历届全国英语高考试题中的失误

发布时间:2016-10-5 编辑:互联网 手机版

哈尔滨工业大学 赵振才

needn't have done /couldn't have done

【问】1987年高考英语试题第三大题第6小题:

There was plenty of time.She ______.

A.mustn't have hurried B.couldn't have hurried

C.must not hurry D.needn't have hurried

规定的答案为D。但我认为选B也是对的。您的意见如何?

【答】同意你的意见。就上面孤立的句子而言,选B同样也是正确的。couldn't have done常常用来表示从现在或过去看来过去不可能发生某事。上道题中的She couldn't have hurried.意为:“她不可能很慌忙的”。请对比下列例句:

1.“You realize that you were driving at 100mph, don't you?”“No,officer,I______ .This car can't do more than 80.”

A.needn't have been B.may not have been

C.didn't need to be D.couldn't have been

2....her father could not have made such a mistake.(NCE)……她父亲不可能犯这样的错误。

3.They couldn't have left so soon.他们不可能那么快就走了。

请做下面的英语试题:

1.Mary ______my letter,otherwise she would have replied before now.

A.has received B.ought to have received

C.couldn't have received

D.shouldn't have received

2.-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

-It______ a comfortable journey.

A.can't be B.shouldn't be

C.mustn't have been D.couldn't have been(全国高考,95-15)

could have done

【问】-I stayed at a hotelwhile in New York.

-Oh,did you?You ______with Barbara.

A.could have stayed B.could stay

C.would stay D.must have stayed(全国高考,98-11)

答案为A。但是,You could have stayed with Barbara笔鞘裁匆馑寄兀

【答】could have done可以表示两种不同的意思:A.某事在过去有可能发生,但说话人确切知道该事并未发生;B.说话人推测某事在过去有可能发生,至于该事是否真的发生,说话人并不确切知道---说话人仅是对过去事件进行一种推测,一种估计。请对比下列实例:

1.I could have lent you the money.Why didn't you ask me?我本来可以把钱借给你的。你为什么没有向我借呢?(说话人确切知道you并没有向I借钱)

2.The letter could have got lost in the post.这封信可能是在邮递中丢失了。(说话人并不确切知道那封信是否在邮递中丢失)

由于这个结构能表示两种不同的含义,所以有些句子,脱离上下文,可能会产生歧义:

He could have sent a message.

a)他可能送了个信儿来。(说话人并不知道他事实上是否送来了信儿)

b)他本可以送个信儿来的。(说话人确切知道他并没有送信儿来)

同样,上面的试题可能含有两种不同的含义:

a)……你本来可以同巴巴拉住在一起的。(暗含的意思是:你本不必住旅馆的)

b)……你可能同巴巴拉住在一起了。(说话人的一种推测)

couldn't have done /mustn't have done

【问】(1)-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

-It ______a comfortable journey.

A.can't be B.shouldn't be C.mustn't have been D.couldn't have been(全国高考, 95-15)

答案为D。能否选C呢?

【答】我国出版的许多英语语法书和英语试题都特别强调:must用于表示“推测”(一定、必定)时,其否定形式只能是can't,而绝不是must not(mustn't)。例如,She must be asleep.=She can't be awake.(《实用英语语法》),情况是否真的如此呢?让我们先看两个反例:

1.I can hear the Browns'phone bell ringing but no one is answering it; they mustn't be at home.(Eckersley)我能听到布朗家的电话铃在响,但是没有人接电话;他们一定不在家。

2.His absence must not have been noticed.(CGEL)他的缺席一定没有人注意到。

再来看看R.Quirk等人在CGEL中的论述:

助动词must在作“逻辑上的必然”解时,其助动词否定是通常通过 can't来实现的。

“但是,在美国英语中有时也会见到must not,mustn't这种否定形式,在英国英语中也有人这么用,只是用得比较少而已,这种用法(代替can't)看来越来越受到人们的喜爱。”

在上面的试题里,It couldn't have been a comfortable journey.意为“那不可能是一次愉快的旅行”。选C时,其意思是相同的:“那一定不是一次愉快的旅行。”

do good /feel good

【问】I love to go to the seaside in summer.It ______good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.

