单元目标
复习动词不定式
1．动词不定式的时态--一般式，完成式和进行式．
以及物动词write为例：
主动
被动
一般式
to write
to be written
进行式
to be writing
to be being written
完成式
to have written
to have been written
①动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系
A：不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语所表示的动作同时发生．
eg．I saw him go out．我看见他出去了．(saw和go out两个动作同时发生)
B：但在很多情况下，动词不定式一般表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后．
例如：I hope to see you again．我希望再见到你．(to see这个动作发生在hope之后)
②不定式的完成式体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前．
eg．I’m sorry to have troubled you so much．很抱歉刚才我打扰了你．
但在plan，hope，expect，should like，would like等动词后，则表示没有实现的行为．
eg．I would like to have gone with you，but I was busy then．
我本想和你一起去，但那时我很忙．
③不定式的进行形式(to be doing)表示不定式的行为和谓语所表示的动作是同时发生的行为．eg．He pretended to be sleeping when we came in．当我们进来时，他假装在睡觉．
④不定式的被动式
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式一般需用被动式．eg．He wants the work to be done．他想让人做这项工作．He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．他要求派往农村工作．
动词不定式的复合结构是由“for短语+不定式”构成．如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子主语或不是谓词动词的宾语，则需要用这一复合结构．eg．I have bought some books for you to read．我买了一些书给你读．
2．动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，同时也有动词的特征．它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语．
eg．To learn English well is very important．学好英语很重要．(作主语)
It made us sad to learn the news．获悉这个消息使我们很悲伤．(作主语)
Do you want to have a cup of coffee?你想要喝杯咖啡吗？(作宾语)
Tell him not to be late again．告诉他别迟到．(作宾补)
My job is to teach your English．我的工作是教你英语．(作表语)
The biggest problem is how to make full use of time．
最大的(最重要的)问题是如何充分利用时间．(作表语)
I have a very important job to do．我有一项很重要的工作要做．(作定语)
I work hard to pass the exam．为了通过考试，我努力工作．(作状语)
He is old enough to dress himself．
他足够大了可以给自己穿衣服了．(作状语)
To tell the truth，I don’t agree with you．
说实话，我不同意你的意见．(作独立成分)
重点知识
1．不定式作状语和分词作状语的区别
A．在与谓语时间相关性上的不同：现在分词与谓语动词时间相同；过去分词早于谓语动词时间；不定式一般迟于谓语动词时间．试比较：
Seeing nobody in the classroom，he turned off the light and went out．
Heated to a high temperature，water will change into steam．
We are studying hard to serve the people well in the future．
B．功能上的不同：不定式主要作目的、结果状语．表示目的一般用“in or-der to do sth．”或“so as to do sth．”，但“so as to do sth．”不能位于句首．表示结果常用于only之后(动词常常是find，see等)或用于．．．enough to do sth．：too．．．to；s o．．．as to．．．等结构中，而分词则可作时间、条件、原因、伴随性状语．
eg．I get up early to catch the school bus．(表示目的)
He went into the room only to find his mother lying on the ground dead．(表示结果)
Hearing the news，he burst into tears． (表示时间)
Made of glass，the necklace cost only four hundred francs．(表示原因)
He stood there，talking．(表示伴随)
Given more attention，the tree will grow better．(表示条件)
2．及物动词的不定式作定语值得注意的一个问题：这个动词的逻辑宾语是不定式所修饰的名词．
eg．I have a book to read．(read的逻辑宾语是book)
3．作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，而不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后要有相应的介词．
