知识精讲1
1.I'm learning/learn a lot today.
一般现在时和现在进行时的用法区别英语中的一般现在时和现在进行时在用法上有着许多相似之处,但又有着本质的区别。传统的英语语法书籍从没有将这两种时态的诸多相似的用法联系起来分析、比较,这极易使英语初学者在理解和记忆这些用法时产生混淆。下面我就这两种时态的相似用法作一横向的比较。
充当将来时的一般现在时与现在进行时在用法上的区别:
(1)一般现在时表示将来时间时,用于时间表、节日单或日程表上所安排好的事情:
The conference begins at 8:30 and ends at 10.
We leave tomorrow at 6:30 and arrive at 10
June 8 marks our 10 th wedding anniversary.
在这种用法中,句中动词多为go,come,sail,start,return,open,close,takeoff,land等。
(2)现在进行时表示将来时间时,则强调个人在最近要做的事先安排、计划好的事情,常跟表示未来的时间状语:
I am spending next summer in Alaska.
They are having a holiday next Saturday.
He is arriving tomorrow morning on the 6:30 tram.
I'm seeing Linda this evening.
比较:一般现在时与现在进行时均可表示最近按计划安排要做的事,但前者表示某个集体或组织的计划,而后者表示个人的计划。如:
I leave for Changchun tomorrow.(我和其他成员一起去,且该计划也不是我个人定的)
I am leaving tomorrow.(我个人的计划)
与高频副词连用的一般现在时和现在进行时在用法上的区别:
(1)一般现在时与高频副词(always,constantly,forever,perpetually,repeatedly)连用时表示经常性发生的动作,如:
Tom always helps me with my work.
He is nearly always at home in the evening.
(2)现在进行时与高频副词也表示经常性发生的动作,但它还同时强调说者对某人所做事情的赞扬或批评(如欣赏、厌倦等),如:
I'm always hearing strange stories about him.
She's always helping people (changing her mind).
Our fire alarm is forever going off for no reason.
She is always coming late for work.
与某些可持续动词或形容词连用的一般现在时和现在进行时在用法上的区别:
(1)一般现在时与某些可持续动词或形容词连用时可表示习惯性的动作或一般存在的状态,如:
The river flows slowly.
Bill is very clever.
The boy is naughty.
The car works perfectly.
(2)而现在进行时与某些可持续动词或形容词连用则强调该动作或状态的暂时性,表示不能长期发生的动作或存在的情况:
The river is flowing fast after the heavy rain.
(只是在暴雨之后河水才变得湍急了)
He's being very clever today.
(他平时的智力表现平平甚至愚蠢,今天却一反常态)
The child is being naughty.
(这孩子平时很听话,这会儿却很淘气)
The car is working perfectly.
(这车子平时总出毛病,这会儿工作得倒挺不错)
一般现在时和现在进行时与感觉动词连用时在用法上的区别:
(1)感觉动词与一般现在时连用时,表示无意的感觉行为(如无意中听见或看见),如:
I notice a change in the way he is dressed.
They all smell something burning.
He feels cold.
(2)感觉动词与现在进行时连用时,表示有意的感觉行为,如:
I am smelling these new perfumes and trying to decide which to buy.
I'm feeling this material to see whether it is pure silk or not.
I am listening to the radio.
一般现在时和现在进行时在命令句中的用法区别:
(1)一般现在时用来表示语气强硬的命令或警告,如:
You finish the assignment before 4 o'clock this afternoon.
你必须在今天下午4点钟以前完成任务。
You mind your own business.
你少管我的事(管好你自己吧)。
(2)现在进行时用来表示语气较温和的命令或要求,如:
You are standing next to Tom,Bill.
Don't just stand by. You are helping me with this.
知识精讲2
I've lost/lost my key. Can you help me look for it?
现在完成时和一般过去时的用法区别
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示过去的动作,区别在于该动作是否与现在发生联系:过去时的动作与现在无大联系;而现在完成时的动作结果一直影响到现在,也许还在持续。
I didn't have my breakfast yesterday.
(昨天是否吃早饭和现在没什么关系)
You have studied for two years in this university.
for表示一段时间,在现在完成时中经常用到,和since接一个过去的时间点。
The English chief engineer has stayed in China for ten months.
The English chief engineer has stayed in China since ten months ago.
I have worked as Chairman of the Student Union since I came to the university.
注意:现在完成时中不能直接用表示过去的时间状语。
我们不能说The English chief engineer has stayed in China last year.
知识精讲3
It was the most exciting day of my life.
How can I write with a broken arm?
现在分词与过去分词作定语比较
由于现在分词和过去分词具有形容词或副词的特点,在句中可作表语、状语、宾语补足语和定语。作定语时,既可作前置定语,又可作后置定语。现将其用法归纳如下,供大家参考。
前置定语:单独一个分词作定语时,一般情况下被放在被修饰的名词前面,例如:
(1)现在分词:几乎所有的现在分词都可以作前置定语,现在分词表示它所修饰名词的动作,二者有逻辑上的主谓关系,并且表示所修饰词的特点、性质等。(可以转换成定语从句)如:
Barking dogs seldom bite.=Dogs which barks seldom bite.