A.does B.feels C.gets D.makes(全国高考,96-24)

答案为B。能否选A呢?

【答】首先应当肯定,选项B是正确的。但是,出题者犯了顾此失彼的毛病;选项A也是同样正确的。在do good(有好处,有用处)这个习语中, good是名词:

1.Does it do any good talking about it?谈论这事儿有用吗?(talking...为真实主语)

2.It will do you good to have some outdoor exercise.(全国高考 82-19)做些户外运动对你是有好处的。(to have...为真实主语)

不难看出,例2与上面试题的结构是相似的。

【句意】(a)……躺在阳光下或者在凉爽的海水里游泳,那感觉是很美好的。(选feels)

(b)……躺在阳光下或者在凉爽的海水里游泳,是有好处的。(选 does)

请做下面的英语试题:

The medicine will ______you good.

A.do B.save C.give D.help

hope to do /hope sb.to do

【问】My father ____me to become a doctor.

A.thinks B.says C.hopes(全国高考,78-26)

标准答案为C(hopes)。但我对这个答案的正确性持怀疑态度。

【答】这道试题本身是错误的,因为英语里并无hope sb.to do sth.的用法。因此,给出的标准答案C(hopes)是错误的。究其原因,是测试者把hope与wish的用法弄混了。hope与wish的区别主要表现在以下几个方面:

A.hope与wish都可以跟动词不定式(hope /wish to do sth.),但wish to do sth.比较正式,口气也比较强烈,而hope to do sth.所表达的愿望是最容易实现的,也就是说,是最现实的。

1.Jennie hoped to give her a good education.珍妮希望给她良好的教育。

2.You might tell them that I hope to be back tomor- row night.你可以告诉他们,我想明晚返回。

3.I wish to express my warmest welcome to you.我愿向您表示最热烈的欢迎。

4.I don't wish to leave my mother.我不希望离开母亲。

B.wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语(wish sb.to do sth.),而hope却没有这种用法(×hope sb.to do sth)。

1.Why don't you wish your son to accept this post?为什么你不希望你儿子接受这个职位?

2.You know I wish you to be happy,don't you?(Snow)你知道我希望你幸福,你知道吗?

C.hope与wish都可以跟从句,但意义和用法全然不同:从用法上讲, hope之后的宾语从句的谓语动词使用陈述语气的一般将来时或一般现在时。从意义上说,hope所表达的希望是能够实现的。而wish之后的宾语从句的谓语动词则只能使用虚拟语气,而所表达的愿望是无法实现的(宾语从句使用动词过去时或过去完成时)或难以实现的(宾语从句使用 would do或could do时)。

1.I hope you will like(或like)the flowers.(能实现的愿望)我希望你喜欢这些花。

2.I wish I were a bird.(LDCE)(不能实现的愿望)我希望我是一只鸟儿。

3.A:“Itwould be nice if you had a lotof money.”如果你有许多钱就好了。

B:“Ido wish Ihad!”(=If only Ihad!)(NCE)(与现在事实相反的愿望)我真希望能够这样。

4.I wish I could have been at the committee yester- day.(Voynich)(与过去事实相反的愿望)要是昨天我能参加委员会会议就好了。

D.有时候,wish可用来表示一种客气的请求:

I wish you wouldn't smoke any more.我希望你不要再吸烟了。

E.wish可用在wish +间宾+直宾(I wish you suc- cess.)结构中,而hope却不能。

1.They wished him good luck.他们祝他好运气。

2.We wish you a safe journey.我们祝你旅行安全。

请做下面的英语题:

1.We ____each other the best of luck in the examination.(全国高考,91-19)

A.hoped B.wanted C.expected D.wished

2.I____ you will write me back soon.(全国高考,84-3)

A.wish B.need C.want D.hope

3.I hope to ____you soon.(北京会考,92-29)

A.heard of B.hear of C.hear from D.heard from

4.I wish I____ you yesterday.(全国高考,88-40)

A.seen B.did see C.had seen D.were to see you

5.He is not a millioniare but he____ he were.

A.wishes B.hopes C.longs D.believes

6.I do ____I could speak German well.

