英语高考专题复习讲与练
独立主格结构常见类型及其用法
独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式
1、逻辑主语+V-ing
这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：
(1).Such being the case, I couldn’t help but support him.
(2).Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper following it closely.
(3).Weather permitting, they would have stayed for another week.
…………………, they decided to go for an outing.
(4).There being no buses, we had to walk home after work yesterday.
(5).The thief fell to the ground, his left foot broken and blood running down from his mouth.
(6).Time permitting, we could have done it better.
(7).It being noisy, she couldn’t make herself heard clearly.
(8).It being too late, he couldn’t find himself any taxis.
(9).It being fine, we will go climbing.
(10).The Green’s has been broken into three times, each resulting in their great loss.
(11)The thieves ran away separately, each carrying a bag.
1.__________no bus, we had to walk home.
A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was
2._______no bus, we had to walk home.
A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was
3._______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been
4.______Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is
2、逻辑主语+V-ed
该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：
(1).His eyes still fixed on the map, he did some serious thinking.
(2).The boy stood at the table, his eyes fixed on the food in the plate.
(3).The job finished, we went home straight away.
(4).The sum added, we will have enough money for the trip.
(5).The actress looked pure and fresh, dressed in a white shirt and army trousers, her hair
done up in pigtails.
(6).Along the rocky New England coast are small areas of sand and gravel beaches, some created glacial (冰川的) debris（堆积物）, others built up by the action of ocean storm..
1._________, the train started.
A.The signal given B.Giving the signal C.The signal being given D.The signal giving
2.__________, the train started.
A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given
C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given
3._________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A.Explaining new words B.New words explained
C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words
4.______________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. When new words were explained B.Explaining new words
C.New words explaining D.Being explained new words
3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）
该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主-系-表”结构。如：
(1). He entered the room, his nose red with cold.
(2).He sat in the front row,his mouth half open.
(3).Dinner over, we decided to play bridge.
(4).Father away, he played games with his friends.
1.___________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A.Better conditions B.Conditions better
C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions
2._________, the patient can leave the hospital.
A.If better conditions B.If conditions better
C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions
3.________, we’d like to go outing.
A.Being Sunday B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK
4.___________, we’d like to go outing.
A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C
5._________, you can wait a while.
A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B
6._________, so you can wait a while
A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on
4、逻辑主语+介词短语
该结构相当于不带动词的“主-系-介词短语”结构。如：
(1).---Can I help you?
---I’d like to buy a presend for my father’s birthday, one at a proper price but of great value.
(2).In half an hour Delia came, her right hand in bandage.
(3).Book in hand, Mr Smith came in.
(4).Gun on shoulder, the soldiers are marching on.
1.The boy followed the nobleman here, ___________.
A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand C.being a sword in hand D.sword in hand
2.The boy followed the nobleman here ___________.
A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in hand
C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand
3.He left the office, __________.
A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes
4.He left the office __________.
A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in his eyes
C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes
5、逻辑主语+名词
(1).A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400
Cambodians, most of them (being) women. 独立主格结构
, and most of them are women. 并列句
;most of them are women. 并列句
,most of whom are women. 定语从句
(2). The doctor has two gaughters, one a nurse, the other an engineer.
二、独立主格结构在整句中可作以下成分：
1、原因状语
该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
1.________ no bus, we had to walk home.
A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B
2._________Sunday, the library doesn't open.
A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B
3.____________, I had to ask for two days’ leave.
A.Mother being ill B.Mother ill C.As mother was ill D. A,B and C
4.____________, we have to work late into the night.
A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C
2、时间状语
独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由when, as soon as, after等引导的时间状语从句。如：
1.__________, the train started.
A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B
2.__________, the text became easier for us to learn.
A. New words explained B.When new words were explained
C.When teacher explained new words D.all above
3、条件状语
独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引导的条件状语从句。如：
1.___________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall.
A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B
2._________, the patient will recover himself soon.
A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time
C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C
4、伴随状语
独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：
1.We have lessons every day, ___________.
A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above
2.The boy fell asleep,___________.
A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a cap was on head D. all the above
3.Father came home,_________
A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above
with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法
“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+形容词或副词、非谓语动词（分词、不定式）等”所构成的一种介词短语。
He likes to sleep with the door open.
The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.
With production up by 60%, The company has had another excellent year.
The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down.
It was quiet night, with the moon high up in the sky.
