语法专项训练
第一节 名词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。
1． 不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，主要有专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词。常考的有：advice, news, progress, money, furniture, fun, weather, information, luck, housework, wood, rice, grass, soap, medicine, work, bread, meat, wealth, music等。
2． 可数名词有单、复数之分，但下列名词常以复数形式出现。
Manners(礼貌), goods(货物), sands(河滩), ashes(灰烬), glasses(眼镜), make preparations for(准备), congratulations(祝贺), drinks(饮料), works(著作), tears(眼泪), regards(问候), thanks(感谢), trousers(裤子), clothes(衣服), sports(运动), plastics (塑料制品), means(方法手段)
3． 部分词可数、不可数意义不同。如：a paper(报纸); word(消息); a word(词)。
二、 抽象名词具体化，不可数名词与可数名词的转化也是高考常考知识。
1． 部分抽象名词前有形容词修饰时，常须加冠词。
a bright future, have a good/ nice/ wonderful time, a great help, a good education, a wonderful supper/ lunch/ dinner
2． 与动词同形的名词构成的短语常加冠词。
have a look, go for a walk, have a smoke, make an answer, have a sleep
3． 部分情绪或心理活动的情感名词，表示抽象概念时，不可数；表示具体的事时，可数。如：
surprise (u.) 惊奇，诧异 in surprise
(c.) 令人惊奇的事 What a surprise!
pity (u.) 怜悯，同情 have pity on sb.
(c.) 可惜的事，憾事 It’s a pity
pleasure (u.) 愉快，高兴 with pleasure
(c.) 乐趣，乐事 It is a pleasure.
三、 名词直接作定语与名词所有格作定语不一样，名词作定语主要有：
1． 表示类别：
coffee cup (咖啡杯) man doctor (男医生)
English lesson (英语课) college student (大学生)
shoe shop (鞋店) street light (路灯)
2． 表示原材料：
stone house (石头房子) straw hat (草帽)
wood desk (木桌) paper money (纸币)
3． 表示用途
lunch room (午餐室) sports field (运动场)
注：（1）名词作定语一般用单数，但某些须用复数形式；
a clothes shop, s sports meet, a sales girl, a goods train
(2) man, women 通常与名词一起变复数
men teachers, women drivers
(3) 所有格作定语与名词直接作定语意义不一样
a man driver (男司机)， a man’s driver (男士的司机)
四、 名词的所有格
1． 在词尾加’s 表示“所属、所有”。
（1） 有生命的或被看作有生命名词的所有格一般加’s。
如：the worker’s name, the government’s plan, his brother’s bike, women’s Day
（2）表示国家、城市、时间、度量、天体、价值等无生命的名词的所有格加’s。如：China’s industry, the earth’s satellite, the Party’s policy, today’s newspaper, two miles’ walk
（3）表示某店铺、某人的家或省略上文提到的名词时，名词所有格后面的中心词常省略。
如：the Wangs’ , at my uncles’, the barber’s
（4）表示多人共同所有的同一物，在最后一个词尾加’s, 表示多人各自所有时，须分别加’s.
如：Mary and Jane’s room (共有)，Li Hua’s and Zhang Ying’s bikes (分别所有)
（5）以s结尾的复数名词一般加 “ ’ ”，以s结尾的专有名词加 “ ’ ” 或 “ ’s ”.
如：the boys’ desks the teachers’ desks
Engels’s works/ Engels’ works Dickens’/ Dickens’s book
（6）复合名词、不定代词、相互代词或以整体形式出现的名词一般在最末单词后加“ ’s ”
如：somebody else’s bike, whose else’s car, my daughter-in-law’s house
2． 用of表示所有格
（1） 无生命的名词一般用of表示所属关系。
如：the lights of the street, the parks of the city, the map of the country
（2） 某些有生命的名词的所有格两者均可，但修饰语较长时，须用of表示。
如：monkey’s tail/ the tail of the monkey
the story of the brave sisters
the son of the old man who lived in the country
3． 词的双重所有格，由 “of + 名词 + ’s ”或 “of + 名词性物主代词” 构成。
（1） 表示所属物的名词有冠词、不定代词或数词时（如：a, some, no, the, any, one, few等）。
a friend of her mother’s = one of her mother’s friends;
a photo of mine = one of my photos
（2） 被修饰的名词前有指示代词时或用来表示赞扬或厌恶等感情色彩时。
Everyone loves the little son of his sister’s.