A.hope B.wish C.know D.want

7.She wishes that we didn't send her the candy yesterday

A B

because she's on a diet.

C D

8.I wish I to the movies with you last night.

A.would go B.could have gone C.could go D.went

a friend of Mary's mother's /a friend of Mary's mother

【问】Miss Smith is a friend of ____.

A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother

C.Mother's of Mary D.Mary mother's

(全国高考,83-V-15)

标准答案为A。

我不明白为什么在介词of之后还要用所有格's。难道of mother不能表示“所有”吗?也就是说,选项B是错误的吗?

【答】本题的考点是:让考生掌握双重所有格(double genitive)的意义和用法。要知道,英语的双重所有格对于中国学生来说,是比较难理解的。从形式看,a friend of my brother's(N1of N2's)可以理解为a friend of my brother's friends。由于of N2已经表示所有关系,再加上's(所有格),所以这种结构叫做双重所有格(亦称双重属格),又由于of N2's总是搁在中心词N1之后,所以又称为后置所有格(post-genitive)。从语义上看,ofN2's中的N2总是指人的。从语法特点上看,双重所有格的中心词N1一般是不定指的(不肯定,不确定,不熟悉),而N2's则是定指的。例如:

1.A friend of the doctor's has arrived.医生的一位朋友来了。

2.You are certain to be happy with any relative of Mrs.Moore's.你与穆尔夫人的哪一位亲属相处都肯定是很快乐的。

应当注意,of N2's中的N2's可用名词性物主代词来替换:

1.He is a great friend of ours.他是我们的好朋友。

2.I have been talking to a friend of yours.我一直同你的一位朋友谈话。

还应当注意,上面讲到,N1一般是无定的(非定指的),但是英语里也存在着违背上述一般规则的特殊用法,在中心词之前加限定词this或that(表示亲密和赞美或者表示否定或轻蔑):

1.Have you heard anything of that new novel of Carlstone's?你听人谈到过卡尔斯顿那部新小说了吗?(赞美)

2.that irritating habit of her father's她父亲的那个令人不快的习惯(否定)

在我国的各类标准化英语考试中均把B判为错误。实际上,a friend of my father同a friend of my father's一样,也是一个正确的表达方式。因此,上题中的选项B不应判为错误。请看下面从英文原著中摘取的实例:

1.He's a close friend of my brother.(LDCE,p.453)他是我弟弟亲密的朋友。

2.I'm an old friend of her mother.(Shaw)我是她母亲的老朋友。

3.Anyhow,his father was a great friend of my father.(Hemingway)再说他的父亲是我父亲的好朋友。

how bright a girl

【问】____girl she is!

A.What bright a B.How a bright

C.How bright a D.What a bright

(全国高考,80-11)

标准答案为D。但我认为,选C也是符合英语惯用法的。

【答】同意你的说法。what +a+形容词+名词是个正确的格式,how+形容词+a+名词也是个正确的格式。请看下面的实例:

1.What a good heart you have!您有一颗多么好的心啊!

2.How strange a feeling it was!这是多么奇怪的感情啊!

3.Miss Langham arm in arm with Mr Peabody-how astonishing a sight!兰厄姆小姐挽着皮博迪先生的胳臂,看上去真叫人吃惊!

4.We now can see how serious a problem it is.我们现在可以看得出这是一个多么严重的问题。

请做下面的英语试题:

____food you've cooked!

A.How a nice B.What a nice

C.How nice D.What nice

(全国高考,91-13)

if能否引导主语从句?

【问】She said that she and my schoolmates all wished me success,but it didn't matter that I would win or not.(全国高考,2000-88)

这道短文改错题的标准答案是将第二个that改为whether,而把其改为if的答卷判为错误。

《无敌英语语法》(海豚出版社)也强调指出:“if只用于宾语从句之中。”但是,我仍然觉得这里可以使用if。

【答】当if从句位于句首时,的确不能充当主语从句。但是,在上面的句子里,如果把that改为if的话,则 if从句是位于主句之后的真实主语,it是真实主语。在这种情况下,使用if是完全正确的。测试者把if判断为错误显然是一个大失误。请看下面的例证:

1.Does matter _____if he can't finish the job on time?