The woman walked along the river with his head down.
She said it with tears in her eyes.
He sat there thinking with his chin on his hand.
With tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married.
The soldier stood guard with a rifle in his hand.
It being hot last summer, he slept with the windows open at night.
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion.
He died with his daughter yet a school girl.
She stood there chatting with her friends, with her daughter playing beside her.
He sat there alone, with tears streaming down his cheeks.
With the exams coming next week,I have no time for a social life.
With other conditions being equal, the pressure remains constant.
Without anyone noticing, he slipped out of the room.
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
With his wallet stolen, Mr Hill dare not return home to face his wife.
With all she needed bought, she left the supermarket happily.
She listened to the music of Mozart With her face bathed in tears.
I sat in my room for a few evenings, with my eyes glued to a book.
You can use a large plastic bottle, with its top cut off, as a pot to grow young plants in.
The hero walked towards the top of the hill, with his arms tied behind himself.
He can’t go to see the film with a lot of work to do.
With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed.
With ten minutes to go, you’d better hurry.
该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：
1、原因状语
1.With the man ______ us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.
A.to guide B.guiding C.guided D.to have guide
2.With a lot of work_____, she doesn’t have time to rest.
A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done
3.With the machine _____all the time, we finished harvesting crops in time.
A.to work B.worked C.working D.being working
2、时间状语
1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _____.
A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on
2.With our problem ________, we all felt happy.
A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled
3.With his work______, the secretary began to walk home.
A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done
3、伴随状语
1.She left the offices with tears ________.
A.in her eyes B.in eyes C.being in eyes D.to be in eyes
2.The man found the door with both his eyes ______.
A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing
3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_______.
A. standing by B.to be standing by C.stood by D.being standing by
4.The murderer was brought in, with his hands________.
A.to be tied behind B. tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind
5.You can’t see well ________.
A. with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses
4、后置定语
1.Do you know the man ______ a book in his hand?
A.with B.having C.being D.A and B
2.Please offer your seat to the woman _____ a baby in her arms.
A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above
分词、独立主格和“with + 复合宾语”作状语的区别
分词结构、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：
一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。
分词短语在句中常作以下状语：
1、原因状语
1._______late, we had to walk home.
A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B
2.______ busy, they had no time to play.
A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above
2、时间状语
1._______ the students' homework, the teacher found a lot of mistakes.
A.When he was correcting B.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above
2.________by your teachers, you are supposed to be modest.
A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above
3、条件状语
1.______ more time, he is sure to finish his test paper.
A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above
2._______ another chance, I'll do my job better.
A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above
4、伴随状语
1.Father came back, _______ a bag of money on his left shoulder.
A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and carrying D.all the above
2.Father came back, _______ by a monkey.
A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above
二、独立主格结构和with + 复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：
1.______, we’ll go fishing in the country.
A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting
2._________, he finished playing the game of chess.
A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eyes
3._________, I couldn’t get the book I wanted.
A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing
三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如when, if, as soon as, as, while等）或并列连词（如and, but, or, so等）。例如：
1._________, the teacher told the class to go through the text
A.Checking the answers B.Checking the answers and
C.When checking the answers and D.all the above
2._________a rainy day, so all the farmers had to stay inside.
A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above
3.As_______a little sick, he remained at the clinic.
A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above
四、在使用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。
1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。
1.______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B
2._______for the bus at the stop, he suddenly caught sight of a thief.
A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above
2、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with +复合宾语结构或从句。如：
1.The soldier fell asleep ___________.
A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle
C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle
2.__________, the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.
A.Being on B.When being on
C.With all the lights on D.When it turns on all the lights
3.________ the notice, he had an idea.
A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above
4.________ the notice, an idea came to his mind.
A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above
案例探究
1.(★★★★★)________,there is no school.
A.It is Sunday B.It was Sunday C.It will be Sunday D.It being Sunday
2.(★★★★)________,all the students ran out of the classroom.
A.Class was over B.Class is over C.Class over D.When class over
3.(★★★★)________,everything has changed.
A.Time goes on B.Time going on C.As time going on D.With time went on
4.(★★★★)He was lying on the grass,his hands________ under his head.
A.crossing B.crossed C.was crossing D.were crossed
5.(★★★★★)The storm________ their house,they had to live in a cave.
