英语语法(牛津版)第三十三章 目的

发布时间:2016-8-5 编辑:互联网 手机版

334 不定式表示目的

表示目的时可以使用下列各种方法:

A 单独的不定式:

He went to France to learn French.

他去法国学习法语。

They stopped to ask the way.

他们停下来问路。

当主要动词之后有一个间接宾语时,不定式可能指这个间接宾语而不是指主语:

He sent Tom to the shop to buy bread

他派汤姆到店里去买面包。(该由汤姆而不该由主语“他”去买面包。)

B in order/so as+不定式

in order+不定式意指主语想要做这一动作,或主语很希望这一动作发生。

so as+不定式仅指主语很希望某一动作发生。因此in order +不定式比so as+不定式更为普遍。

in order或so as也常用于以下情况:

1 与否定不定式连用,表示否定性的目的:

He left his gun outside in order/so as not to frighten us.

为了不使我们受到惊吓,他把枪放在了外面。

2 与to be和to have连用:

She left work early in order/so as to be at home when he arrived.

为了在家等他到达,她提前下了班。

She gave up work in order/so as to have more time with the children.

为了能有更多的时间和孩子们相处,她放弃了工作。

3 表示不是近期能实现的目的:

He is studying mathematics in order/so as to qualify for a better job.

他学习数学是为了能有资格做更好的工作。

She learnt typing in order to help her husband with his work.

她学习打字是为了帮助她丈夫工作。

4 有时在较长的句子中,用于强调不定式表示目的:

He was accused of misrepresenting the facts in order/so as to make the scheme seem feasible.

人们指责他为了使计划显得可行而没有如实地把真相说出来。

He took much more trouble over the figures than he usually did in order/so as to show his new boss what a careful worker he was.

为了向新老板显示他是工作非常细心的人,他在这些数字上费了比往常更多的力气。

(但是in order/so as并非必要,有时是可省略的。)

表示目的的不定式位于主要动词之前时,in order/so as可位于句首:

In order/So as to show his boss what a careful worker he was,he took ex- tra trouble over the figures.

为了向新老板显示他是个工作非常细心的人,他在这些数字上费了比平常更多的力气。(但这里的in order/so as也可以省略。)

5 句中有一个间接宾语而要想让不定式毫不含混地指主语时,可用so as/in order:

He sent his sons to a boarding school in order/so as to have some peace.

为了图清静,他把他的儿子们送进了寄宿学校。(这里是指他要清静,而不是他的儿子们。)

比较:

He sent his sons to a boarding school to learn to live in a community.

为了让儿子们学会在集体中生活,他把儿子们送进了寄宿学校。(是让他的儿子们学会在集体中生活,而不是他。)

但是in order/so as的这种用法不是很普遍,更常说:

He sent his sons to a boarding school because he wanted to have some peace.

他把儿子们送进寄宿学校,因为他想清静点儿。

C in order(不包括so as)可用于强调不定式所表示的是主语脑子里真正想要达到的目的:

-He bought diamonds when he was in Amsterdam!

-That wasnt surprising.He went to Amsterdam in order to buy dia- monds.

-他在阿姆斯特丹时竟买了一些钻石!

-这并不奇怪,他就是为了买钻石才去阿姆斯特丹的。(不是为了其他目的。)

另外也可用重读第一个动词而省略in order的方法来表示同样的意思:

He'went to Amsterdam to buy diamonds.

他去阿姆斯特丹就是为了买钻石。

D 不定式+名词+介词:

I want a case to keep my records in.

我想要一个盒子来保存我的唱片。

I need a corkscrew to open this bottle with.

我需要一个螺丝刀来打开瓶塞。

注意:这里谈论的是特指的目的。

关于泛指的目的可用for+动名词结构来表示:

This is a case for keeping records in.

这是用来保存唱片的盒子。

A corkscrew is a tool for opening bottles.

螺丝刀是用来开启瓶塞的工具。

335 用于go和come之后的目的不定式

一般在祈使语气或go和come的不定式之后不再使用目的不定式。常用Go and find Bill(去把比尔找来)来代替Go to find Bill;用Come and talk to Ann(来跟安说说话)来代替Come to talk to Ann。即:两个祈使动词用and连接起来时可代替一个命令+目的不定式。

在一般情况下说:

I must go and help my mother.

我必须去帮助我母亲。

Ill come and check the accounts.

我将来清理账目。

而不是说:

I must go to help my mother.

Ill come to check the accounts.

即:用and连接两个不定式结构来代替不定式+目的不定式结构。(参见第246节Ⅰ。)

但如go和come用做动名词或以任何现在时态和过去时态出现时,应带一个表示目的的不定式:

Im thinking of going to look for mushrooms.

我想去采蘑菇。

I went to help my mother.

我去帮助母亲了。

Ive come to check the accounts.

我来查账来了。

I didnt come to talk to Bill;I came to talk to you.

我不是来跟比尔说话的;我是来跟你说话的。

337 in case和lest

A in case

1 in case+主语+动词可跟在陈述句或命令句后面:

I dont let him climb trees in case he tears his trousers.

我不让他爬树,以免撕破裤子。

句子的第一个动作常常是为if从句中的动作所做的准备或是对它采取的预防措施。if从句表示将来可能发生的动作。in case+一般现在时常意为because this may happen/because perhaps this will happen/for fear that this may happen(因为这大概会发生/因为这也许将会发生/以免它会发生)。

in case+一般过去时常意为because this might happen/be- cause perhaps this would happen/for fear that this would happen (因为这会发生/因为这将会发生/以免它会发生)。

在这里,无论现在时或过去时都可用should+动词原形来代替。should在此表示更小的可能性,但是这种结构不常见。

2 各种时态与in case连用

Ill make a cake in case someone drops in at the weekend.

我将做个蛋糕以免有人周末来。

I carry a spare wheel in case I have/should have a puncture.

我带了个备用轮胎,以免车胎被刺破。

I always keep candles in the house in case there is a power cut.

我家里常备有蜡烛,以防断电。

I always kept candles in the house in case there was a power cut.

我家里以前常备有蜡烛,以防断电。

(另参见第227节。)

B lest意为for fear that(恐怕),后面跟should:

He doesnt/didnt dare to leave the house lest someone should recognize him.

他不敢出门,怕有人认出他来。

lest除在较正式的书面英语中出现外,一般不常用。