爱叫的狗很少咬人。
(2)过去分词:所有的及物动词的过去分词都可以作前置定语,不及物动词过去分词作前置定语时,一般过去分词前有副词修饰,但也有少数几个可以单独作前置定语。过去分词与已经完全变成了形容词的过去分词作前置定语的区别是:前者表示中心词承受动作的结果或状态;而后者表示中心词的特点。如:
a newly arrived student新到的学生(arrived是不及物动词,但前有newly修饰)
an escaped convict逃犯(escaped是不及物动词)
a retired worker退休工人(retired是不及物动词)
a locked door上锁的门(locked表示中心词door锁后的状态)
an experienced doctor有经验的医生(experienced表示中心词doctor的特点)
后置定语:
(1)当被修饰的词是由some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的不定代词或指示代词those等时,虽然是一个单一的分词作形容词用,但也要放在其后。(可变为定语从句)如:
There has been nothing changed since I left Harbin two years ago.
自从两年前离开,哈尔滨一直没有什么变化。
(2)当分词短语作定语时,一定要放其之后。如:
The bottle containing (=which contained ) the poison was sent to the laboratory.
盛毒品的瓶子被送到实验室。
They have Intimate knowledge of the subject being investigated (=which is being investigated ).
他们对所研究的题目非常熟悉。
注意:现在分词的完成式不能作后置定语。但是,如果中心词是泛指的,偶尔可用现在分词的完成式作后置定语。如:不能说:
The man having written that book is our teacher.
应该说:
The man who has written that book is our teacher,
写那本书的人是我们的老师。
知识精讲4
Your house is three times larger than mine.
比较结构的用法:
1)比较级+than
You are taller than I.
注意:
要避免重复使用比较级。
(错)He is more cleverer than his brother.
(对)He is more clever than his brother.
(对)He is cleverer than his brother.
要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错)China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对)China is larger than any other country in Asia.
要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词。
比较:Which is larger,Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?
she is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
2)as+形容词或副词原级+as在否定句中可用so…as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as+形容词+a+单数名词
as+many/much+名词
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can.
用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词作修饰语时,放在as的前面。
This room is twice 9s big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
倍数+as+adj.+as=倍数+the名词+of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
知识精讲5
I The boy admitted stealing the money.
admit vt.
(admitted;admitting)
让……进入;使获得(某种地位或特权)
接(容)纳
承认(事实、错误等)
导入,进气,供给
admit sb. into the university
获准入大学
The auditorium admits 5 000 persons.
这座礼堂可容纳五千人。
I admit that I was wrong.
我承认我错了。
注意:admit后的动词只能用动名词形式。
知识精讲6
-What would you like to do?
-I'd prefer to continue the conversation.
prefer用法种种
prefer意为“宁可、宁愿、更喜欢”,其后可以接名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句,还可以构成固定句型。由于该词后可接的成分多,用法灵活,许多同学对这个词的诸多用法常常容易弄混淆。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它,笔者对prefer的八种常见搭配作出以下归纳。
(1)prerfer+n. (pron.) 宁愿,更喜欢
Which do you prefer,rice or bread?
你比较喜欢哪一样,米饭还是面包?
I prefer some poems and short stories.
我宁愿读一些诗和短篇小说。
(2)prefer to do sth.宁愿做某事(强调特定的或某次具体的动作,即在一定的场合下宁愿做什么)
The old man preferred to live in the country.
那位老人更喜欢住在乡村。
The boys preferred not to do homework right now.
那些男孩巴不得马上就不做作业了。
(3)prefer doing sth.宁愿做某事(强调一般性倾向,即对某种行为的“偏爱”)
Einstein preferred spending his spare time working for human rights.
爱因斯坦宁愿把业余时间花在为人权工作上。
I prefer swimming,but I don't prefer to swim now.
我喜欢游泳,但我现在不想游。
(本句强调prefer to do与prefer doing结构的区别,prefer swimming指“一般爱好”,don't prefer to swim强调某次具体的行为,即现在由于种种原因而“不想去游泳”。)
(4)prefer+(doing) sth.+to (doing) sth.
宁愿选择……宁愿……而不愿……
She seems to prefer cats to dogs.
猫和狗之间她似乎更喜欢猫。
My grandma prefers taking a walk to sitting in front of the TV.
我奶奶宁愿去散步而不愿看电视。
(5)prefer to do sth.+rather than do sth.宁愿做……而不愿做……
He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.
他宁愿呆在家里,而不愿跟我们一起去。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicycle.
他总是愿意骑车,而不愿去挤公共汽车。
(6)prefer sb. to do sth.宁愿某人做某事
They preferred their son to go to the countryside.
