
addendum → addenda 补遗、附录
medium → media 媒体
（以上单词熟悉即可）
（三）. 复合名词复数形式：
1. 中间没有连字符的合成名词在词尾变复数：
bookshelf → bookshelves handful → handfuls
2. man 和 woman 构成的复合名词，二者均变为复数。
man servant → men servants
woman teacher → women teachers
3. 中间有连字符的合成词，在主体词（中心意义的词）末尾变复数：
sister-in-law → sisters-in-law
looker-on → lookers-on
editor-in-chief → editors-in-chief
4. 下列合成名词后一个词上变化：
sit-in → sit-ins, grown-up → grown-ups
stand-by → stand-bys touch-me-not → touch-me-nots go-between → go-betweens
（四）. 名词所有格
1. 在大多数名词末加 “‘s”
the boy’s toy, men’s work
2. 以s结尾的复数名词直接加 ‘
the students’ reading room
3. 以s结尾的单数名词加‘
Dickens’ novels The actress’ performance
4. 合成名词在最后一个词上加 “s”
her brother-in-law’s piano.
Somebody else’s books. （重要！）
【金牌重点】：除用于有生命的人外，“‘s”格还可用于度量衡、地域、天体及一些习语中
an hour’s drive, a mile’s journey
ten pounds’ weight. Beijing’s weather
the earth’s surface
a stone’s throw 投石之距离
at one’s wits end 智穷计尽
to one’s heart’s content 尽情地
by a hair’s breadth 千钧一发
at a snail’s pace 缓慢地
5. 双重所有格：
如果被修饰的名词前有不定冠词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词修饰。则要采用双重所有格。
a friend of mine（名词性物主代词）
a child of hers
the love poems of your sister’s
注意区别：
● a portrait of her mother 她母亲的画像（画中人）
● a portrait of her mother’s 她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅（不一定是她母亲的画像）
测试精编：
1. Julie went to the _______ to buy a pair of shoes.
A. shoes store B. shoe’s store
C. shoe store D. shoes’ store
2. As a safety precaution, all city cab drivers carry only enough money to make change for a _______ bill.
A. ten-dollar B. ten-dollars
C. tens-dollar D. ten-dollar’s
3. Recently, he has lost all his _______ at cards.
A. wage and saving B. wages and saving
B. wage and savings D. wages and savings
4. I want _______.
A. a dollar worth candy
B. candy a dollar’s worth
C. a dollar’s worth of candy
D. a dollar worth’s candy
5. The surroundings a child grows up in usually _______ an effect on his development.
A. have B. had C. do D. has
第三章 形容词、副词比较级和最高级
Comparative degree & Superlative degree
比较级构成方式：
A. adj/adv + er/est
poor → poorer → poorest fast → faster → fastest
B. 词尾e + r/st
large → larger → largest fine → finer → finest
C. 重读闭音节中短元音 + 辅音词尾 → 双写辅音词尾 + er/est。
big → bigger → biggest hot → hotter → hottest
D. 辅音 + y → I + er/est
dry → drier → driest angry → angrier → angriest
E. 多音节形容词及副词：
more + adj/adv most + adj/adv
F. 不规则变化：
good/well → better → best bad/ill → worse → worst
many/much → more → most little → less → least
late → later → latest
late → latter → last
far → farther → farthest
far → further → furthest
【用法示例】：
比较级用于二者相比较，由than构成比较状语从句：
(1)
. He looks stronger than I (do).
. The climate of Shanghai is hotter than that of Beijing.
. My Schoolbag is larger than hers.
. The book is much more interesting than that one.
(2)
. It is getting colder and colder.
. She is becoming more and more beautiful.
笔记要点：两个形容词比较级由and 连在一起，表示“越来越……”
(3)
. The older we grow, the poorer our memory will be.
. The earlier we start, the sooner we’ll get there.
笔记要点：这种句型结构表示“越...... 越…… ”
(4)
. I prefer the cheaper one of the tow books.
. Of the two brothers, he is the cleverer.
笔记要点：二者之比较。而Of the three girls, she is the cleverest.
最高级构成方式：
三者或三者以上进行比较， “the + 形容词/副词est”。
(1) John is the tallest of the three.
He runs fastest in our class.（副词的最高级the可省略）
This is the most difficult book I’ve read.
(2) He is cleverer than any other boy in the class.（有than时只用比较级）
She is younger than all the other students.
