08届高一全国中学生英语能力竞赛 代词语法精讲精练
(一)要点提示
代词的复习内容主要有:
1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的各种形式及其用法,尤其是主格与宾格的区别以及形容词性与名词性物主代词的区别。
2.指示代词、相互代词、不定代词的用法以及易混代词的辨析。
3.疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词的用法及其区别。
4.It的用法。
5.不定代词one的用法。
one用来指人或指物,表示“一个”的意思。它既起名词作用,又起形容词作用,可做主语、宾语或定语等。具体用法如下:
1)代替前面所提到的名词以避免重复。如代替上文的复数名词时,则用ones。
There are two dictionaries on the desk.The thick one is hers and the thin one is mine.桌上有两本词典,厚的那本是她的,薄的那本是我的。(主语)
There are five English books and three Chinese ones on the desk.课桌上有5本英语书和3本汉语书。(主语)
I don't like the black coat.I like the red one.
我不喜欢这件黑上衣,我喜欢那件红的。(宾语)
2)被of短语所限制,表示一类人或事物中的一个。
The earth is one of the sun's planets.地球是太阳的行星之一。(表语)
I only know one of the three boys.我只认识3个男孩中的一个。(宾语)
3)泛指人,表示“一个人”、“人人”的意思。这时one的所有格形式one's,反身代词形式oneself。
One can't speak English well without enough practice.没有足够的实践,就不能讲好英语。
One should do one's best to serve the people.人人都应尽最大努力为人民服务。
One should be strict with oneself.一个人应对自己严格要求。
4)修饰单数可数名词,做定语,表示“某一个”的意思。
One day the teacher asked me to go to his office.有一天,老师把我叫到了他的办公室。(定语)
Matter changes from one state to another.物质能从一种状态变到另一种状态。(定语)
5)one可以与冠词或this,that连用。
Please show me that bag,the one on the left.请把那个包拿给我看,左边的那个。
There is an old teacher and a young one in the teachers' office.教研室里有一位老教师和一位年轻教师。
(二)考查热点
代词考查的热点主要有:
1.易混不定代词的比较。如 some与any;(a)few与(a)little ;all,both,none以及neither等。
2.疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词的选用。如which,who与what;that与which等。
3.one,it (them),that (those)等用于指代或替代时的辨析。
4.It用做形式主语或形式宾语的用法。例如:
It is adj./n.for (of)sb.to do sth.
I find (think,consider,feel)it adj./n.for (of)sb.to do sth.
It looks as if...It seems that...
5.复合不定代词(如something,nobody,everyone)的用法。
(三)难点突破
A.复合不定代词的用法要点
复合不定代词是指由不定代词every,some,any,no等与-thing,-one,-body等构成的复合词,即:
这些词(组)在用法上需要注意以下几点:
1.作主语时,为第三人称单数,谓语动词应使用单数。例如:
Somebody is asking to see you.
Nobody likes to be laughed at.
Does everything go well?
Is there anything wrong with the machine?
2.形容词修饰这些词(组)时,应位于其后,作后置定语。例如:
Have you got anything important to say at the meeting?
I'd like something English.
Everybody present knows the matter.
I met nobody new there.
3.变疑问句时,由some构成的词应改为由any构成的相应词。例如:
I saw someone in the room.→Did you see anybody in the room?
There is something wrong with my bike.→Is there anything wrong with your bike?
4.变否定句时,可有两种方法:
1)直接将由some,every构成的词改为由no构成的相应词。例如:
I have something important to tell you.→I have nothing important to tell you.
Everybody went to see the film.→Nobody went to see the film.
2)谓语动词改为否定,并将由some,every构成的词改为由any构成的相应词。
I saw somebody in the room.→I didn't see anybody in the room.
若仅加not,构成的只是部分否定,而非全部否定。例如:
I agree with everything he said.→I didn't agree with everything he said.我并非同意他说的一切。(即:我只是部分同意他所说的。)
5.在构成反意疑问句或其他情况下,须回指somebody,any-body,everybody,nobody,someone,anyone,everyone,no one时,可用he (him,his),也可用they (them,their)。例如:
Everybody talked at the top of his voice.
When someone has no will to live,he is often difficult to help.当一个人不想活时,就几乎无可救药。
No one cared about their lessons.
但自20世纪60年代起,美国人多用they(them,their),以示对女权的尊重,体现男女平等,特别是在口语中。
Everyone knows their job,don't they?
If anybody calls,tell them I'm out,but take their name and address down.
No one was hurt,were they?
但回指something,everything,anything,nothing一律使用单数it(it,its)。例如:
Everything is all right,isn't it?
Nothing is wrong with the recorder,is it?
B.易混不定代词辨析
1.some和any
①some和any都可在句中做主语、宾语和定语。any常用在疑问句和否定句中,some常用在肯定句中。例如:
Is (Are)there any boy student(s)on the playground?
No,there isn't (aren't)any,but there are some girl students.
②any用于肯定句中,表示强调,意思是“任何一个”。例如:
Any student can ask me any question(s)at any time.
You must find a dictionary.Any dictionary will do.
③some有时用在疑问句中,表示请求、建议或表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答等。例如:
Would you like some bananas?
Shall I get some water?
2.many和much
①many(可数)和much(不可数)在句中可做主语、宾语或定语。例如:
Many students are from a worker's family.
Much has been said to improve the work.
②many用于可数名词,动词用复数;much用于不可数名词,动词用单数。
There are many mistakes in your report.
Much of the time was wasted.
注:表示“许多”这个概念,除many和much外,常用的还有:
a)与可数名词连用:a large (great)number of
b)与不可数名词连用:a great (good)deal of,a large amount of
c)通用:a lot of,plenty of,a great quantity of
A large number of students attended the meeting.
I spent a great deal of my time in this work.
You can make a lot of friends here.
There are plenty of books on the shelf.
3.few,a few,little,a little
few,a few用于代替或修饰可数名词,little,a little用于代替或修饰不可数名词;few,little(不多,几乎没有)有否定意义,a few,a little(虽少,但还有一些)有肯定意义。这几个词可在句中做主语、宾语、定语。
I have a few friends besides you.除你之外我还有些朋友。
I have few friends besides you.除你之外我几乎没有朋友。
There is still a little ink in the bottle.You may use it.瓶里还有点墨水,你可以用。
There is very little ink in the bottle.I must buy a bottle of it.瓶里几乎没有墨水,我必须买一瓶。
4.either,neither,any,none
①两词都用于指有关两个人或物。either一般指“两个之中的任何一个”,为肯定含义;neither指“两者都不”,为否定意义。两词在句中可做主语、宾语或定语。例如:
Either is good.(两个中)任何一个都很好。
Neither is correct.两个都不对。
You may borrow either of the books.你可以借两本书中的任何一本。
You may take neither of the magazines out of the reading-room.这两本杂志你一本也不能带出阅览室。
②表示“三个以上人或物中之一”用any;表示“三个以上的人或物都不”用none。例如:
You may use either of the two pens.你可使用这两支钢笔中的一支。
You may use any of these pens.你可以使用这些钢笔中的任何一支。
I know neither of the two students.这两个学生我都不认识。
I know none of the four students.这四个学生我一个也不认识。
责任编辑：李芳芳