1 assume vt.假设，设想，认为
(教材P3)．..，she assumed that Kelly was having a bad dream，and sent her back to bed.她认为凯莉做恶梦了，把她打发回床上睡觉了。
归纳拓展
①(朗文P103)It is assumed that they will eventually join the EU.人们认为他们最终会加入欧盟。
②(牛津P104)I had assumed him to be a Belgian.
我本以为他是比利时人。
③Assuming (that) he’s still alive，how old would he be now？假定他还活着，现在有多大年纪了？
2 occur vi.发生；想到；出现；存在
(教材P3)Mr.Foster was working that night on his road construction job，and was not home when these events occurred.
当那些事情发生时，福斯特先生那晚正在修路没回家。
归纳拓展
【辨析】 happen，occur，take place
happen 常用来表示“偶然，碰巧”，而且多指整个情况，这时不能用另外两个词代替。
occur 多用来指具体事情的发生，虽然也可指偶然性，但与happen相比程度较弱。
take place 作“发生”解时较为正式，不带有偶然之义，并经常用来指经事先安排的事情。
①It didn’t occur to me that there’d be a big festival on at the same time as my holiday.我原先没想到我度假的同时那里刚好要庆祝一个盛大的节日。
②(朗文P1412) I washed it in the water-it never occurred to me to check the label.我用水把它洗了--根本没想到看一下标签。
③(牛津P1377)When exactly did the incident occur?
这一事件究竟是什么时候发生的？
3 strength n．力量，力气
(教材P18)In one case，a group of engineers ran after the creature，which moved with amazing speed and strength.
有一次，一队工程师们追赶野人，野人却以惊人的速度和体力奔跑起来。
归纳拓展
【辨析】 strength，energy，force，power
strength 指(物的)强度、(人的)力气，尤指承受重物的力量。还可指人的强项、长处。
energy 含义是物理定义“能”。用于人时，指人的精力、工作能力，还可指能量、能源。
force 指物理学上的力，尤指人或物撞击或推动物体时所用的力；也指为做成某事而使用的力量，还可指武力、强制力、效力。
power 可指一切内存的、外来的、具体的或抽象的力，可引申为势力、政权等；也指电力、动力、功率。
①(朗文P2039)Sarah hugged her brother with all her strength.萨拉使尽全力拥抱她弟弟。
②(牛津P1997)It may take a few weeks for you to build up your strength again.可能需要几个星期你才能恢复体力。
③The ability to keep calm is one of her many strengths.能够保持冷静是她的多项长处之一。
4 convince vt.使确信，使相信
(教材P18)He became convinced they exist.
他相信野人的存在。
归纳拓展
①I was convinced he would be more famous than Chaplin.我相信他将比卓别林更出名。
②(朗文P443)He’ll try to convince you of Mitchell’s innocence.他会设法使你相信米切尔是无辜的。
③(牛津P438)I’ve been trying to convince him to see a doctor.我一直劝他去看病。
5 survive v．幸存，挺过难关；生存
(教材P18)In his opinion，this animal made its way to other parts of the world，and continues to survive even today.
在他看来，这种动物到了世界其他地区，继续生存直到如今。
归纳拓展
①To survive in the forest，animals must climb from tree to tree.要想在森林里生存下来，动物必须有爬树的本领。
②He’ll show everyone he can survive as a single parent.他要让大家看看，他作为单亲家长能挺过来。
③She survived her husband by ten years.丈夫死后她又活了十年。
跟踪训练
Ⅰ.选词填空
1．Tickets are $9，with a $2____________for kids.
2．Employees may still be____________for using illegal drugs at work.
3．Reporters were not allowed to go____________the plane.
4．The _________that boys are good at maths and girls are not is clearly wrong.
5．Police are on the _________of a gang that robbed five women last month.
6．He fell over and suffered an____________to his head.
7．The ____________ of people here were from Africa.
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．(2012南京市高三模拟考试)-How are you getting along with your project?