eg．He is looking for a room to live in．他正在找住的地方．
讨论难点
1．offer，provide，supply，give
offer(提供，奉献)指主动给予某人以帮助、服务或所需要的东西．至于是否接受，对方可以自己决定．
eg．Whenever anybody was in trouble，he would be the first to offer his help．
无论何时，只要有人遇到困难他总是第一个给予帮助的人．provide(提供，供给)多指免费供给．
She provided the beggar with food．她赐给乞丐食物．
supply(供应，提供)指供给必要的或不足的，一般来讲须付款．
The factory supplies us with a lot of tools．这个工厂提供给我们许多工具．
give(给，供给)含义广泛．动作的主体与客体均可为人或物．
He gave me a book．／He gave a book to me．他给我一本书．
2．at sea，in the sea，on the sea，by sea
at sea译为“在海上”“在航海中”或“茫然不知所措”；in the sea译为“在海里”；on the sea译为“在海面上”“在海岸边”；by sea译为“乘船”．
eg．When he woke up，the ship was at sea．
当他醒来时，他发现船在海上了．
Dare you swim in the sea?你敢在海里游泳吗？
The city is on the sea．这个城市在海边．
We are planning to go to my hometown by sea．我们打算乘船回家乡．
核心知识
1．掌握表示焦虑和惊奇的常见句型
What’ s wrong?怎么了？
What’s up?怎么了？
What has happened to her?她怎么了？
What’s the matter/the trouble with you?你怎么了？
Is there anything the matter with you?你是不是哪里不舒服？
I’m worried/ anxious about我为……而担忧．Really?真的吗？
Oh dear! / My God! /My Goodness!天哪！
Wonderful! / Great! / Remarkable!真了不起！
It’s a wonder / miracle!真是个奇迹！
2．词组和句型学习
①He had many merchant ships which traded with other countries．
他有许多商船同别的国家做生意．
动词短语trade with做“同……贸易”“同……做生意”解．
eg．We refused to trade with that company for some reason．
我们因为某个原因拒绝同那个公司做生意．
②At the time of this story，they were all at sea．
在这个故事发生的时候，他的商船都出海了．
(be)at sea作“在海洋中，在海上航行”解．
eg．I have never been on a ship at sea．我从来没有坐过海船．
③The reason for this was that Antonio had many times scolded Shylock publicly for being greedy and cruel．
其原因是安东尼奥曾多次当众斥骂夏洛克贪婪和残忍．
A：The reason for this was that中的that引导的是表语从句，表示原因．
eg．The reason for his being late was that he missed the first bus．
他迟到的原因是他错过了早班车．
B：scold sb．for．．．意思是“因为某事责骂／责备某人”．“for”做“因为，由于”解，不仅可接动名词，还可接名词或从句作宾语．
eg．Mother scolded me for coming home late．母亲责备我回家迟了．
He could not speak for sorrow．他由于悲痛而说不出话来．
Mary thanks to you for what you have told me．
非常感谢你所告诉我的一切．
④ However，Shylock agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition．In the agreement，Antonio made a promise to allow Shylock to take a pound of his flesh from whatever part of his body if he did not pay the money back at the end of three months．然而，夏洛克还是同意借钱给安东尼奥，但是有一个条件．在借约中，安东尼奥许诺如果在三个月期满时偿还不了这笔钱，就允许夏洛克从他身上任何部位割走一磅肉．
A：on one condition做“只有在……条件下”解．此词组也可用on condition that来代替．
eg．You may borrow the book on condition that you do not lend it to an yon e else．你可借这本书，条件是不准转借给任何人．
B： make a promise译为“承诺，答应”．后接做同位语的不定式或that从句．
eg．He made a promise to study hard/that he would study hard，but he failed to keep his promise．他承诺好好学习，但他没有履行诺言．
C：句中的whatever是形容词，意思同any，用以加强语气．Whatever也可作连接代词．
eg．You may take whatever you like．你可以随意带走你喜欢的东西．
⑤Have mercy on Antonio，Shylock．Do not be so bitter．
夏洛克，宽恕安东尼奥吧．不要这样怀恨在心了．
have mercy on/upon sb．做“宽恕(怜悯)某人”解，也可以说“show mercy on/upon sb．”．
eg．Don’t show mercy on the enemy．不要宽恕敌人．