A.this B.that C.he D.it(全国高考,91-14)

2.I don't agree with your decision.Does it matter if an engineer is a man or a woman?[《高中英语教科书》第一册(下),人教社,p.19]

3.It is not clear to me if she likes the present.还不清楚她是否喜欢这个礼物。

4.It's still uncertain if(whether)he's coming or not.他是否来还不能肯定。

5.It doesn't matter if you're late-we'll wait for you.你来晚了也没有关系---我们一定等着你。

【问】I can hardly imagine Peter _____across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.

A.sail B.to sail

C.sailing D.to have sailed(全国高考,91-34)

【答】首先应当肯定选项C是正确的,因为imagine的常见用法是imagine +V-ing或imagine +带逻辑主语的V-ing。例如:

1.Imagine going to a doctor with something wrong with your heart.想像一下你的心脏出了毛病去看医生的情景。

2.Can you imagine George cooking the dinner?你能想像乔治做饭时的情景吗?

3.I can't imagine my marrying a girl of that sort.我难以想像我会娶那样的姑娘。

但是,就孤立的句子而论,选项B和选项D也都是正确的。因为imagine也可以用在imagine +宾语+to be /to do的结构中。CGEL中明确指出,imagine可以用在宾语+to+不定式结构中。下面是我们收集到的一些实例:

1.I imagined her to be older.我把她想像得更老一些。

2.I imagine your daughter to be all grown upnow....我想像你女儿现在已完全长成大人了……

3.I magine yourself(to be)on a desert island.想像一下你在一个荒岛上。

4.I imagine them to have finished.我想像他们已经干完了。

如果选D,则上面试题的意思是:我几乎不能想像彼得在五天内就横渡了大西洋。请做下面的英语试题:

Imagine _____at the top of the hill,and what wonderful view you will see.

A.standing B.stand C.to stand D.stood

用作主语的动词不定式与动名词

[问](1)Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.(全国高考,98-89)(改错题)

标准答案是将Play改为Playing。这当然是正确的。但是,改为To Play就是错误的吗?

(2)I was often a little tired after a day's work and watch TV demands very little effort.(全国高考,99-88)(改错题)

标准答案是将watch改为watching,能否改为to watch呢?

[答]应当肯定标准答案是正确的。但是,将Play改为To play和将watch改为to watch也同样是正确的。标准答案应分别给出Playing /To play,watching /to watch。因为动名词和动词不定式都可以作句子或从句的主语。它们的具体用法如下:

A.当动词所表示的动作不是指某个特定的行为,而是指一般的行为(具有泛指意义)时,既可以使用动名词作主语,也可以使用动词不定式作主语(而上面试题编写者却认为,只有动名词才能用于此种含义):

1.Seeing is believing.眼见为实(百闻不如一见)。

2.Rowing keeps you fit.划船使人健康。

3.Refusing invitations is not always easy.拒绝邀请并不总是容易的。

4.To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。

5.To change energy from one form into another is not difficult.把能量从一种形式转化为另一种形式并非困难的事儿。

6.To teach is to learn twice.教学是再学习。

上面的实例足以证明,动词不定式作主语,可以表示一般的活动。

B.当动词所表示的动作是指某一特定的活动时,通常用动词不定式作主语:

1.To act like that is childish.那样做是很幼稚的。

2.To be there is agreatpleasure.到那儿去是一大乐趣。

C.用动词不定式作主语时,更常采用的形式是:用 it作形式主语,而将作真实主语的动词不定式置于句末。例如:

To read French is easier than to speakit.→Itis easier to read French than to speak it.读法语比说法语容易。

1.Itseemed apity to refuse.拒绝似乎是很可惜的。

2.It is not always easy to refuse invitations.拒绝邀请并不总是容易的事儿。

3.She said it was absurd to be afraid.她说害怕是愚蠢的。

4.It was difficult to sell my car.我的汽车很难卖掉。

D.用动名词作主语时,虽然也可用it作形式主语,而将作真实主语的动名词置于句末,但这限于有限的句型:在It is之后接有no use,no good,fun,a wonder, useless,nice,worth- while,worth one's while,good,interesting,funny,hopeless等词或短语:

1.It's no use crying over spilt milk.为洒了的牛奶而哭泣是没有用的(覆水难收)。

2.It's no good waiting this morning.Come back Monday.今天早晨等待是没有用的。周一来吧。

3.It's notworth your while reading this book,because it isn't accurate.这本书不值得你去读,因为它不准确。

请做下面的英语试题:

1.I don't think it's much good ____to him.