-I was about to give up when an idea occurred to me _____I could work with my roommate Tim.
A．that B．how
C．why D．Whether
解析：选A。考查名词性从句。从句I could work with my roommate Tim句意完整，不缺少成分，因此使用that引导同位语从句，解释说明idea的内容。
2．(2012盐城市高三年级调研考)
Failure to face up to painful experience can be________form of stress itself，and can increase________ possibility of illness.
A．the；/ B．a；a
C．a；the D．/；the
解析：选C。考查冠词的用法。句意：不能面对痛苦经历本身就是一种形式的压力，而且它能增加患病的可能性。根据语意可知第一空表示泛指，用不定冠词a，a form of意为“……的一种形式”，第二空表示特指，因此用定冠词the。
3．(2012南京市金陵中学高三模拟考试)In the next five years，the government’s work will be evaluated ________ on peoplet’s happiness level instead of GDP alone.
A．based B．to be based
C．basing D．having based
解析：选A。考查非谓语动词。根据语意及句子结构可知，此处表示根据人民的幸福指数来衡量政府的工作，based on...是过去分词作状语。
4．There is solid evidence________ watching 3D movies can have some side effects on the viewers.
A．what B．that
C．which D．how
解析：选B。考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，引导词在从句中不作成分，也没有意义，因此用that引导同位语从句，作解释说明。
5．China’s solar-powered satellite Chang’e Ⅱ has successfully________the test of a lunar eclipse that occurred on December 21,2010.
A．conducted B．experienced
C．survived D．Stood
解析：选D。考查动词辨析。句意：中国以太阳能为动力的人造卫星“嫦娥二号”成功地经受了发生在2010年12月21日的月食的考验。动词stand表示“经得起，经受，承受”，合乎语意。conduct“执行，组织”；experience“经历，体会”；survive“生存，存活”。
6．________that her mother would come back soon，the girl calmed down.
A．Having convinced
B．Being convinced
C．Convincing
D．Convinced
解析：选D。句意：当那个小女孩相信妈妈很快就要回来时她安静了下来。convince表示“使相信”，这里convince和句子主语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故用convinced短语作原因状语。
7．I looked for a job for weeks but had no luck.In the beginning，I felt ________，but then my mood improved.
A．enthusiastic B．hopeless
C．guilty D．astonished
解析：选B。考查形容词辨析。由于几个星期没有找到工作，开始的时候我感觉没希望，因此选择hopeless
“绝望的，没有希望的”。
短语精释
6 due to 因为，由于
(教材P2)This incident has received great interest due to reports of strange lights in the sky and of alien visits around the time the boy disappeared.该事件引起了公众的极大兴趣，原因是各种有关男孩失踪前后天空中出现奇怪光亮和外星人来访地球的新闻报道。
归纳拓展
①(牛津P621)Most of the problems were due to human error.多数问题都是人为错误造成的。
②(朗文P631)Our book’s not due to be published until December.我们的书预计要到12月份才能出版。
③After he was fired，the company failed to pay him the commissions due to him.
他被解雇后，公司没有支付应该给他的佣金。
7 show up 出现，露面；现身
(教材P3)When Justin did not show up for lunch the next day，Mrs Foster became worried and told her husband to call the police. 到第二天中午吃午饭的时候，贾斯廷仍然没有露面，福斯特夫人开始担心了，就让丈夫打电话报警。
归纳拓展
①(朗文P1896)Her tumor didn’t show up on the scan.她的肿瘤在扫描仪上看不出来。
②(牛津P1853)Has anyone shown you around yet?有没有人带你四处走走？
③She wanted to show off her new husband at the party.她想在聚会上炫耀自己的新婚丈夫。
8 make up 编造，杜撰，构成
(教材P3)Sometimes people make up such amazing stories.人们有时候编造这种耸人听闻的故事。
归纳拓展
【辨析】 make up，be made up of，consist of
make up 用部分作主语，表示“部分构成整体”，用于主动语态。
be made up of 用整体作主语，表示“整体由部分构成”。
consist of 用整体作主语，表示“整体由部分构成”，引申为“包含有”，不能用于被动语态。
①Non-Han people make up nearly 30% of Yunnan’s population.非汉族人口几乎占云南人口的30%。
②They have quarreled seriously three times but each time they have made up and become best friends again.她们之间发生过三次大的争吵，但每次都重归于好。
③They made him up as an old man for the last act of the play.他们把他打扮成一个老头，出演这出戏的最后一幕。
④(朗文P1246)Oh，she wouldn’t make up a story like that.呀，她不会编造那样一个故事。
⑤(牛津P1222)They made up a bed for me on the sofa.他们给我在沙发上铺了个床位。
跟踪训练
Ⅰ.选词填空
1．We_______________home after work.