We all dislike that pride of Tom’s. 我们都讨厌汤姆那种骄傲态度。
▲专项练习强化
1. A rough estimate, Nigeria is__________ Great Britain.
A. three times the size as B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of
2. He proved himself a true gentleman and the beauty of his _______ was seen at its best when he worked with others.
A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character
3. I am sure David will be able to find the library-he has a pretty good _______ of direction.
A．idea B．feeling C．experience D．sense
4. Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_______.
A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind
5. My ______ of this weekend’s activity is going out with some good friends.
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
6. The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has _________ all over the country.
A．companies B．branches C．organizations D．businesses
7. --- I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.
--- There is no ____ for this while you are on duty.
A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation
8. “I don’t think it’s my _____ that the TV blew upl I just turned it on, that’s all.” said the boy.
A. error B. mistake C. fault D. duty
9. One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ____ in the number of natural disasters.
A. result B. account C. reason D. increase
10. Life is tough in the city. In order to lose their ____, some people drink alcohol.
A. temper B. mood C. consciousness D. pressures
11.-How can I use this washing machine?
-Well, just refer to the ________.
A. explanations B. expressions C. introductions D. directions
12. I keep medicines on the top shelf , out of the children’s .
A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place
13.--Yang Yang carried off the first Winter Olympic ______ medal for China.
--Great! What ______ she won for our motherland!
A. golden; honour B. gold; honour C. golden; honours D. gold; honours
14. People need _________to live, which is measured in calories.
A. power B. energy C. strength D. force
15. Since the factory brought in the new technology, the _________ has risen _________ 20%.
A. products; by B. produce; from C. production; at D. production; by
16. The happy _______ of children playing in the garden disappears, and it is quiet again.
A. scene B. scenery C. scare D. spot
17. -Don’t do that again. Don’t you think it ______ time?
-But it may ______to be successful.
A. waste of; turn B. wastes of; turn in
C. waste of; turn up D. a waste of; turn out
18. In the storm, the three of us took under a big tree at the foot of the hill.
A. a cover B. a shower C. shelter D. care
19. My son is training hard on the state football team and he is showing great a great player.
A. interest in B. hope for C. experience of D. promise as
20. You’ll find this map of great ________in helping you to get round London.
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness
第二节 冠词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、词的基本用法
1．不定冠词a/an的用法：
（1）an 用于以元音开头的词前。如：an orange
a用于以辅音开头的词前。如：a book
注意：a university a useful book a European country
（2）泛指某人或事物，或表示类别。
She is a newcomer to chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.
（3）意为one 或every。
He should take the medicine three times a day.
（4）用语某些固定词组中。
all of a sudden, a few, a bit, a little
（5）不定代词的位置，一般置名词前，但置such, half等词后
a book an important report half a book such a book
注：so/ too/ how + 形容词 + a + 名词
He is so good a man that all like him.
2．定冠词的用法
（1）表示特定的或上文提到的人或物。
The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.
（2）指世界上独一无二的事物。
如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the stars
（3）用在形容词前表一类人。
The rich should help the poor.
（4）用于姓氏复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇俩。
The Blacks are going to call on the Whites.
（5）用于整十位的复数数词前，指某世纪的某个年代。
in the 1970’s/ in the 1970s 在20实际70年代
in the fifties 在五十年代
（6）用于由普通名词构成的专有名词以及江、河、湖等名词前。
the United States, the Yellow River, the West Lake
（7）用于乐器名称前面。
Alice is fond of playing the piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.