测试精编：
1. She is _______ than _______.
A. busier/us B. busier/we
C. more busy/us D. more busy/we
2. Jane is _______ than Betty.
A. less taller B. less tallest
C. less tall D. not as tall
3. John’s record was not so good as _______ in his team.
A. all the players B. any player’s
C. other players D. any other player’s
4. China is _______ country in the world.
A. the third largest B. the largest third
C. the third large D. a third largest
5. Shanghai has a larger population than _______ in china.
A. any city B. all the cities C. any other city D. all other cities
用所给词的比较级、最高级填空：
1. The window is _______ (narrow) of the two.
2. Where is the _______ (near) bus-stop?
3. He is one of _______ (famous) Politicians.
4. Do you have any _______ (far) questions to ask?
5. Tom drives much _______ (careful) than John.
第四章 被动语态
Passive Voice
1. 何时运用被动语态：
(1) 强调动作的接受者：America was discovered by Columbus.
(2) 不知谁是动作的执行者：You are wanted on the phone.
(3) 作客观说明：It is said that the meeting has been put off.（经典句型）
2. 主动变被动的基本语法：（说起来容易，掌握起来需要用心！）
(1) 主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(2) 谓语动词变为由 “be + 过去分词” 的形式，配合时态作相应变化。
(3) 主动语态主语置于介词by之后，如无必需，则省略。
(4) 不及物动词没有被动语态。
现在：do (does) → am/is/are + done
We keep the piano in the living-room.
→The piano is kept in the living-room.
过去：did → was/were + done
They built the bridge in 1980.
→The bridge was built in 1980.
将来：shall shall
will do → will + be + done
He will read the book tomorrow.
→The book will be read tomorrow.
现在完成：have have
has done → has + been + done
We have delivered the newspaper.
→The newspapers have been delivered (by us).
过去完成： had done → had been done
She had seen the film before she came here.
→The film had been seen before she came here.
将来完成： shall shall
will have done → will have + been + done
By the end of this term we shall have finished 80 texts.
→By the end of this term 80 texts will have been finished.
现在进行： am am
is doing → is + being + done
are are
They are drawing the picture.
→The picture is being drawn by them.
过去进行： was doing → was + being + done
were were
He was reviewing their lessons at this moment yesterday.
→Their lessons were being reviewed at this moment yesterday.
情态动词 may may
can can
must must
should do → should + be +done
ought to ought to
used to used to
You must write an article on the subject.
→An article must be written on the subject.
测试精编
单项选择：
1. Since the first space mission, many communication satellites _______.
A. was launched B. are launched
C. have been launched D. had been launched
2. What kind of advice _______ you?
A. has gave B. was gave C. had been given to D. has given
3. The slave _______ from morning till night.
A. made to work B. was made working
C. was made worked D. was made to work
4. The construction of the laboratory _______ by the end of July.
A. must be completing B. must complete
C. must have completed D. must have been completed
5. Your proposal _______ by the committee soon.
A. is discussed B. has been discussed
C. is going to be discussed D. will have been discussed
第五章 非谓语动词
一、不定式
1. 定义：具有名词、形容词及副词性质并具有时态、语态变化。
2. 形式：（以do为例）
主动语态 被动语态
一般时 to do to do done
进行时 to be doing
完成时 to have done to have been done
完成进行时 to have been doing
3. 用法：
(1) 用作主语：
To speak good English is not easy.
or: It is not easy to speak good English.
(采用形式主语it以避免头重脚轻)
It took me an hour to do the work.
(2) 用作宾语：
She decided to take the examination.
I hope to meet him soon.
(3) 宾语补足语：
They expected us to help them.
He wants his son to study hard.
【金牌重点】：
不定式作宾补，如谓语动词是感官动词，使役性动词(see, hear, notice, watch, make, have, let……)，则不定式符号 “to”须省略，但在被动语态中不能省。
I heard them sing in the classroom.
I made her clean the room.
The girl is heard to sing an English song.
(4) 用作表语： To teach is to learn.
His job is to sell cars.
(5) 用作壮语，表示目的，结果。
We come to school to study English. (目的)
= in order to
I hurried to the store, only to find it closed. (结果)
(6) 定语：不定式短语作定语须位于名词之后。
He asked for a piece of paper to write it on.
= to write it on the piece of paper.
The poor man has no house to live in.
= to live in the house.
Have you anything to do?