A.writing B.write

C.to be written D.being written

2.Learn how to write English well takes a long time.

A B C D

(上海会考,96-30)

know

[问]I____(认出)Mike the moment I saw him.(全国高考,99-78)

所给的标准答案是:recognised /recognized(realized,knew不可接受)。

上句中用knew真的是不可接受的吗?

[答]know通常用作静态动词,作“知道”、“懂”、“认识”解。但是,know也可用作动态动词,作“认出”、“识别出”解。CIDE明确指出,To know something or someone can be recognize them.LLA在注释know这一含义时说:To recognize something or someone,especially when you have not seen them for some time or when they have changed a lot.(认出某人或某物,尤指长时间没有看到他们或他们有了很大变化)下面是这方面的实例:

1.That's Peter-I'd know him everywhere!(CIDE)那是彼得---在哪儿我都能把他认出来!

2.You'll know him when you see him.He has red curly hair and is very tall and thin.(LLA)你一看到他,就会认出他来。他有一头红色卷发,长得又高又瘦。

3.You'll know him by the colour of his hair.(LDCE)你只要看他头发的颜色就会认出他来。

上面的注释和实例足以证明,在上句中用knew是完全可以接受的。

由此看来,下面的试题都有商榷的余地:

1.Alfred Hitchcock is one of the best-known film-makers,and because of his habit of making quick appearance in each of his films ever since the 1930s,his face is easily ____.

A.recognized B.known C.seen D.found (上海高考,94-61)

2.He had so much changed that I could hardly him.

A.know B.understand C.recognize D.find (上海会考,92-17)

later

an hour later /an hour after

[问]An hour ____,however, they were all astonished when the gar- dener rushed in and said seriously that thedog was dead.

A.later B.after C.past D.over

(全国高考,89-49)

答案为A。这无疑是正确的。但是,我不明白为什么选项B(after)是错误的?

[答]这道试题犯了顾此失彼的毛病。它忽略了这样一个语言事实:在与过去时连用时,除了使用时间段+later的结构之外,有时也使用时间段+after(副词)的结构。请看下面的例证:

1.Twenty minutes later,in the hospital,the woman found her husband.20分钟后,在医院里这位妇女找到了她的丈夫。

2.He fell ill on Monday and died three days after.(ALD)星期一他病倒了,3天后就去世了。

但是,时间段+later结构用得较多:

Ten minutes later I was walking into the bank where I work.(全国高考,93- 44)十分钟后我走进了我所工作的银行。

less /fewer

[问]If we had followed his plan,we could have done the job better with ____money and ____people.

A.less;less B.fewer;fewer C.less;fewer D.fewer;less

(全国高考,90-17)

标准答案为C,但我认为也可以选A,您的意见如何?

[答]出题者的意图是: fewer用在可数复数名词之前,而less仅用于不可数名词之前。但是,惯用法并不像上面所描述那样简单,而呈现出错综复杂的局面。正像 R.Ouirk等在Acomprehensive Grammar of the English Language中指的,“有一种倾向,将less(而不用fewer)和least(而不用fewest)与可数名词连用:You've made less mistakes than last time.”

R.Quirk等人在CGEL(ξ6.53)中还进一步指出,“传统的规定语法反对把 less和least与复数名词连用。然而,它们在非正式英语中,却用得十分广泛。”(p.385),Swan在PEU中也曾明确地指出:“从理论上讲,fewer用在复数名词之前,而less用于不可数名词之前。但是在现代英语中,特别是在非正式语体中,许多人在复数名词之前也用less,而不用 fewer。”

下面是我们查到的例句:

1.There used to be more women than men in the country,butnow there are fewer /less.(CGEL)以前这个国家女人比男人多,而现在女人比男人少了。

2.I've got less friends this year than ever before.(PEU)今年我的朋友比往年少。

3.If only there were less holes in the roof!(LDCE)要是屋顶上的洞少一些,该多好!

