作者：张锦堂
it是个非常简单的单词,但其用法却很灵活。it可以作代词,也可以作引导词。现结合部分高考试题说说它的一些用法:
一、作代词
1. 用作人称代词,指代上文提到的事物。
[原题再现]
I was disappointed with the film. I had expected ________ to be much better.
A. that B. this C. one D. it
答案: D
2. 指代动物、婴儿或未知的人。
[原题再现]
Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see________.
A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is
答案: D
3. 用作非人称代词,表示时间、天气、距离等。
[原题再现]
________ from Beijing to London!
A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it
C. How long way is it D. What a long way it is
答案: D
二、 作引导词
it除作代词外,还可用作引导词。引导词本身无实义,只起一种先行引导的作用。
1. 作形式主语,代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正的主语。
常用it作形式主语的句式有:
1)It+be+adj. / n. + ( for / of sb.) to do sth.
在此结构中,当形容词是表示不定式逻辑主语的特征或属性(如:wise, bright, kind, nice等)时,介词用of;当形容词是说明不定式短语(如:important, possible, necessary, strange等)时,介词要用for。例如:
It is impossible (for so few workers) to do so much work in a single day.
It was foolish of her to waste money on such clothes.
2)It+be+adj. / n.+clause.例如:
It is certain that Tom will do well in the exam.
3)It+be+adj. / 意义相当于形容词的名词词组+动名词. 例如:
It's no use trying to repair the ship. These holes are much too big.
4)It+take+(sb.) some time / some money+to do sth. 例如:
It will take them more than ten years to complete the Three Gorges Dam.
5)It+be+said / reported / told等+that-clause. 例如:
It is said that he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
6)It+vt.+sb.+that-clause. 例如:
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.
[原题再现]
①________is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
② In fact________ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
答案: ① D ② D
2. 作形式宾语,代替由不定式、动词的ing形式或从句表示的真正宾语。
常用it作形式宾语的句式有:
1)S.+vt.+it+adj. / n.+(for sb.) to do sth. 例如:
Do you think it possible for them to send an engineer there?
2)S.+vt.+it+adj. / n.+doing sth. 例如:
You must find it exciting working here.
3)S.+vt.+it+adj. / n.+that-clause. 例如:
I think it a pity that you didn't try harder.
[原题再现]
Don't________that all those who get good grades in the entrance examination will prove to be most successful.
A. take as granted B. take this for granted
C. take that for granted D. take it for granted
答案: D
3. 在强调结构中。为了强调句子的主语、宾语或状语,常用强调结构"It is/was+被强调部分+that / who+非强调部分"。
[原题再现]
________was in 1979________I graduated from university.
A. That; that B. It; that C. That; when D. It; when
答案: B
三、it, one和that作替代词的用法及区别
it, one和that虽然都可以用来替代前面所提到的一个单数名词,以避免重复,但在具体用法上却有不同。简述如下:
1. it代替前面提到的同一事物,该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
[原题再现]
The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ________?
A. did they B. didn't they C. did it D. didn't it
答案: D
2. one代替前面提到的同类事物中的一个。该事物只能是可数名词,前面可以有冠词,也可以被this、that或形容词修饰,其后也可以有定语。
[原题再现]
-Why don't we have a little break?
-Didn't we just have________?
A. it B. that C. one D. this
答案: C
3. that代替前面提到的同类事物中特指的一个。该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词,要有后置定语,但不可以有前置修饰语。
[原题再现]
Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool dirnk on a hot day.
A. some B. any C. that D. those
答案: C