（8）用于下列固定结构中。
the younger of the two boys
The sooner, the better.
The guard caught him by the arm.
二、不定冠词的情况
（1）物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词（人名、地名）一般不用冠词，但物质名词、抽象名词具体化或专有名词泛指时，常用不定冠词。
Mr Zhang wants to visit Beijing.
A Mr Zhang wants you to go for a walk.
（2）泛指节假日、季节、月份、星期几时不用冠词。
on New Year’s Day/ Children’s Day, in June, on Friday, in winter
（3）球类、棋类名词、学科名词前不用冠词
Tom likes playing volleyball while I like playing football.
This term we will study maths, physics and chemistry.
（4）餐名前一般不用冠词。
have/ at/ after/ before breakfast (lunch, supper, dinner)
但餐名前如有形容词修饰时，长用a/ an; 特指时也需用the.
They had a wonderful dinner.
The lunch was well cooked on Women’s Day.
（5）含有对比意义或习惯上一起使用的普通名词并列时，不用冠词。
day and night, body and soul, knife and fork, husband and wife, arm in arm
（6）by + 交通工具，不用冠词
by car/ bus/ boat/ bike/ air/ sea/ plane
但 in/ on a train/ bus, in a car, in a boat, on a bike, take a bus
（7）注意下列习惯用法，有无冠词意义不一样
go to college (上大学) go to the college (到学院去)
go to school (上学) go to the school (到学校去)
go to hospital (看医生) go to the hospital (到医院去)
at see (出海) at the sea (在海边)
in charge of (管理、负责) in the charge of (由……主管、负责)
at table (吃饭) at the table (在桌旁)
four of us (我们中的四人，我们不只四人)
the four of us (我们四人，我们只有四人)
▲专项练习强化
1. When he left college , he got a job as reporter in a newspaper office .
A. 不填；a B. 不填；the C. a ; the D. the ; the
2. I knew ______ John Lennon, but not ______ famous one.
A. 不填；a B. a；the C. 不填；the D. the；a
3. I can't remember when exactly the Robinsons left __ city. I only remember it was ____ Monday.
A. the, the B. a, the C. a, a D. the, a
4. On May 5, 2005, at ________World Table Tennis Championship, Kong Linghui and Wang Hao
won the gold medal in men's doubles with ________ score of 4: 1.
A. a; a B. 不填; the C. a; 不填 D. the; a
5. If you grow up in ______ large family, you are more likely to develop ______ ability to get on
well with ________ others.
A．/; an; the B．a; the; / C．the; an; the D．a; the; the
6. If you go by _________ train, you can have quite a comfortable journey, but make sure you get __________ fast one.
A．the; the B．不填；a C．the; a D．不填；不填
7.The most important thing about cotton in history is part that it played in Industrial Revolution.
A.不填；不填 B. the；不填 C. the ;the D. a; the
8. After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson ______ ride to ______ Capital Airport.
A. the; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D.不填; the
9. This book tells ________ life story of John Smith, who left ______ school and worked for a
newspaper at the age of 16.
A．the; the B．a; the C．the; 不填 D．a; 不填
10.The sign reads“ In case of _______fire, break the glass and push _______red button.”
A.不填;a B.不填; the C. the ;the D. a ;a
11. I earn 10 dollars ____ hour as ____ supermarket cashier on Saturdays.
A. a… an B. the… a C. an… a D. an… the
12. Historically, ________ main material for making tables has been wood, but ________ metal and stone have also been used.
A. the;不填 B.不填；不填 C. the; the D.不填；the
13. While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made ______ discover
which completely changed ______ man’s understanding of color.
A. a…不填 B. a…the C. 不填…the D. the…a
14.The party last night was ____success. We sang and danced until it came to ___ end at twelve.
A. a; an B. a; the C. the; an D./; an
15. --Do you mind if I change another book? Because ___ page of the book is torn, and ___cover looks dirty.