4.Less people are going to university than usual.(CCEU)要上大学的人比往常少。

不难看出,上面的考题不仅无助于提高学生的英语水平,而且还会干扰他们去掌握活生生的英语实际。

据此,我们有理由提出,在今后的英语考试中不宜再把less people这种被语言学家们宣布为一种惯用法倾向的格式简单地判为错误。在英语考试中可以设法回避此类考题。

请做下面的英语试题:

This year they have produced ____grain they did last year.

A.as less;as B.as few;as C.less;than D.fewer;than

(全国高考,89-19)

look through /look into

【问】______this book and tell what you think of it.

A.Look through B.Look on C.Look into D.Look up

(全国高考,90-37)

标准答案是A。但不知是否也可选C(look into)?

【答】选A和选C是同样正确的。因为look into除作“调查”、“了解”解之外,也可作“浏览(书、杂志、报纸)”解,即与 look through同义:

1.He looks through several newspapers before breakfast.他通常在早饭前浏览几份报纸。

2.I usually look into a book before deciding whether to read it.在决定是否要阅读一本书之前我通常是先浏览一下。

3.They are looking into some magazines.他们正在浏览一些杂志。

答语中的may /can /could

【问】Could I call you by your first name?Yes,you______ .

A.will B.could C.may D.might

(上海高考,98-3)

答案为C。我不明白为什么不能选B(could)?

【答】在请求允许时,使用could或might比使用can或 may显得更有礼貌,但是,在表示允许某人做某事时,通常使用can或may以及其他词语。

1.“Could I use your phone?”

-“Yes,of course you can.”(PEU)“我可以用一下你的电话吗?”“当然可以。”

2.-Could I borrow your dictionary?

-Yes,of course you ______.

A.might B.will C.can D.should

(全国高考,92-12)

3.A:May I go with you?

B:You may./You may not.(EGS)

A:我可以跟你去吗?

B:你可以去。/你不可以去。

4.“May I leave this with you?”“Yes, you may.”“我可以把这个东西留在你这里吗?”“是的,你可以(留下)。”

但是,应注意,在这种情况下,也可以使用you could。例如:

A:Could I see you tomorrow,then?B:Yes,(I think)you could.(EGS)这就是说,上题的选项B(could)也同样是正确的。

【附注】按PEU的说法,此处不能用 could。(p.131)

请做下面的英语试题:

1.-Anne,______I have some more cake?

-Certainly,help yourself.

A.need B.must C.will D.may (北京会考,95-19)

2.-Excuse me,______I ask you a question?

-Yes,please.

A.must B.need C.may D.would(北京会考,94-24)

3.-______I use your pen?I've lost mine.

-Of course.Here you are.

A.Need B.May C.Must D.Should(北京会考,96-27)

mustn't have done /couldn't have done

【问】(1)I didn't see her in the meeting-room this morning.She ______at the meeting.

A.mustn't have spoken

B.shouldn't have spoken

C.needn't have spoken

D.couldn't have spoken(上海高考,91)

标准答案为D。难道不能选A吗?

(2)-There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.

-It ______a comfortable journey.

A.can't be B.shouldn't be C.mustn't have been D.couldn't have been

(全国高考95-15)

标准答案为D。难道不能选C吗?

(3)Jack ______yet,otherwise he would have tele- phoned me.

A.mustn't have arrived

B.shouldn't have arrived

C.can't have arrived

D.neednothavearrived

上海高考,97-19)

答案为C,能否选A呢?

(4)My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon,so he ______your lecture.

A.couldn't have attended

B.needn't have attended

C.mustn't have attended

D.shouldn't have attended(同上,2000-23)

答案为A,能否选C呢?

【答】上面的试题已不符合现代英语,尤其是美国英语的实际使用情况,应当改进。有充分的资料证明mustn't have done也可以用来表示“推测过去不可能发生某事”。例如:

1.His absence mustn't have been noticed.(CGEL)他的缺席一定没有人注意到。

2.Mr.Green mustn'thave received my letter,otherwise he would have replied before now.格林先生一定没有收到我的信,要不然他在这之前早就回信了。