⑥It is useless trying to argue with Shylock．
试图跟夏洛克讲道理是没有用的．
在这个句型中it是形式主语，后面的动名词或动名词短语是真正的主语．
能以动名词作主语的这类句子比较少，主要用在以no good，no use，use-less，good waste等词作表语的句子中．
It’s a waste of time your talking to him．你和他谈话是白浪费时间．动名词作主语有时也用在there be的否定结构中．
eg．There is no use talking about it．= It’ s no use talking about it．
谈论那件事是没有用的．
⑦Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants．
对我宣判吧．把夏洛克要的东西给他．
pass judgement on/upon sb．作“对某人判决／审判”解．
eg．History will pass judgement on his death．历史会对他的死作出判决．
⑧If you offered me six times what you have just offered，I would still take pound of flesh．
即使你愿意给我六倍于你刚才提出的钱数，我仍然要拿我应得到的那一磅肉．
times在此表示三倍以上的倍数．用times表示“甲是乙的几倍大(长、高，宽等)”“甲比乙大(长、高、宽等)几倍”，可用下列句型．
A．A is four times the size(length，height，width．．．) of B．即：．．．times+名词(如：the length，the amount等)
This street is four times the length of that one．这条街是那条街的四倍长．这条街比那条街长三倍)
B．A is four times as big (long，high，wide) as B．即：．．．times+as+(原级)+ as．．．Asia is four times as large as Europe．亚洲是欧洲的四倍大．(亚洲比欧洲大三倍)
C．A is four times bigger(longer，higher．．．)than B．即：．．．times+adj．／adv．比较级+than．．．
Give me three times more than he borrowed from me．
加三倍还他借我的钱吧．
D．注意times做“倍数”讲时，只限于用于三倍或三倍以上的倍数，三倍以下通常用double或twice来表示两倍．
eg．His weight is double what it was ten years ago．他的体重是十年前的两倍．
⑨．．．but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head．．．
(但是)我从来不知道有这么年青又这么聪明的人．
so和such都可以表示程度，有“这样”“如此”的意思．但是such形容词，so是副词，它俩在句中的位置不同．
eg．I have never seen so good a film．
such a good film．我从未见过这样好的电影．
⑩Please change the law a little so that we may save Antonio．
请将法律稍微变通一下，好让我们救安东尼奥．
so that在此引导目的状语从句．从句中常含有can，could，may，might等情态动词．它还可引导结果状语从句．这种从句总是放在主句的后面，从句一般不用情态动词，主句与从句之间常加逗号．
eg．He read the text loudly so that the teacher might hear him．
他大声朗读课文，为的是能让老师听清楚．
John was ill，so that he didn’t come to class．约翰病了，他没来上学．
典型例题
剖示考点
NMET200031
--How are you today?
--Oh，I ___________as ill as I do now for a long time．
A．didn’t feel B．wasn’t feel C．don’t feel D．haven’t felt
正确答案是D．解答这道题时，一要考虑到问句是现然时，那么答语也应该是现在时．二要知道现在完成时兼跨过去时和现在时两个时态，现在时是它的外壳，过去时是它的实体．考虑到这两方面，答案就清楚了．
NMET 1997
It was about 600 years ago _______ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made．
A．that B．until C．before D．when
1．此句是强调句的用法，强调物是时间短语about 600 years ago
2．强调句的构成为：It is／was+强调物+that从句
3．强调句是单项填空常考试题
正确答案A．
NMET 1995
eg．It was not until 1920 _______________regular radio broadcasts began．
A．while B．when C．that D．since
正确答案C．
NMET 1992
It was not __________ she took off her dark glasses __________ realized she was a famous film star．
A．when；that B．until；that C．until；when D．when；then
正确答案B．
【关于“Unit11 The Merchant of Venice”的常见问题】
常见问题1: 高三英语 Unit 11 The Merchant of Venice
问题：
Everybody in our country，men and women，old and young，__________sport sand games．
A．enjoy B．were enjoying C．enjoys D．are enjoying
解答:
正确答案是C．此题主语和谓语被同位语分隔了．同位语只对主语起修饰、解释、说明的作用，不影响主语everybody的单数性质．