2．I have been there________________times.
3．They are________________the population problem.
4．The policeman jumped out of the car and ______________ the thief.
5．Local groups are____________their anti-drug campaign.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．由于粗心他失败了。
He failed ______________________.
2．我的教学风格和多数教师相似。
My teaching style _______________ that of most other teachers.
3．我们等了他整整一上午，但他始终没有露面。
We waited for him all morning but he_________________________.
4．那个公交车司机正加速行驶以补回失去的时间。
The bus driver was speeding ________________ lost time.
5．别忘记带上你的东西。
Don’t forget the things _____________________ you.
Ⅲ.单项填空
1．(2012苏锡常镇四市高三教学情况调查二)The two military exercises were similar________ they were both intended to give a threat to a certain country.
A．to what B．for which
C．in that D．except that
解析：选C。根据语意可知，前后两个句子之间有因果关系，故应用in that，表示“因为”。句意：这两次军事演习是类似的，因为它们都旨在威胁某国。
2．He stared at the empty bottle for a while，feeling happy that he had sent the butterfly back________it belonged－nature.
A．to which B．that
C．which D．to where
解析：选D。考查短语及宾语从句。send sth.back to表示“送回”；此处where引导to后的宾语从句，where在从句中作地点状语。
3．As neither of us would ________，the bargain came to nothing.
A．give in B．give out
C．give away D．give off
解析：选A。考查动词短语辨析。句意：由于双方都不让步，协商最终没有结果。give in投降，屈服，让步；give out分发，公布，用尽；give away捐赠，丧失，泄露；give off发出(
气味、热、光等)。
4．The world today needs those who have a high sense of duty；just due to ________，they are playing an important role in promoting social progress and world peace.
A．one B．it
C．them D．which
解析：选B。考查代词。it指代上文a high sense of duty。今天，世界需要那些有高度责任感的人，正因为这样，他们在促进社会进步和世界和平方面发挥着重要作用。
5．The USA plans arms sale to Taiwan，which forces China to________its modernization process in national defence.
A．set up B．build up
C．take up D．step up
解析：选D。考查动词短语辨析。set up建立；build up增强；take up 着手；step up加速。step up its modernization process in national defence加快国防现代化进程。
句型精析
9 (教材P2)Standing inside were lots of strange creatures with white skin and large black eyes.
里面站着许多白皮肤，眼睛又黑又大的怪物。
【点津】 这是一个完全倒装句，主语是lots of strange creatures，谓语动词是were standing，with white skin and large black eyes是定语，修饰creatures。因为主语较长，句子使用完全倒装避免了头重脚轻，这种句式常用结构有：分词/副词/形容词/介词短语＋be＋主语。
①Lying on the floor was a wounded peasant boy.躺在地板上的是一个受伤的农家男孩。
②Seated on the grass are a group of young students.坐在草地上的是一群青年学生。
③Higher up are the temples built in ancient China.再往高处去就是古代中国修建的庙宇。
10 (教材P18)The Yeti is said to be a large，hairy animal...
