[摘要]：本文结合学生的习作，从第二轮复习中学生在英语书面表达中出现的错误入手，针对如何发挥教师对学生写作指导作用提出了探讨，同时提出了写作教学的注意问题。
[关键词]错误 典型问题 思维 指导 注意点
书面表达是考察学生英语运用能力的一种题型，它要求学生根据所给情景和要求写一篇书面材料，并能使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思（教育部考试中心，2007）。在书面表达题中，考生不能脱离试题所规定的情景和要求自行立意、选材和随意发挥，而要根据试题要求进行适当的拓展，并表达观点。由于书面表达在高考试卷中所占分值比例较大,答好这一题对考生取得理想的成绩至关重要。
一. 阅卷手记
在高三备考阶段几乎每位老师都会关注书面表达训练，选择多种题材、不同内容的资料进行书面表达的练习。在经过多次改卷后，会发现部分学生的习作在这阶段会出现下面的不足之处，而这些缺点多数教师很少有计划、有安排的对学生进行指导。
1、文章基本能按要求完成写作任务，结构合理，但反复用同一个句型---简单句。在句子方面，英语句式具有多变性，而汉语句式则较为固定（陈静，2003）。英语句子常以主谓宾结构为其核心，用各种连词、短语和从句进行修饰、样扩展，句子结构复杂，但读起来形象、生动。由于受汉语句式影响，中国学生在写作中往往使用一连串的简单句或句式雷同的复杂句，造成句式的单一，读起来单调、乏味。例如：
[例文1]
Senior School Students have different opinions about Senior 1 Students' military training at school.
The survey shows that most students vote for having the military training.The reasons for it are as follows: It will strong our bodies.It will develop the friendship. It will be good for study. And also, it teaches us to be punctual.
However, about 20% of the students are against this idea. They regard it as an unnecessary thing because it's not only boring but also a waste of time.
In my mind, there's no doubt that the Senior 1 Students' military training is meaningful.It offers us time to start a new life: to make new friends, to adapt to the new school, to make preparations for the senior school life and so on.
2、句法方面的欠缺。英语与汉语在句子结构方面最基本的差异是：汉语句子重意合，英语句子重形合；汉语句法关系主要靠词序和语义关系表达，并不追求形式上的完整，往往只求达意；英语句法重句子结构形式的完整和逻辑上的合理（舒淇，2007）。多数学生在这方面有欠缺，主要表现为句与句之间连贯性不够，缺乏体现句与句之间逻辑关系的关联词。例如：
[例文2]
Dear Editor,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we held on whether it is good to keep animals in zoos. Those who favor the idea think it provides chances for people to see wild animals. It might also develop people's love for animals and nature. Besides, animals in zoos can be protected from dangers in the wild. However, those who are against that it's a waste of money and labor to keep animals in zoos. It'll also damage the balance of nature. Animals will lose their freedom if caged in zoos.
I personally feel it is wrong to take animals away from their natural living areas and keep them locked up.
Your sincerely
Li Hua
3、有些文章虽然在语法上表达正确,要点也基本齐全,但难以令阅卷老师给以高分。这主要是考生的书面表达篇章结构松散,还有部分考生乱用连贯词,致使文章的逻辑关系混乱。有些考生在写文章时,没有总体的构思,即兴发挥,结果有些要点写得过于简单或由于时间原因一笔带过,甚至漏写要点内容。下面的文章遗漏了“自己的观点”。
[例文3]
Dear Editor,
I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we held on whether it is good to keep animals in zoos.Those who favor the idea think it not only provides chances for people to see wild animals but also develop people's love for animals and nature.Besides,animals in zoos can be protected from dangers in the wild.However, those who are against think it's a waste of money and labor to keep animals in zoos.In addition,it'll damage the balance of nature,which leads animals to be caged in zoos .
Your sincerely
Li Hua
4、偏离主题，随意发挥。要点写得不全，发挥的却不少，洋洋洒洒地写了一些与要点无关的话，不仅不能多得分，相反还会因离题而失分。例如：
[例文4]
Dear Jianhua,
I'm very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago.
I suggest that you should come home because you are Chinese. Our country needs you and you will adapt to the new environment. Besides, it is convenient for you to look after your parents. After all, your parents miss you very much.