= to do anything
4. 不定式的时态意义：
She seems to dance very well. （现在情况）
She seems to be dancing in the dancing hall.（正在进行）
She seems to have danced well.（过去情况）
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.（动作持续一段时间）
5. 不定式语态：
The doctor recommended him to air the room.
The doctor recommended the room to be aired.
She expects the police to find her bicycle.
She expects her bicycle to be found bye the police.
She felt a bit puzzled as he had asked her such a question.
She felt a bit puzzled to have been asked such a question.
6. 不定式否定形式： not to do …
He got up early in order not to miss the train.
测试精编
1. Did you find out _______ the pie out of oven?
A. to take B. have taken C. when to take D. being taken
2. You would be imitated if you watched the mail _______ on your desk every day.
A. putting up B. to be put up C. to pile up D. pile up
3. We shall set Jim _______ the passage.
A. explaining B. explained C. to explain D. explain
4. In fact, she would rather leave for San Francisco _______ in Los Angeles.
A. to stay B. than stay C. than staying D. than have stayed
5. Madame Curie is believed _______ the radium.
A. discovering B. having discovered C. to have discovered D. to discover
二、动名词：
1. 动名词定义：具有名词性质，可在句中担任主语,宾语表语,定语，且有所有格作修饰语。
2. 形式：以do 为例
doing → being done
having done → having been done
3. 用法：
(1) 主语：
Saying is easier than doing.
His coming here will be a great help.
It is no use waiting here, he has left.
It is no good smoking.
There is no getting along with him. （简直无法和彵相处。）
……以上例句皆必须要背诵!……
(2) 表语：
His job is keeping the hall clean as possible.
Seeing is believing.
(3) 宾语：
a: 动词宾语：He admitted taking the book.
I do mind your smoking here.
重磅要点，请读20遍：下列动词须跟动名词作宾语：
admit, appreciate, avoid, complete, delay, deny, enjoy, fancy, finish, mind, practice, resent, risk, suggest, allow, permit …
特注：以allow 为例：allow + doing sth (动名词作宾语).但可以：Allow sb to do sth(不定式作宾补)。
这类动词常见如advise, allow, permit, recommend, etc.
b. 作介词宾语：
He left without saying goodbye to us.
I’m looking forward to meeting you. (to在这里是介词)
(4) 定语：
reading room swimming pool walking stick
4. 动名词复合结构：由名词所有格或物主代词与动名词构成。
His leaving is a great loss.
Mother dislikes my (me) wording late.
John’s having seen her did not make her worried.
注：动名词复合结构多作主语或宾语，作主语时必须是所有格。如上二例，但作宾语时可以用所有格，也可用普通格。（解释得很拗口，请将例句看透即可！）
5. 动名词时态：
I am thinking of setting a new dictionary.（以后）
He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.（以前）
6. 动名词语态：
He doesn’t like being flattered.
I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.
7. 动名词与不定式在用法上的几点比较：
(1) 在begin, start, continue 等词后用动名词或不定式区别不大。
He began writing/ to write in 1980.
(2) 下列动词跟不定式或动名词所表示意义差别很大，注意使用。（用心咀嚼！）
He stopped talking. 停止讲话。
He stopped to talk. 停下来开始讲话。
Please remember to post the letter. 记住寄走这封信。
I remember posting the letter. 我记得寄出了这封信。
I forgot to lock the door yesterday. 昨天我忘记锁门了。（未锁）
I forgot telling him the news. 我忘了我曾告诉过他这个消息。（做过的事情忘记了）
测试精编
1. The workers favor _______ funds to build the bridge.
A. to raise B. raising C. raised D. rising
2. No one can avoid _______ by one’s surroundings.
A. to be influenced B. having influenced
C. influencing D. being influenced
3. She doesn’t feel like _______ tonight.
A. dancing B. to dance C. dance D. to be dancing
4. Does Mr Wang object to _______ her the money?
A. that we lend B. be lent C. lending D. lend
5. I can still recall _______ with him many years ago.
A. to stay B. to staying C. to have stayed D. having stayed
三、分词
1. 分词的性质：
具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行；过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。
2. 分词的形式：
例：
write (vt) rise (vi)
主动语态 被动语态 主动语态 过去分词
时态
现在时 writing being written rising risen
完成时 having written having been written having risen
3. 分词的用法：
(1) 定语 分词置于被修饰名词前
分词短语置于被修饰名词后
a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping
a running dog = a dog which is running
a broken glass = a glass which is broken
a beaten team = a team which is beaten (beaten 是被打败的意思)
This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.
