英语语法(牛津版)第二十四章 动名词

发布时间:2016-9-22 编辑:互联网 手机版

257 形式和用法

动名词的形式与现在分词完全相同:

running    speaking    working等

其用法如下:

(a)用做句子的主语(参见第258节):

Dancing bored him.

他厌烦跳舞。

(b)用做表语:

Her hobby is painting.

她的业余爱好是画画。

(c)用在介词之后(参见第259节):

He was accused of smuggling.

他被指控走私。

(d)用在某些动词之后。(参见第261节与第266节。)

(e)用于构成复合的名词:

a diving board 跳板

这里的动名词要重读。(参见第16节。)

258 用做主语

如在第240节E中所示,从泛指的、一般的角度来考虑一个动作时,不定式和动名词都可用做主语。可以说:

It is easier to read French than to speak it./Reading French is easier than speaking it.

法语读比说容易。

动名词和不定式一样(参见第240节F)可以作动词believe,consider, discover, expect, find, think, wonder等之后的从句的主语。

在find之后可以把that和动词be一起省略,因此可以说:

He found that parking was difficult./He found parking difficult.

他感到很难停放汽车。

但在其他动词之后,以不省略be为妥。

注意,这里动名词与不定式之间可能有意思上的区别:

He found parking difficult 意指他通常或总是感到找地方停车较困难。

He found it difficult to park常意指在某具体场合他发现找地方停车较困难。它也可能意指他总是感到困难,但后一概念常用动名词来表达。

动名词常用于简短的禁令中:

No smoking.

禁止吸烟。

No waiting.

禁止停留。

No fishing.

禁止垂钓。

这类句子不能有宾语,因此禁令性的语言中如有宾语则常用祈使句表示:

Do not touch these wires.

请勿接触电线!

Do not feed the lions.

请勿向狮子投喂食物!

在格言 Seeing is believing(眼见为实;百闻不如一见)中使用的就是动名词。

259 介词之后的动名词

(另参见第98节。)

A 如把动词直接放在介词后面,就必须用动名词形式:

What can yon do besides typing?

除了打字你还会做什么?

I have no objection to hearing your story again.

再听一遍你的故事,我没有异议。

Touch your toes without bending your knees!

试着不屈膝去够你的脚趾!

He is good at diving.

他擅长跳水。

She is fond of climbing.

她喜欢爬山。

I’m not keen on gambling.I’m too afraid of losing.

我对赌博不感兴趣。我太怕输了。

He was fined for being drunk in charge of a car.

他因酒醉驾车被罚款。

I’m against saying anything./I’m for saying nothing.

我反对说话。/我赞成什么都不说。

I’m tired of arguing.I’m fed up waiting.

我厌烦争辩了。我等得腻味极了。(口语)

This is a tool for opening tins.

这是一个开罐头的工具。

Do you feel like going out?

你想出去玩吗?

After swimming I felt cold.

游完泳我感到冷。

She disapproves of jogging.

她不赞成慢跑锻炼。

What about leaving it here and collecting it later?

先把它放在这里等一会儿再来取怎么样?

He is thinking of emigrating.

他正在考虑移居国外。

I’m sorry for keeping you waiting.

很抱歉,让你久等了。

They escaped by sliding down a rope.

他们是从一根绳子上滑下来逃走的。

We had difficulty in finding a parking place.

我们费了很大劲才找到一个停车位。

You should be ashamed of yourself for behaving so badly.

你应该为你的行为无礼感到羞耻。

In spite of starting late, he arrived in time.

虽然他动身很晚,却及时到了。

Aren’t you interested in making money?

难道你对赚钱不感兴趣?

There’s no point in waiting.

等待是毫无意义的。

B 某些动词+介词/副词(即短语动词)后面要求接动名词。最常用的这类组合有 be for/against, care for, give up,keep on,leave off, look forward to, put off, see about, take to。( go on的用法参见第363节。)

I don’t care for standing in queues.

我不喜欢排队。

Eventually the dogs left off barking.

狗终于不叫了。

I am looking forward to meeting her.

我渴望见到她。

He put off making a decision till he had more information.

他推迟到获得详情之后再决定。

He took to ringing us up in the middle of the night.