--No, of course not.
A. the; the B. a; the C. a; a D. the; a
16. ____Shanghai you see today is quite ____different city from what it used to be.
A. The; / B. /; the C. The; a D.A; a
17. Many people believed that ____prison isn't___only cure for law-breakers.
A. a; the B./; the C. the; the D. the; a
18. The young manager already speaks ___English like a native. Now he's learning___really difficult language Arabic.
A. an; a B./; the C. the; a D./; a
19. --Have you seen__watch? I left it here this morning.
--I think I saw one somewhere. Is it ___new one?
A. a; / B. a; the C. the; a D. a; a
20.--I hear the workers in this factory get paid by ____ week. --Correct, and most of them get about 300 yuan_____ week.
A./; a B. the;/ C. a; the D. the; a
第二节 代词
▲ 知识要点总述
一、代词的分类及其基本用法
单数 复数 功能
第一人称 第二人称 第三
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三
人称
人称代词 主格 I you he, she, it we you they 主
宾格 me you him, her, it us you them 宾
物主代词 形容词性 my your his, her, its our your their 宾
名词性 mine yours his, hers, its ours yours theirs 主、宾、表
反身代词 myself your- self himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves 同位语宾
指示代词 this, that these, those 定、主、宾
相互代词 宾格 each other, one another 宾
所有格 each other’s, one another’s 定
不定代词 可数 each, one, many (a)few, bother, another , either, neither 主、定、宾
不可数 much, (a)little
可数，不可数 all, some, none, such, any, other 定、主、宾
复合
不定代词 anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody, nothing, everybody, everyone, everything 主、宾、表
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what 主、宾、定
连接代词 who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ever), which(ever), what(ever) 主、宾、定
关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as 主、宾、定
例：His camera is more expensive than hers.
Kate and her sister went on holiday with a cousin of theirs.
Tom felt that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it themselves.
二、it的用法是高考常考点。
1． it 代前面提到过的人或事物。
Someone is knocking at the door, who is it?
He has lost his car but he can’t find it.
2． 指时间、距离、天气、环境等。
It is ten minutes’ walk.
It is raining hard.
3． 用作引导词，代替动作、不定式或that从句在句中作主语、宾语等。
（1） 形式主语
It is very kind of you to help me.
It is no use crying for spilt milk.
It takes me two hours to finish the work.
（2） 形式宾语，当复合宾语中的宾语为动名词、不定式、宾语从句时，常将宾语置宾补后，而用it 作形式宾语。
We found it no use quarrelling with her.
Mary thought it very important to read English aloud.
She made it known that he had beaten her before.
4． 用于强调句。用来突出、强调句子的某一部分（主要是句子的主语、宾语、状语等）。
（1） 被前掉部分指人时，用who或that均可。
It was jenny that/who I saw yesterday.
（2） 指物、时间、地点等用that。
Was it in this palace that the last emperor died?
It was during the second world war that he died?
（3） 被强调的部分有人、物时只能用that。
It was the things and people that I still remember when I was a child.
（4） 被前掉的代词的格式与原句的格式一致。
It is her that he wants to see.
It is we who want to see her.
（5） 被前掉的如是原句的主语，谓语在人称和数上应和原句的主语一致。
It is I who am going to study there.
（6） 强调特殊疑问句中的疑问词时，须将疑问词置句首，仍是疑问句。
Who is it that will come to see us?
（7） 强调名词从句中的特殊疑问词时，须将疑问词置从句之前。
I don’t know what it is that he wants.
（8） 对not…until…强调时，应将not until连在一起。
It was not until you told me about it that I knew the news.
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous star.
三、部分不定代词的区分也是高考考查的重点
1. it, one, that, ones
it: 替代特定的同一事物，可代指不可数名词或可数名词单数，复数为them;
one: 替代一个不确定的泛指的人或无，只代指可数名词单数，复数为ones;
that: 代指特定的，但不是同一的事物，可代指不可数名词或单数可数名词，复数为 those.
