丽江市一中
段丽
选择找出与众不同的依据：1)客观需要，与众不同的地方一定是作者要凸显的地方,即outstanding.既然作者有这样的意图,那阅读者确定要领会这一点.作为出题者肯定也会在这些地方下功夫。所以，做题者在做题时必然也应该重点关注这些特殊的地方.2)主观需要，作阅读时要善于找出与众不同的地方,这样会大大提高做题的效率.我们做题目时不是在精读,也不是在赏析,以得出正确答案为目的。因此应该目的明确，直奔重点。
从三个角度找出差别,即提干,选项,篇章.这三个部分也是阅读题的三个构成部分.无论在哪个地方找到不同,都要做标记.
标注顺序,也可理解成做题顺序.1)第一段,2)题干,3)选项, 4)篇章 (各段开头,其他位置)。
具体做法：1）标注第一段，得出大意。中心一定与其他地方不同,既不是事实也不是细
节,是总结概括性强的句子,该部分与整篇文章不同.汉语习惯把中心放在
最后,作为压轴.英语文章的习惯是开门见山,在开头的地方,一般为第一段
就摆出文章中心,写作话题.看第一段,了解大意,这时候的做法为去例子,去
事实,关注but, however之类的字眼之后的部分，快速找出大意。一般说
明文，议论文的写作非常规范，中心一定在第一段，记叙文第一段摆出话
题，最后一段说出中心或写作目的。
2）标注每段开头，掌握每段大意。
3）标注题干的不同之处，结合每段大意有目的性地去查读。题干中标注人名，
地名，日期，次数，段落数字，疑问词。
4）标注各选项的不同特征，以便更快找到答案。
5）标注篇章中的不同之处：整篇文章中印刷字体与众不同的地方必然是重要
的地方,所以才会与其他地方不同,也应该引起重视.这样特别的地方包括,黑
体字,斜体字,数字,破折号,引号冒号,问号,分号,有汉语注释的字词,人名,地
名,星号,圆点。这些部分较好找。
重点关注的较难的不同地方：
1）关注连接词，这样做推理判断和理解时容易得多。
常用连接词：
○1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/ First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end,
At last
○2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover , Furthermore ,In addition As well as,
not only…but (also), including,
○3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although +clause(从句), In spite of
On the one hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for,
so…that…
○4.表 因 果 关 系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
○5.表换一种方式表达：In other words, that is to say,
○6.表进行举例说明：For example；For instance；such as +n/doing
○7.表 陈 述 事 实：In fact,
frankly speaking,
○8.表达自己观点：As far as I know/concerned, In my opinion, personally, as to me
○9.表总结：In short, In a word, In conclusion, In summary, all in all, briefly/ in brief ; generally
speaking, as you know, as is known to all
2）黑体字:一般为小标题及段落中心,把握段落中心做该段落中出现的任何题都能做到有
目标可循.
3）数字:一般为年月份,日期,时钟点数,次数,年纪,倍数等为事实细节题必修抓住的部分.
4）斜体字:一般为书名.做题时可提供线索.
5）破折号:一般为解释说明,做推理判断题必不可少.
6）引号：一般引述某个人的观点做法，是推断题必须关注的出的范围。
7）感叹号：一般用在表达作者情感的句子，会涉及判断作者对某个问题观点的看法，态度，情感的题目。
8 ) 问号：要在问号结束的地方找答案。那才是段落中心或事实真相。
8）有汉语注释的地方:是较难的地方,不得不用该词,说明此处在文章中本身很重要,自然也就为出题的范围.
9）人名,地名: 题干中要能抓住人名地名,在篇章中能根据出现的位置,是阅读中察读必须的做法.
.作标记的好处:做标记能防止在阅读时遗留细节,也会降低理解时主观臆断的可能性,会更忠实于原文.从而减少因粗心和不深入理解的错误.
实例：以下是两篇阅读文章，以此为例来讲叙标注差别在做题时可行性和有效性。
1
In Egypt, smoke-filled offices are common along with taxi drivers who light one cigarette after another while stuck in Cairo’s heavy traffic. Non-smoking sections in restaurants are unheard of and water pipes which fill cafes often overflow onto sidewalks, leaving the sweet smell of fruit-flavored tobacco lingering（逗留不去的）on the streets.
But some doctors and lawmakers here want to change this culture of Egypt’s. The country’s parliament recently passed laws banning smoking in some public places including government buildings, schools and hospitals. It also calls for health warnings to be put on cigarette packs and allows the government to increase the price of tobacco, according to parliament member Hamdi el-Sayyed, who proposed the new laws. If individuals break the law, they could be fined up to $17. Tobacco factories can be forced to pay about $3,500, if they don’t follow the law and advertise their products.
Egypt’s laws are modest compared to other countries including Britain and some American cities where smoking in all indoor public places is banned. But they are a start, especially for a country where 80 billion cigarettes are smoked a year. “Part of the objective is to keep children and young people from becoming smoking addicts,” said el-Sayyed.
But in a country burdened by poverty and high unemployment, will the laws be able to force people not to smoke?
Mustafa Ahmed, 25, said laws to ban smoking are a good idea in principle but are not realistic. “Smoking is popular in Egypt. There is a lot of pressure on people here, especially because the economy is bad. People smoke because they think it will relax them.”
Sherif Omar, a parliament member, also has his doubts about the new laws. “Laws by themselves don’t work well unless you have education in schools and in the media,” he said.