他开始习惯在半夜给我们打电话。

260 to

这个词由于既可当做不定式的一部分(参见A),又可用做介词(参见B),因此时常引起混淆。

A 置于助动词 be, have, ought, used后面和 going后面(如在 be going to这类短语中)的 to是后面的动词不定式的组成部分,放上to只是为了提醒学生前面的动词要求跟完整的不定式,即带to的不定式。

to也经常置于 hate, hope, intend, would like/love, mean,plan,try,want等动词及其他一些动词后面(参见第247节),以避免重复已经提到的动词不定式:

-Did you buy cheese?

-No, I meant to(buy some) but the shop was shut.

-你买奶酪了吗?

-没有,我本来想买,但是商店已经关门了。

B 除此以外,放在动词后面的to很有可能是介词,后面应当跟名词/代词或动名词。尤其要注意下列短语动词:look for-ward to, take to, be accustomed to, be used to:

I am looking forward to my holidays/to next weekend/to it.

我盼望着假期/下个周末/它到来。

I am looking forward to seeing you.

我期待着见到你。

I am used to heat/hard work/bad food/noise/dust.

我已习惯于炎热/艰苦的工作/粗劣的食物/嘈杂的声音/尘土。

I am used to standing in queues/to it.

我已习惯排队/它了。

必须注意不要弄混 I used to/he used to等和 I am used to/he is used to等的不同含义。前者表示过去的习惯或惯例(如 They used to burn coal;now they burn fuel oil only 〈他们过去一直烧煤,而现在只烧油式的燃料了〉)。而后者则指现在的习惯,相当于 I am/he is accustomed to(习惯于)/familiar with(熟悉……):

I am used to the cold.

我已习惯了寒冷。(我不怕寒冷了。)

He is used to working at night.

他习惯在夜里工作。(他对夜里工作并不在乎。)(参见第162节。)区别句子中的to究竟是介词还是不定式的一部分的好办法之是看它后面能否放置一个名词或代词,例如在 I am accus-tomed to后面就可放置一个名词或代词:

I am accustomed to it/the dark.

我对此/黑暗已习惯了。

因此这里的to为介词,它后面跟的动词必须是动名词。

261 后面可以跟动名词的动词

A 其中较重要的词有: admit * dread anticipate *

enjoy appreciate escape

avoid excuse consider*

fancy*(=imagine) defer

finish

delay forgive

deny *

imagine* detest involve

dislike keep(=continue) loathe

recollect* mean*(=involve) remember*(=recollect)

mind(=object) resent

resist

miss pardon

risk

postpone save(sb the trouble of) practise

stop(=cease) prevent suggest *

propose *(=suggest) understand*

*参见B。

动名词也用于下列词组如 cant stand(= endure), cant help (=prevent/avoid), it is no use/good以及形容词worth后面。

B 上面这些动词的其他结构带有星号的词也可与that从句连用。(参见第346节。)

关于 suggest和 propose(=suggest),参见第 289节。

关于mean/propose(=intend)与不定式连用,参见第269节。

关于hate,like,love,prefer,参见第295节。

关于其他动词与动名词或不定式连用,参见第二十五章。

dread+不定式的用法如:

I dread to think what this will cost.

我不敢想像这要付出多大的代价。

C 动词+动名词句子的举例如下:

He admitted taking the money.

他承认他拿了那笔钱。

Avoid over-eating.

要避免暴饮暴食。

Would you consider selling the property?

你愿考虑卖出这产业吗?

He detests writing letters.

他讨厌写信。

She dreads getting old.

她害怕变老。

Do you enjoy teaching?

你喜欢教书吗?

He narrowly escaped being run over.

他差点儿被车压死。

Fancy meeting you!

真想不到会碰见你!

Putting in a new window will involve cutting away part of the roof.

要开一个新窗户,就得拆除部分房顶。

He kept complaining.

他无休止地抱怨。

He didnt want to risk getting wet.

他不愿冒被淋湿的危险。

If we buy plenty of food now it will save shopping later in the week.

如果我们现在买许多食物,就可以省得本周过后去采购了。

I cant understand his/him leaving his wife.

我不明白他为什么离开妻子。

I couldnt help laughing.

我忍不住笑了起来。

It is no good/use arguing.

争辩是没有用的。

Is there anything here worth buying?

这里有什么值得买的东西吗?