比较：Peter lost his English book but he found it.
He was looking forward to a bike and he now has one.
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Wuhan.
2. some, any, one
(1) any 常用语否定句、疑问句或掉件状语从句中，some 多用语具有肯定意义的句中。
There are some books on the table. There aren’t any pens.
(2) some 也可用语说话人期待肯定回答或语气婉转的场合，any 意为“任何”时可用于肯定句，后接单数或复数名词。
Would you like some tea?
Any student can do it.
(3) one 可泛指任何人，可置形容词或the, that, this 等词之后代指刚提到的可数名词，复数为ones, 反身代词为 oneself。
The book is not the one I’m looking for.
One should respect oneself.
3. the other, other, others, another
(1) the others “其余的人或物”，指一定范围内的所有其余部分。others “另外的人或事物，其他的人或事物”，指没有明确特指的别的人或物。
This book is better that the others.
We should not think of ourselves but more of others.
(2) the other 接单数名词意为“两个中的另一个”，接复数名词，表示“一定范围内的另外一些人/物”。
He has a hat in one hand and a flower in the other.
Can you visit the other farms besides this?
(3) another “其他，别的”，指不定数目（超过两个）中的另一个。
This hat is too small. Show me another.
(4) other 不单独使用，后需接单数或复数名词，表示无范围的“另外的，别的”；此外 other 和another 还可与数词连用，注意词序不同。
Another + 数词 + 复数名词； 数词 + other + 复数名词
Tommy is going camping wither two other little boys.
If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay another $15.
4. either, neither, both, none, all
all可代指或修饰可数名词（三个或以上）或不可数名词；both 指两个人或物；either 指两者中的任何一个；neither 指两者中任何一个都不；none 可代指可数名词（三个或以上）或不可数名词，“一个也没有”，“一点也没有”。
We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because none of us had any money on us.
---Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end?
---If you keep still, you can sit at either end.
▲专项练习强化
1. I think he's just going to deal with this problem ______ day.
A. next B. other C. following D. another
2. First ,it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities make
you different from .
A．everyone else B．the other C．someone else D．the rest
3. You will find as you read fiats book that you just can't keep some of these stones to ______.
You will want to share them with a friend.
A. itself B. yourself C. himself D. themselves
4. Cars do cause us some health problems -in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones
do.
A．one B．ones C．it D．those
5. The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but _______ didn’t help.
A．it B．she C．which D．he
6. I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than________ in the city.
A. ones B. one C. that D. those
7. The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .
A．that B．it C．this D．him
8. She had long been expecting a chance to study abroad, and at last she got _____.
A. it B. that C. another D. one
9. I think the chairs are not enough. We still need ______ 20 ones.
A. another B. the other C. other D. some other
10. - Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
- Yes. He’s never interested in what ______ is doing.
A. no one else B. anyone else C. someone else D. nobody else
11. I don’t think we’ve met before. You’re taking me for ______.
A. some other B. someone else C. other person D. one other
12.-There's coffee and tea ;you can have__________.
-Thanks.
A. either B. each C. one C. it
13. –Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard .
-Why ________? John is sitting there doing nothing.
A. him B. he C.I D. me
14. Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for ____ two weeks.
A. another B. other C. the other D. other’s
15. I prefer a flat in Inverness to _______in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’ s.
A. one B. that C. it D. this
16．We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made _____ from some wood we had.
A. it B. one C. himself D. another
17. That' s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after______ he' s done for you.
A. something B. anything C. all D. that
18. She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got______to talk to.
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one
19. It is easy to do the repair , you need is a hammer and some nails .
A. Something B. All C. Both D. Everything
20.- One week’s time has been wasted.
- I can’t believe we did all that work for .
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
第三节 数词和介词
▲ 知识要点总述
数词
1.基数词
(1)hundred, thousand, million, billion表示确切的数目时不能加s，但在表示不确切数目时要用复数形式。
five