A.destroyed B.destroying C.having destroyed D.being destroyed
6.(★★★★)He entered the room, ________.
A.his nose was red with cold B.and his nose red with cold
C.his nose red with cold D.his nose been red with cold
7.(★★★★)Here are the first two volumes,the third one________ next month.
A.to come out B.coming out C.will come out D.having come out
8.(★★★★)All things________, I think we ought to give the job to Mike.
A.considering B.considered C.having considered D.are considered
9.(★★★★)____________ ,they will go and visit the zoo.
A.Weather permitting B.Weather permitted
C.Weather being permitted D.Weather having permitted
10.(★★★★)The problem__________ ,they all went home happily.
A.settling B.to be settled C.settled D.to settle
11.(★★★★)A lot of work_________ ,he had no time to talk with us.
A.done B.to do C.doing D.to be doing
12.Everyone________ their seats,the meeting began.
A.taken B.taking C.having taken D.to take
13.He stood there,his hands________ behind.
A.tying B.tied C.were tying D.were tied
14.________,Mother had to stay at home and looked after him.
A.Being ill B.He was ill C.Tom being ill D.To be ill
独立主格结构
1. The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent ________at the end of last March. [2007 山东卷]
A．has been launched B．having been launched C．being launched D．to be launched
2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _______ for the day. [07重庆] A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
3.There are a lot of stars existing in space,
most of ____ are unknown to us. B
and most of _____ are unknown to us. D
most of ____being unknown to us. D
A. who B. which C that D them
4. Anderson entered the classroom,_____ book in _____ hand.
A. /; his B. /; / C. a; / D. a; the
5. He left, his sweetheart ____ very lonely.
A. felt B. feels C. has felt D. feeling
6.Mr. Black left for Beijing this morning, his secretary ____ him there this Friday.
A.would join B.joined C.joining D.to join
7. ____ at hand, he had to borrow some to buy his wife a present.
A.There was no money B.There being no money C.Being no money D. Not been money
8. A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, ____.
A. most of them women B. most of whom women
C. and most of whom are women D. most them are women
9.The final exam ________ , your parents will not properly allow you to listen to music.
A.drawing near B.draw near C.is drawing near D.is drew near
10. The thief was brought in, his hands ____________ behind his back.
A. tying B. tied C. being tied D. having tied
11. So many students __________ for the traffic jam, the exam had to be put off.
A. were late B. been late C. has been late D. being late
A. have been canceled B.had been canceled C.having been canceled D.being canceled
12.He wrote a lot of novels, many of _______ translated into a foreign language.
A.them B.which C.it D.what
13. We got near a garden, ______ owner sitting in it. A. its B. whose C. that D. which
14. The fine day ______________ our pleasure, we had a good time in the country.
A. added up B. added in C. added up to D. added to
15. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest ____________ in a year.
A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed
16. Our teacher entered the classroom, __________.
A. a book in hand B. book in hand C. book in his hand D. a book in hands
17. There ____________ nothing to talk about, everyone in the room remained silent.
A. was B. had C. being D. having
18.The factory produced many famous cars, none of ____ shipped to foreign countries.
A. them B. which C. it D. what
19.The manager was very angry, for he had sent his business partner two thousand machines yesterday, half of ___ unqualified.
A.them B.what C.which D.whom
20.On Saturday evenings guests are entertained in the garden, weather ________.
A.permits B.permit C.permitting D.permitted
21._____, we decided to go for an outing. A.weather permitting B.The weather being so fine C.Had weather permitted D.If the weather is clear
22.All flights____because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A.having been cancelled B.had been cancelled C.have been cancelled D.being cancelled
23.He was lying on the grass, his hands _______ under his head.
A.crossing B.being crossed C.crossed D.to cross
“with + 复合宾语”
1. Spider was up and standing at the door, with every hair of her body ____.
A. stood up B. on its end C. on end D. on the end
2. With the weather conditions ____, they flew to London immediately.
A.taken account into B. taken into account C.taking account into D.taking into account
3. _______ the production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.
A. For B. As C. Because D. With
4.With too many construction projects _____ all the strength out of the economy, people of the small country complained a lot. A.sucking B.to suck C.being sucked D.being sucking
5. -Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.
-Sorry. With so much work my mind, I almost break down. [2007 福建卷]
A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled
6. With a lot of difficult problems ___, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. to settle B. settled C. setting D. being settled
责任编辑：李芳芳