他们宁可让儿子去农村。
The mother preferred her daughter not to marry a cheat.
那位母亲不愿让女儿嫁给一个骗子。
(7)prefer+sth.+to be done (done) 希望某事被做
We would prefer the classroom cleaned at once.
我们希望马上有人打扫教室。
He should prefer the question to be discussed tomorrow morning.
他希望明天上午讨论此问题。
(8)prefer+that clause更希望……(从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气)
I prefer that he should end his speech.
我更希望他结束演讲。
The old woman preferred that eggs should be done soft.
那老太太更喜欢蛋煮嫩一些。
We need to practise speaking English if you want to speak it well.
知识精讲7
I'd rather go to the cinema than stay at home and watch TV.
would rather用法浅析
“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式(美国英语中多用had rather)。'd rather为would(或had)rather的缩写形式。Would (had ) 在此决无“过去”之意,且无词性、时态变化,它是一个情态助动词。该句式常用来表示选择的意愿,意为“宁可……”“宁愿……”“最好……”。如:
He'd rather work in the countryside.
他宁可到农村去工作。
If you'd rather be alone,we'll all leave here.
如果你宁愿独自呆着,那我们都离开这儿。
You would rather stay at home and do some reading this evening.
今晚你最好呆在家中读点书。
would rather与than连用.可构成另一个惯用句式,即“would rather…than…”,意为“宁可(愿)……(而)不要(愿)……”“与其……不如……”。用以表达主语的意愿。强调经过选择后做其中一件事,而不愿做另一件事。如:
I would rather watch TV at home than walk outside.
我宁可在家看电视而不愿到外边散步。
在使用“would rather…than…”句型时。应注意以下几点:
(1)如该句型前后连接的两个动词相同,则than之后的那个动词可省去。如:
I'd rather you know that now than afterwards.
我于可你现在就知道这件事.而不是以后。
(2)would rather…than…也可改写成“would…rather than…”,其用法及含义仍不变。如:
Facing the enemies,our soldiers would die rather than surrender.
面对敌人,我们的战士宁死不屈。
(3)有时,为表示语气上的强调,可将rather than置于句首。如:
Rather than refuse to help you,I would borrow money from my friends.
我宁可向朋友借钱,也不愿拒绝帮助你。
(4)would rather后也可跟从句,表示主语宁愿让某人干某事。这时,从句谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用一般过去时表示现在或将来要做的事;用过去完成时表示过去要做的事。如:
I'd rather she set out to do the work now.
我宁愿她现在就着手做这项工作。
(5)would rather后还可接动词的完成时,表示主语要做某事,而结果事与愿违的意思。如:
I'd rather have left a note on her desk.
我本想留张字条在她书桌上的。(事实上没有留)
知识精讲8
I enjoy learning English and find translation quite easy.
find+复合结构
find+复合结构的形式很多,在高考题或练习题中出现的频率较高。现对其用法作一归纳,希望对同学们的学习有所帮助。
(1)find+宾语+现在分词
She found a wallet lying on the ground.
她发现一只钱包在地上。
If slaves were found living together secretly they were cruelly whipped.
如果奴隶们被发现私自同居,就会受到残酷鞭打。
(2)find+宾语+过去分词
He found the place much changed.
他发现这地方有了巨大的变化。
We found her quite recovered.
我们发现她已完全痊愈。
(3)find+(宾语)+形容词
She was found alone in the room.
发现她一个人在屋里。
He was found dead in the morning.
早上人们发现他已经死了。
(4)find+宾语+副词
I'm so glad I found you in.
发现你在家我真高兴。
He hurried there,but found them all out.
他赶到那里,却发现大家都出去了。
(5)find+宾语+介词短语
They found him already in the care of a doctor.
他们发现已经有一位大夫在照顾他了。
We have gone over the contract and found everything in order.
合同我们已经看过,感到没有问题。
(6)find+宾语+名词
You will find it a difficult book.
你将发现这是一本难懂的书。
We all find him a very sensible man.
我们都发现他是个很有头脑的人。
(7)find+宾语+to be
This method was found to be practicable.
大家发现这方法很可行。
注:在find+宾语+to be…这一结构中,to be常可省略。
知识精讲9
1.Lu Wen is a lively and popular student who has made much progress this term.
make progress
取得进展,进步
The disease makes rapid progress.
病情迅速好转。
make progress in
在……方面取得进步(进展)
make progress towards
朝着……(目标)前进
make progress with
把……向前推进;在……(方面)取得进展,进行
in progress
在进行中,在举行
The building of the house is in progress.
房子在建造中。
2.He should concentrate on getting good results in Mathematics.
concentrate vi.
集中;聚集;聚精会神,集中思想 (on,upon)
You should concentrate on your work.
你应该专心于你的工作。
concentrate one's attention on[upon]
把注意力集中在……