21. What does the underlined part “this culture” in the second paragraph refer to?
A. Heavy traffic - a big headache for drivers.
B. No non-smoking areas in buildings.
C. The wide-spread smoking habit in Egypt.
D. No effective measures taken to stop smoking.
22. Which of the following is NOT a part of the new laws passed by the parliament?
A. Not allowing tobacco advertising.
B. Warning people of the danger of smoking.
C. Allowing the government to increase the price of tobacco.
D. People who break the law will be fined up to $3,500.
23. Compared with Britain, Egypt’s laws _______.
A. will be more effective in reducing smoking
B. set stricter limits on smoking
C. do not set very strict limits on smoking
D. will not be effective
24. What would be the best title of the passage?
A. Egypt starts to ban smoking everywhere.
B. Egypt attempts to control smoking in public places.
C. Egypt’s laws increase people’s sense of health.
D. Egypt’s laws aren’t supported by the common people.
做题第一步：读第一段，了解文章话题，这个做法不是浪费时间，而是非常有必要，它会为你做整篇文章的阅读定下范围，有中心可循。第一段看似有点难，但如果大家观察一下就会发现与众不同的几个地方，有连字符的三个地方smoke-filled offices ，Non-smoking sections和 fruit-flavored tobacco这三个单词都有吸烟有关，而且都是在公众场合office, restaurant ,taxi drivers, street.所以看出埃及的随时随地抽烟的现象严重。这就是文章话题。
第二段出来but要与上文转折，承上启下。因此，第二段要改变也就是第一段的内容，该文化就是上文随时随地抽烟的习俗。21题选C
22题画出题干中的parliament，即关键词（这个单词最难）。在篇章中该词在人名的旁边。看出是在第二段。第二段画出了人名，和钱（数字）。仔细阅读有数字的两句。可做出选项D
23题题干中画出Britain，在篇章中标注出Britain的地方在第三段，仔细阅读划线的句子该段中心，可知埃及禁烟的法律（温和）英美两国（室内抽烟完全禁止）。标注选项，看各项差别，AD讲有没有效果，BC讲有没有严格限制。结合篇章中的哪里吸烟禁止，所以选择没有严格限制。
24题画出题干中的best title，即文章大意题，和文章中心有关。现在看看标注出来的地方，第一段讲埃及随时随地抽烟的风俗，之后两次but,第一次but说想立法改变，第二次问该法律是否可行，之后两个人名那里第一个人Mustafa Ahmed,25,年轻人说不现实，第二个人议会立法机构成员说有疑惑。因此可知文章第一段已经埋下伏笔，随时随地抽烟的现象太严重，立法难有成效，该法律部被支持，连立法人都怀疑。答案选D。
2
When did you last see a polar bear? On a trip to a zoo, perhaps? If you had attended a winter activity in New York a few years ago, you would have seen a whole polar bear club. These "Polar Bears" are people who meet frequently in the winter to swim in freezing cold water. That day, the air temperature was 3℃, and the water temperature was a bit higher. The members of the Polar Bear Club at Coney Island, New York are usually about the age of 60. Members must satisfy two requirements. First, they must get along well with everyone else in the group. This is very important because there are so many different kinds of people in the club. Polar Bears must also agree to swim outdoors at least twice a month from November through February.
Doctors do not agree about the medical effects of cold-water swimming. Some are worried about the dangers of a condition in which the body's temperature drops so low that finally the heart stops. Other doctors, however, point out that there is more danger of a heart attack during summer swimming because the difference between the air temperature and water temperature is much greater in summer than in winter.
The Polar Bears themselves are satisfied with the advantages of cold-water swimming. They say that their favorite form of exercise is very good for the circulatory system（循环系统）because it forces the blood to move fast to keep the body warm. Cold-water swimmers usually turn bright red after a few minutes in the water. A person who turns blue probably has a very poor circulatory system and should not try cold-water swimming.
The main advantages of cold-water swimming are probably mental. The Polar Bears love to swim year-round; they find it fun and relaxing. As one 70-year-old woman says. "When I go into the water, I pour my troubles into the ocean and let them float away."
68. According to the passage, some doctors believe it is true that __________.
A. you are healthy if cold-water swimming turns your skin color blue
B. cold-water swimming causes more heart attacks in summer than in winter
C. cold-water swimming can make the body temperature dangerously high
D. Polar Bears are bears swimming in freezing water
69. The Polar Bears like to swim all the year round, for __________.
A. they can remain young
B. it is an easy way to keep the body warm in winter
C. they find it enjoyable and interesting
D. they might meet fewer troubles in life
70. The passage is mainly about __________.
A. a group of cold-water swimming lovers
B. the polar bears' life
C. doctors' ideas about cold-water swimming
D. the requirements of the Polar Bear Club
做题第一步，浏览标注第一段，掌握本文大意。第一段已开始有两个问号，出现问号，要去问号以后的地方找答案。第三句一个假设，不是中心。第四句提到有引号的"Polar Bears"，引出话题。第五句提到that day, 是具体例子，不是中心。所以本文大意讲了一群冬游者。70题选A。
68题干中有some doctors，在文章中出现的位置是二段。第二段第一句标注后就看出来了。标注选项发现A的healthy与这段中心相悖。D选项的bears与文章中心相悖。C选项中temperature的后面是high,文中是drop. B选项正确。在第二段中划出however虽然不会直接做出答案，但会方便找到答案。
69题题干中画出like，喜欢，所以去有advantages的地方第三段找。 在有to swim all the year round的句子中得出答案C。
结论：总之,在做题时,不论是在题干还是篇章中发现不同的地方都要勾划出来,使之突显,引起注意,同样的道理,在看选项时也要学会发现几个选项中与众不同的特征,用笔划出来作为重点关注的地方，几点结合得出答案。亦即，在题干中,选项中,篇章中出现与众不同的地方一定要做标记,使之特殊性更加的明显。这样做会使做题的效率提高，降低主观臆断和粗心的犯错可能性，提高正确率。标注差别法这个方法我在教学中经常使用，实践证明是很值得掌握的阅读方法。