You will finish your study. I think you want to do something. At first, you should come to Motherland. At home, you can make the best of what you have learned and do your best to realize your dream. Everyone will be proud of you and you are our pride. Therefore, you should come home. We are waiting for you.
Please write to me soon.
MingHua
5、因为中文提示简洁，在写作时没有进行适当的发挥以致于字数不够。
[例文5]
Dear Jianha,
I'm very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago.(原因 )
As far as am concerned, you'd better come back because of the following reasons. Firstly, it is easier for you to find a high-paid job at home than abroad（原因）.Besides, you can have more chances to make full use of what you learnt. Secondly, it's your duty to look after your parents( 原因).
I'm waiting for the good news that you come back.
Best wishes。
MingHua
6、在写作时明显受汉语思维模式的影响。
[例文6]
Dear Jianhua,
I'm very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. You said you are graduating from the college, but you can not decide if you will come back. You ask me for help. Here is my answer: I think you should come back. There are two reasons for this; First, you can care for your parents. Second, in China, it is easy to find a job. And you can devote yourself to the motherland. Please tell me your decision soon.
Best wishes.
MingHua
7、字迹不清，书写潦草。有些同学的作文或者龙飞凤舞、或者涂涂改改、或者大小写不分、或者标点符号乱用。对于这种潦草马虎的考卷，阅卷老师不会有好的心情去阅读，自然影响作文的得分。
二、高三阶段对学生的写作指导
据统计，NMET2005浙江卷书面表达题的难度系数为0.53，2006年的0.48，2007年的0.4，难度系数降低，难度有所增加。但由于受母语思维的影响，有的考生难以将自己写作的分数提高一个档次。为了提高学生的书面表达能力，应从以下几方面加强对学生的写作指导。
1、写作构思指导
构思是写作前的一项重要任务，它主要体现在审题和谋篇布局两方面。
（1）对如何审题的指导
审题就是要弄清题目的要求，这是写作的第一步。审题时，考生应根据题目提供的图画、图表、提纲或其他文字说明等明确文章的体裁；认真、全面地分析题目中包含的内容和信息，成功发挥想象力，判断命题者的意图，把握题目的中心思想；确定正确的时态、语态和人称等。根据高考评分原则，考生若没有按照题目要求答题或遗漏一个内容，其作文分数将降下一个档次。所以，教师必须加强对学生审题技能的指导。例如2007年浙江高考作文卷的题目要求如下：在英语课堂上，你喜欢老师授课时只用英语，还是英语、汉语兼用？某英语杂志社就此话题邀请中学生发表看法。请你围绕“How do you prefer your English classes to be taught? In English only, or in both English and Chinese”这个问题，参考所给要点，选择一种授课形式，写一篇英语短文。
授课形式一：只用英语
优点：有助于提高听说能力等......
缺憾：不易听懂等......
结论：......
授课形式二：英语、汉语兼用
优点：易于理解等......
缺憾：英语氛围不浓等......
结论：......
词数：1词数100-120，短文开头已给出（不计词数）。2参考词汇：atmosphere氛围
I prefer my English classes to be taught in...
这篇文章审题的关键是选择一种授课方式，正文部分包括优点、缺憾及结论。
（2）对谋篇布局的指导
布局比较合理的文章一般包括标题和正文等。标题是文章的有机组成部分，而正文则是文章的主体，通常包括开首段、中间段和结尾段。正文部分应确保流畅性。如There are many different varieties of bees. Some live in large groups like the honey-bee, and make their nests in trees or holes in the rocks. Other species make their nests in holes in the ground. There are also varieties that do not live in groups at all. Among the different kinds of bee, it is the honey-bee that has interested scientists most because of the "language" they use to communicate with each other.平时阅读中若遇到此类的文章应让学生熟读，因为只有大输入才有大输出。