据说野人身材魁梧，全身毛发……
【点津】 “主语＋be said to be doing/to do/to have done...”意为“据说主语正在做……/要做……/曾经做过……”，主语可以是人，也可以是物，相当于It is said that＋主语＋谓语＋其他成分。注意两个句型互相转换时谓语动词要做相应的变化。
可以用于此结构的动词还有：think，report，believe，suppose，expect，suggest，find等。
①She is said to want to become a teacher in the future.
＝It is said that she wants to be a teacher in the future.
据说她将来想当老师。
②She is said to be writing a book.＝It is said that she is writing a book.据说她正在写书。
③Scientists are said to have found the treatment for the disease.
＝It’s said that scientists have found the treatment for the disease.
据说科学家们已经找到了这种疾病的治疗方法。
跟踪训练
Ⅰ.句型转换
1．The book is expected to be the best-seller this year.
→________________________________________________________________
2．A girl was seated on the ground playing the guitar.(变为倒装句)
→________________________________________________________________
3．She is a lovely girl，but she can be extremely difficult to work with.
→______________________she is a lovely girl，she can be extremely difficult to work with.
4．They wanted to see what the elephant looked like，so they asked the driver to stop.
→They asked the driver to stop _________________ they ________ see what the elephant looked like.
5．It’s possible for him to attend the meeting.
→There’s ________________________ he will attend the meeting.
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．(2012南通市高三调研测试)Is there any possibility________ the little girl can be the champion in the London Olympics?
A．that B．which
C．if D．whether
解析：选A。考查同位语从句。that引导的从句是对possibility的内容的具体解释，两者之间构成同位语关系，据此选A项。
2．When ________why he walked in without permission，he just stared at us and said nothing.
A．ask B．asked
C．asking D．to be asked
解析：选B。考查非谓语动词。句意：当问他为什么未经允许就进来的时候，他只是盯着我们什么话也不说。ask的逻辑主语为he，两者为动宾关系，故用asked。
3．In this contest a medal with ten thousand dollars________gains success in ten seconds putting the sticks in place.
A．is given to whoever B．are given to anyone who
C．gives to whomever D．give to everyone
解析：选A。考查主谓一致和被动语态。句子主语为a medal故谓语动词应用单数，又因为give与medal是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用被动形式。
4．(2010高考课标全国卷)Mary made coffee________ her guests were finishing their meal.
A．so that B．although
C．while D．as if
解析：选C。句意：客人们就要吃完饭的时候，玛丽煮了咖啡。so that以便，为了，用来引导目的状语从句或结果状语从句。although虽然，尽管，用来引导让步状语从句。while①在……期间，当……的时候，用来引导时间状语从句；②然而，而(＝but)，表示对比。as if(＝as though)仿佛，好像，用来引导方式状语从句。从句意可知C项正确。
5．(2011高考山东卷)He had his camera ready________he saw something that would make a good picture.
A．even if B．if only
C．in case D．so that
解析：选C。句意：他准备好了照相机，以防看到他能够拍下来的好画
面。本题考查状语从句。A项意为“尽管，即使”；B项意为“要是……就好了”；C项意为“以防，
万一”；D项意为“为了”。
句型公式妙笔生花
1．as，though，although引导让步状语从句
Although/Though I’m young，I already know what career I want to follow.→Young as/though I am，I already know what career I want to follow.我虽然年轻，但我已经明白我应该追求什么样的事业。
Although he tried，he couldn’t solve the problem.→Try as he might，he couldn’t solve the problem.
尽管他努力了，但是他没有解决问题。
2．...before“没来得及……就……”
To my great disappointment，my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with her.让我非常失望的是，我还没来得及和我最喜欢的歌手打招呼，她就已经离开了。
3．...before...“过了多久才……”或“动作进行到什么程度才……”
The workers worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.
工人们连续工作3天才使一切恢复正常。
4．It was＋时间段＋before...“过了多久才……”/It was not long before...
“不久就……”
It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意识到他处境的危险。
5．It will(not)be＋时间段＋before.....“要过多久(不久)……才……”(before从句谓语动词要用一般时态)
It will be half a year before you graduate from the school.再过半年你才能毕业。
核心单词
Ⅰ.语境填词
She was shocked by the violent scenes she had __________(目击)．
2．He was ____________(奖赏)a medal for bravery.