The problem being discussed is very important.
(2) 表语：The book is interesting.
He is interested in the book.
The news is exciting.
He feels excited.
(3) 宾语补足语：
When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.
I’d like to have this package weighed.
掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示被动概念。
(4) 状语：（以下例句值得一背！）
. If you turn to the left, you’ll find the station.
→ Turning to the left, you’ll find the station.
. As I didn’t receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.
→Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.
. While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
→Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.
. When she was asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
→Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.
你知道吗？ 注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。
. When school was over, the boys went home.
→Being over, the boys went home.
School being over, the boys went home.
. As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.
→My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.
. If weather permits, I’ll start tomorrow.
→Weather permitting, I’ll start tomorrow.
. If we judge from his face, he must be ill.
→Judging from his face, he must be ill. （这里应该是we judging…，但若主语是we, one, you 表示 “一般人”，主语可省略）
实际上，这里涉及到独立主格结构问题，以后在作分解！
4. 分词的时态：
现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。
现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。
Entering the room, he saw me. (几乎同时)
Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. (分词动作在前)
5. 语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。
The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.
Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor. (渔民先被告知而后驶向港口)
测试精编
1. The _______ news made them _______.
A. excited/exciting B. exciting/excited
C. exciting/to be excited D. excited/excited
2. _______ an answer from the committee, he was worried.
A. Having not got B. Getting not
C. Not having got D. Having not been got
3. _______, all the quarrels came to an end.
A. The lost money was found
B. Was the lost money found
C. Because the lost money found
D. With the lost money found
4. Many of our dreams _______ impossible in the past have come true.
A. were considered B. to be considered
C. considering D. considered
5. The hall was so noisy for the speaker to make himself _______.
A. hear B. being heard C. hearing D. heard
第六章 英语句型基本结构
Basic English Sentence Structures
精要：五种基本句型
1. 主 + 谓（不及物动词）
Man can think. The fire is burning.
不可忽视：常用不及物动词有break, breathe, burn, smoke, swim, skate, appear, disappear, work, think, etc.
2. 主 + 谓 + 表语（系动词）
He became a scientist.
She is getting more and more beautiful.
不可忽视：常用系动词：be, get, turn, feel, seem, appear, look, taste, sound, smell, become, go, prove, etc.
3. 主 + 谓 + 宾（及物动词）
We love peace.
They will paint the door.
常用动词有：see, watch, need, love, like, study, answer, carry, etc.
4. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
We elected him president.
They painted the door white.
I advised the students to recite the texts.
王牌重点：常用作宾补的形式：（请将每个例句大声朗读一遍）
(1) 名词：
The couple named their baby Johnson.
(2) 形容词：
I keep the door open.
(3) 副词：
The naughty boy knocked the bottle over.
(4) 不定式：
He ordered his men to fire.
(5) 分词：
He heard me singing.
I saw the vase broken.
(6) 介词短语：
They look on him as a teacher.
(7) 名词性从句：
I asked him what he was doing.
5. (1) 主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
My friend bought me a gift.
I passed him the book.
(2) 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 介词 + 间宾
My friend bought a gift for me.
I passed the book to him.
忘记就意味着背叛
常与介词for搭配的动词有：
buy, make, do, get, play, call, choose, cook, fetch, find, keep, order, save, etc.
常与介词to搭配的动词有：
bring, give, grant, hand, pass, lend, offer, pay, promise, sell, send, show, each, tell, throw, write, etc.
第七章 主谓一致
Principle Rules for Subject and Verb Agreement
I. 单数主语：
1. 当every-, some-, any-, no- 等构成的不定代词及each, either, neither作主语时，谓语动
为单数。
Someone has told me about it.
Neither of us likes the film.
2. 当every或each位于两个由连接词连接的单数主语前，谓语动词用单数。（必记之要点！）
Each girl and boy has a nickname.
Every man and woman is welcome.
3. 位于主谓之间的介词短语不影响谓语动词的数，谓语动词须和主语一致。常见介词短语有：in addition to, together with, as well as, along with, but, except, etc.
（这是一几乎所有考试都不愿放过的重点。）
The teacher along with his students is going to the party.
His parents as well as his elder sister have come to see him.
II. 复数主语：
1. 当主语由and或both…and连接，通常采用复数谓语动词。
● Both the girl and the boy are his friends.