261 后面可以跟动名词的动词

A 其中较重要的词有: admit * dread anticipate *

enjoy appreciate escape

avoid excuse consider*

fancy*(=imagine) defer

finish

delay forgive

deny *

imagine* detest involve

dislike keep(=continue) loathe

recollect* mean*(=involve) remember*(=recollect)

mind(=object) resent

resist

miss pardon

risk

postpone save(sb the trouble of) practise

stop(=cease) prevent suggest *

propose *(=suggest) understand*

*参见B。

动名词也用于下列词组如 cant stand(= endure), cant help (=prevent/avoid), it is no use/good以及形容词worth后面。

B 上面这些动词的其他结构带有星号的词也可与that从句连用。(参见第346节。)

关于 suggest和 propose(=suggest),参见第 289节。

关于mean/propose(=intend)与不定式连用,参见第269节。

关于hate,like,love,prefer,参见第295节。

关于其他动词与动名词或不定式连用,参见第二十五章。

dread+不定式的用法如:

I dread to think what this will cost.

我不敢想像这要付出多大的代价。

C 动词+动名词句子的举例如下:

He admitted taking the money.

他承认他拿了那笔钱。

Avoid over-eating.

要避免暴饮暴食。

Would you consider selling the property?

你愿考虑卖出这产业吗?

He detests writing letters.

他讨厌写信。

She dreads getting old.

她害怕变老。

Do you enjoy teaching?

你喜欢教书吗?

He narrowly escaped being run over.

他差点儿被车压死。

Fancy meeting you!

真想不到会碰见你!

Putting in a new window will involve cutting away part of the roof.

要开一个新窗户,就得拆除部分房顶。

He kept complaining.

他无休止地抱怨。

He didnt want to risk getting wet.

他不愿冒被淋湿的危险。

If we buy plenty of food now it will save shopping later in the week.

如果我们现在买许多食物,就可以省得本周过后去采购了。

I cant understand his/him leaving his wife.

我不明白他为什么离开妻子。

I couldnt help laughing.

我忍不住笑了起来。

It is no good/use arguing.

争辩是没有用的。

Is there anything here worth buying?

这里有什么值得买的东西吗?

263 动词mind

A 这一动词主要用于疑问句和否定句:

Would you mind waiting a moment?

请等一会儿,好吗?

I dont mind walking.

我不在乎走路。

B 它后面可直接用动名词,也可用名词、代词或所有格形容词+动名词:

I dont mind living here.(I live here and dont object to it.)

我对住在这里没意见。(我住在这里,而且对此并不表示反对。)

I dont mind his/him living here.

我对他住在这里没意见。(他住在这里,而且对此我也并不表示反对。)

He didnt mind leaving home.

他不为要离开家而烦恼。(他愉快地离开了家。)

He didnt mind Ann leaving home.

他不对安离开家感到不快。(安离开了家,而他对此很高兴。)

(关于名词的所有格的用法,参见第262节E。)

C would you mind?是最常用的表示请求的说法之一:

Would you mind not smoking?

请不要吸烟,可以吗?(请别抽烟。)

Would you mind moving your car?

请你把你的汽车移动一下,好吗?(请挪动它。)

如在动名词前加一个所有格形容词,要注意其含义的变化:

Would you mind my moving your car?相当于:

Would you object if I moved your car?

我想把你的汽车移动一下,行吗?(这里已经不是请求,而只是一种有礼貌的询问。)

也可用 Do you mind if I move it?(如果我把它移动一下,你有意见吗?)来代替 Would you mind my moving it?这一句。但 Do you mind my moving it?(我把它移动一下你有意见吗?)有可能意味着动作已经开始。

D mind后面绝不能用不定式。

E 人称代词的宾格可代替所有格形容词而与动名词连用。(参见第262节D。)

264 动名词的完成式

如果我们提到的是过去的行为,可用这一形式而不用动名词的一般式(working,speaking等):

He was accused of deserting his ship./He was accused of having deserted his ship.

他被控弃船逃跑。

在deny后常用动名词的完成式:

He denied having been there.

他否认曾经到过那儿。

在其他动词后面一般式更为常用。

265 动名词的被动式

一般式: being written

过去式: having been written

He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper.

他被罚不让吃晚饭就去睡觉。

I remember being taken to Paris as a small child.

我记得我在儿时被带到巴黎过。

The safe showed no signs of having been touched.

保险箱没有被人动过的痕迹。