3．A terrible thought ____________(闪现) through my mind.
4．Many birds didn’t ____________(生存) the severe winter.
5．I don’t think it would be the right thing to do.So I ____________(不同意) with you.
6．Hearing the joke，they burst into ____________(大笑)．
7．The detective told us he wouldn’t give up until he found convincing ______________(证据)．
8．I am ____________(确信)that she is innocent.
9．You don’t sound very ____________(热心的)about the idea.
10．We do not fully understand how the brain is __________(构成)．
11．The book was written in a style ____________(适合的)to the age of the children.
12．The doctor ___________(检查)
her but could find nothing wrong.
Ⅱ.词汇活用
1．They are ____________with the ____________question.(puzzle)
2．No one knows how the universe came into ____________and if life____________on other planets.(exist)
3．There’s now no____________that she will make a full recovery，so it’s ____________to return to work.(possible)
4．They lack the sense of ____________.As a result，they don’t think the play ____________.(humour)
5．The man who saved the boy ____________from his sight but he’ll never forget the kind man’s ____________.(appear)
高频短语
1．________________ 加紧，加强，促进
2．________________ 由于，因为
3．________________ 出现，露面
4．________________ 对……做研究
5．________________ 调查；检查
6．________________ 编造，捏造，杜撰
7．________________ 放弃
8．________________ 报告做……
9．________________ 和……相似
10．________________ 许多，很多
11．________________ 追赶
12．________________ 属于
13．__________________ 前往……，到……去
典型句式
1．完全倒装
________________ were lots of strange creatures with white skin and large black eyes.
里面站着许多白皮肤，眼睛又黑又大的奇怪生物。
2．让步状语从句
So，________we have not dismissed the idea，we are looking into other possibilities as well. 所以，尽管我们不排除这种想法，但是我们也在调查其他的可能性。
3．目的状语从句
The aliens took me aboard the UFO ________________ they could do research on me.
外星人把我带到UFO的船舱里，目的是对我做研究。
4．主语＋be said to do/to be doing/to have done...
The Yeti is ________________________a large，hairy animal.... 据说雪人身体庞大，毛茸茸的……
单元语法
1．-Hurry，John!
-Oh，I am too tired and can’t walk any further.I________ for hours.
A．had walked B．walked
C．have been walking D．am walking
解析：选C。句意：--约翰，快点！--噢，我太累了，走不动了。我已经走了几个小时了。表示从过去几个小时前到现在一直在走，且有可能继续走下去，故应用现在完成进行时。
2.Miss Li________as a secretary for five years in the company，and now she is a general manager of it.
A．works B．worked
C．has worked D．had worked
解析：选B。从后面and now看出，李小姐做了五年的公司秘书这件事情发生在过去，现在她已经不是了。根据判断work是发生在过去的动作，应用一般过去时，故选B。
3．-Are you going to further your studies after graduation?
-Well，I________yet.I might make some other choices.
A．didn’t decide B．haven’t decided
C．don’t decide D．hadn’t decided
解析：选B。句意：--毕业后你打算进修吗？--哦，我还没有决定。我可能会做其他选择。由题意可知应用现在完成时，故选B。
4．(2011高考山东卷)She was surprised to find the fridge empty；the children________everything!
A．had been eating
B．had eaten
C．have eaten
D．have been eating
解析：选B。句意：发现冰箱空了她很吃惊，孩子们已经吃光了一切！本题考查动词时态。孩子们吃光冰箱里的东西发生在She was surprised to find...之前，即过去的过去，所以用过去完成时，故选B。
5．(2011高考陕西卷)His first novel________good reviews since it came out last month.
A．receives
B．is receiving
C．will receive
D．has received
解析：选D。句意：他的第一本小说自从上个月出版以来受到了良好的评价。本题考查动词的时态。根据since it came out last month可知本句应用现在完成时，故选择D项。