2. 如主语是both, few或主语前有both, few, several, many等限定词时，谓语动词须用复数。
● Several novels have been written by her.
● Both got the news at the same time.
3. 下列名词总是复数形式且谓语动词必须用复数。
Trousers, pants（裤子），jeans, glasses, scissors（剪刀），tweezers（镊子），plier（钳子），scales（天平）， compasses（圆规），etc.
● The trousers here are mine.
别忘了：如果以上名词受 “ a pair of ” “ the pair of ”修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
The pair of ants is too dirty.
III. 单、复数的灵活运用：
1. 当主语由neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also或or连接时，谓语动词与nor, or, but also后面的词一致，在英语语法中，这被称之为“就近原则”。
● Neither he nor I am going to the airport.
● Not only Mary but also her parents have gone abroad.
2. 当主语前面有none, all, some, any, most, half, majority等词时，谓语动词则根据主语的具体情况而采用相应的单、复数。
All of the money has been in the bank. (money是不可数名词)
All of us have been here.
3. “ a number of ”是复数，修饰可数名词，谓语动词为复数，“the number of ”也修饰复数名词，但谓语动词用单数。（黄金要点！！）
● A number of students have passed the exam.
● The number of students in this class is 50.
IV. 用作单数的复数形式主语：
1. 如主语是指：time, money, weight, volume, etc. 虽为复数形式，但谓语用单数形式。
Two years is a short time.
One hundred dollars is needed by me.
2. 下列单词如：physics, economics, mathematics, statistics, etc; measles, mumps, herpes, etc, news, ethics, politics, etc. 为复数形式，但谓语动词用单数。
Statistics is a dull subject.
Politics is important.
3. 书、报、杂志、电影的名称作主语，谓动用作单数。
The New York Times is a good newspaper.
V. 下列名词在形式上保持不变，但谓语动词的数取决于其意义：
1. family, team, class, committee, group, audience, faculty, etc.
The family is big.（总体）
His family like to watch TV.（家庭所有成员）
2. species, series, etc.
The species is rare.
These species are common.
3. sheep, deer, etc.
The sheep are eating grass.
The sheep is big.
VI. Chinese, English, French, etc指语言时，谓动词是单数，如与“the”搭配，指人民时，谓语动词用复数。
English is used widely.
The English love peace.
VII. 注意下列外来语的单复数形：
单数 复数
basis bases
crisis crises
criterion (标准) criteria
phenomenon phenomena
radius (半径) radii
alumnus (男校友) alumni
datum (资料) data
medium (媒体) media
index (索引) indices
appendix (附录) appendices
alga (海藻) algae
vita (生命) vitae
测试精编
1. Students today are writing _______ of poetry.
A. a great many lines
B. quantities of lines
C. lots lines
D. a large number
2. The bookstore had not ordered _______ texts for all the students in the course.
A. plenty of B. enough C. as many D. enough of
3. What did you see?
We saw _______ police there.
A. many B. much C. little D. the
4. Do you want to wait?
Two weeks _______ too long for me to wait.
5. There they were greeted by a woman called Zenobia _______.
A. being a beautiful woman of wealth and position
B. who is beautiful woman of wealth and position
C. a beautiful woman of wealth and position
D. and a beautiful woman of wealth and position
Keys to the exercises:
一、时态
(1) 一般现在时：
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B
(2) 现在进行时：
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B
(3) 一般过去时：
1. thought 2. sits, sat 3. told 4. began 5. had
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 5. C
(4) 过去进行时：
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C
(5) 现在完成时：
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B
(6) 现在完成进行时：
1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. D
1. have been watching 2. have been writing
3. have written 4. has left
5. have been looking
(7) 过去完成时：
1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. C
(8) 一般将来时：
1. C 2. C 3. C 4. C 4. B
(9) 过去将来时：
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. D
(10) 过去完成进行时：
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. D
(11) 将来进行时 (12)过去将来进行时
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. C
综合训练
1. D 2. B 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. B 8. C 9. A 10. D
二、词类
(1)名词复数 (2)名词所有格
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A
Adj./adv. 比较级和最高级
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. C
1. the narrower 2. nearest
3. the most famous 4. further 5. more careful
三、语态
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. C
五、非谓语动词
（一） 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. C
（二） 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D
（三） 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. D 5. D 6. A
七、主谓一致：
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. C
责任编辑：李芳芳