2、使用连接词的指导
一篇好的文章不仅需要丰富的内容、巧妙的构思和规范的表达，还需要有把这些内容联系起来的语篇衔接手段，即常说的关联词、连接性副词以及一些介词和短语等（程晓堂、郑敏，2002）。虽然不少考生能写出句式完整、内容充实的作文，但句子之间、段落之间往往缺乏连贯性。教师在平时的教学中要善于指导学生使用连接词连接句子和段落，并适时对连接词进行总结和归类。例如：时间顺序：first，second，then，at last；对称顺序：for one thing，for another (thing)，on one hand，on the other hand；转折顺序：but，however，while，though，otherwise；因果顺序：thanks to，as a result(of)；条件顺序：as long as，on condition that，if，unless；让步顺序：though，as，even if/though，whenever；递进顺序：what's more，besides，what's worse；过渡性插入语：I think，in my opinion,personally,as far as I am concerned。
总之，过渡词和连接词是书面表达也是英语语言的一大特点，评分标准中要求“应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑。”可见高考书面表达对过渡词和连接词的重视。另外，为使结构更明确，写作时最好分成二至三自然段。
3、思维训练指导
思维训练已成为书面表达题考察的内容之一。从2004年开始，各省市高考的书面表达题设置了半开放性话题作文，要求考生借题发挥，谈自己的看法。例如，NMET2005浙江卷书面表达题的“生日的意义”，NMET2006浙江卷书面表达题的“我的看法和理由”以及2007年的“结论”部分都属于半开放性话题。有些学生草草收尾，有的甚至连结论都没有,这样的作文必定会降一个档次。针对这种情况，可以通过以下几种方式培养学生的思维能力。
（1）重视语篇输入
有大量的输入才有大量的输出。在平时阅读中，有意识的注重这方面的材料，并课内进行适当的点评后要求学生阅读以致背诵。例如：
I don't only think of it as a machine .To me, it's many things.For one,it's my parents' acceptance of my dreams and inspirations.They know that I have big plans for designing and think that I can achieve them.Not only that, but it is the realization that my parents no longer think of me as a real adult.Plus, the knowledge that they were willing to pay a lot for the machine showed me that they believe in me.
（2）留出点时间给学生
许多教师为了不影响教学进度而包办课内的一切活动，致使学生长期处于被动地听和记的状态，无法养成积极思考的习惯。在教学过程中，教师应给学生提供充足的思考空间回顾所学知识。可以用一句多译的方式让学生挖掘已有的知识，使大脑处于英语使用的状态。如：
那个男孩为祖国献出了自己的生命。可翻译为：The boy devoted his life to his country；The boy died for his country；The boy gave / lost his life for his country；The boy gave his life as a sacrifice for his country；The boy made sacrifices to pay for his country.
４、规范书写
由于高考网上阅卷，优美匀称的书写将给阅卷老师以赏心悦目的印象，对于得高分将起重要的作用，建议考生们最后备考阶段还要抽出时间练习书写，切不可等闲视之。
三、写作教学中应注意的几个问题
1、分层次要求。在不同阶段对学生水平的发展有不同的变化，因此对其要求不能一刀切。对学习好的要求要高，对学习差的要求要适当低一些，尽量让他们能跳一跳够得着。
2、经常性的课堂限时训练。写作类似于听力，贵在坚持。坚持一周一练，可请一两个学生到黑板上写，然后师生共同修改。这样，学生印象深,效果好。
3、以鼓励为主。充分利用板报、专栏进行优秀作文展览，或者也可采用传阅方式进行。
4、基础知识和能力并重。教师在平时教学中应充分利用一切可以利用的机会启发引导学生提高自己的写作水平。让学生养成自主学习的习惯。因为课堂上的时间很紧，提高语言表达能力更多的还是要靠学生自主去练、去悟，注意回归教材，以记背提高语感。也只有这样，表达能力才能得到提高。
四、结束语
总之，英语书面表达是考查学生综合运用能力的方法之一，这种能力的提高不是一蹴而就的，而是一个长期的过程。在整个高三英语写作教学中，教师指导写作必须坚持从易到难，从少到多，从课本到课外，从慢到快的循序渐进的原则。更重要的是，要激发学生学习写作的兴趣和积极性，并持之以恒，否则一切都是空谈。另外，教师平时也要注意积累和学习更好的写作教学策略，来改进高三的英语写作教学和提高学生的写作能力。这样才能帮助学生在高考中取得理想的成绩。
[参考文献]
陈静 2003试论在英语写作中如何避免中式英语[J]。福建商业高等专科学校学报，（4）
程晓堂，王琦 2004 从小句关系看学生英语作文的连贯性[J] 外语教学与研究 （4）
程晓趟，郑敏 2002 英语学习策略[M]北京；外语教学与研究出版社
葛炳芳，邱锋，周道义 2007 07浙江英语卷评析：重视基础，讲究策略[EB、OL]http://edu.zjol.com.cn/,2007-11-1