08届高一全国中学生英语能力竞赛语法精讲精练-名词 (人教版高一英语下册教学论文)

发布时间:2017-10-23 编辑:互联网 手机版

08届高一全国中学生英语能力竞赛语法精讲精练-名词

名词是指人或事物的名称。学习名词应掌握如下一些内容:

1.名词的类别

类别 例词

专有名词 Einstein,the Yellow River,China

  可

词 个体名词 father,book,bird,tree,radio

集体名词 family,class,group,team,army

词 物质名词 iron,paper,arrow,air,ink

抽象名词 life,thought,praise,idea

2.名词类别的转换

名词的类别不是一成不变的,它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而互相转换。如:

School is over at six.六点钟放学。(个体→抽象)

Please lend me your iron.请把你的熨斗借给我。(物质→个体)

He is a youth of twenty.他是个20岁的年轻人。(抽象→个体)

“What are you doing there?”asked Father.“你在那儿干什么?”父亲问道。(个体→专有)

Please help yourself to some chicken.请吃鸡肉。(个体→物质)

小练习:

名词专项训练

1.Miss Smith is a friend of_____ .

A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's neighbour

C.Mother's of Mary D.Mary mother's

2._____ turn green in spring.

A.Leaf B.Leafs C.Leave D.Leaves

3.Father went to his doctor for _____ about his heart trouble.

A.an advice B.advice C.advices D.the advices

4.He dropped the_____ and broke it.

A.cups of coffee B.coffee's cup C.cup for coffee D.coffee cup

5._____ will make a trip around the world during Christmas.

A.The Evens B.The Evens'C.The Evenses D.The Evenses'

6.To the sea captain's surprise,he found that_____ travel could also be quite pleasant.

A.earth B.land C.ground D.plain

7.We've worked out the plan,and now we must put it into _____ .

A.fact B.practice C.reality D.deed

8.Here's my card.Let's keep in _____ .

A.touch B.relation C.connection D.friendship

9.Is there _____ for one more in the car?

A.seat B.situation C.position D.room

10.There are four _____ in our workshop.

A.Li'sB.Lis'C.LisD.Li'

参考答案:

1-5ADBDC 6-10BBADC

3.名词数的变化

(1)可数名词有单复数之分,前面可以用数词,如:a(one)banana,two bananas。不可数名词只有一种形式,如rice,前面不用数词。

(2)名词由单数变为复数形式,其拼法分为规则的和不规则的两种。

规则变化

情况 构成法 例词

一般情况 加-s girl-girls

house -houses

以s,x,ch,sh,z等

结尾的名词,但词尾为

e的词除外。 加-es bus -buses

box -boxes

branch -branches

brush-brushes

buzz -buzzes(嗡嗡声)

以“辅音字母+y”结

尾的名词 变y为i,再加-es story -stories

city -cities

以“元音字母+y”结

尾的名词 加-s boy -boys

day -days

以f,fe结尾的名词 变f,fe为v,再加-es life -lives

leaf -leaves

以“辅音字母+o”结

尾的名词 一般加-es hero -heroes

tomato -tomatoes

以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词 只加-s radio -radios

studio -studios

[注意]①外来词如radio,piano,photo,zoo及个别的像stomach(虽以ch结尾,但发[k]音),其复数形式只在词尾加-s。

②有少数以f,fe结尾的名词,构成复数时,只在词尾加s。如:roof,serf,gulf, proof,chief,handkerchief(但也可为handkerchieves)。

不规则变化

情况 例词 备注

改变

元音 foot -feet,tooth -teeth

man -men,mouse -mice

woman -women German -Germans

Roman -Romans

 

词尾

 

变化

  child -children,ox -oxen

单复数同形 sheep,means,deer,fish, works(工厂;工事;著作)

Japanese,Chinese 汉语拼音通常是单复数同形,如jin,li,yuan等。

只有复数形式 trousers,glasses(眼镜), goods,thanks,clothes,compasses,ashes,remains,people(人们),police 这类词用来表示数量时,需加pair,suit等词,如a pair of shoes。

一些学科等名词 politics,physics,mathematics, maths,news 形式是复数,但一般作单数看待。

合成词分为三种 (1)sister-in-law→sisters-in

law grown-up→grown-ups

(2)woman doctor→women

doctors

man astronaut→men

astronauts

(3)boy friend→boy friends

girl student→girl students (1)有主体名词时,s加在主体名词的词尾上;无主体名词时,s加在复合词的词尾上。

(2)由man和woman构成的复合词,除了后面的名词要变为复数外,man和 woman也要变为复数。

(3)由boy和girl构成的复合词,只需把后面的名词变为复数。

[注意]①不可数名词一般没有复数形式。说明其数量时要用相应的计量名词。如a bottle of milk,a piece of wood,a bowl of rice,a sheet of paper等。

②在姓氏的复数前加定冠词the,指一家人时,应作复数名词。如the Smiths。

③有些名词在一些短语中,只能用复数形式。如make friends with,shake hands with等。

④名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系、所属类别、动作执行者、动作承受者等意义,常需要用所有格形式。

a.表示有生命的东西的名词所有格

a)单数名词加's,如:the monkey's tail。

b)以s结尾的复数名词只加-',如:the students'books。

c)不以s结尾的复数名词要加-'s,如:men's clothing。

d)并列的名词各均属所有格时,须在各名词词尾逐一加-'s,但如果为两者共有时,则只须在后一个名词词尾加-'s。如:John's and Mary's mothers汤姆的母亲和玛丽的母亲(两人各自的母亲);John and Mary's mother汤姆和玛丽的母亲(两人共同的母亲)。

e)表示某人的家或商店、诊所时,名词所有格后的名词常省略。如the tailor's,the barber's,at my uncle's等。

f)of+'s所有格修饰前面的名词时,注意of前面的名词前一定要有一个a(an), two,any,some,several,no,few,another或this,these,those等之类的修饰语(这个修饰语一般不能是one和the)。如a friend of my father's。

b.表示无生命的东西的名词,通常都采用“of+n.”的结构来表示所有关系。如 the window of the room;但是today,yesterday,tomorrow作“本义”讲时(即“今天”;“昨天”;“明天”),其所有格通常用“-'s”。如yesterday's newspaper(昨天的报纸);作“转义”讲时(即“当代”;“过去”;“未来”),其所有格通常用of结构。如the world of tomorrow(未来的世界)。

小练习:

11.Hunter kept a lot of_____ ,including two_____ .

A.cattle;cows B.cow;cattle C.cattles;cows D.cows;cattle

12.Now,let's take _____ rest.

A.a few minutes's B.a few minutes'C.few minutes's D.few minutes'

13.They sell both _____ in this new store.

A.man and woman's shoes B.men and women's shoes

C.men and women shoes D.men's and women's shoes

14.-Whose hat is it?-It's _____ hat.

A.somebody else's B.somebody else

C.somebody's else's D.somebody's else

15.If by any chance someone comes to see me,ask them to leave a_____ .

A.message B.letter C.sentence D.notice

参考答案:

11-15ABBAA

责任编辑:李芳芳