广东省惠州第八中学(516000) 石惠莲
英语句子大多谓语在主语之后，称之为正常语序，反之则称作倒装语序。按形式分类，倒装语序分为部分倒装与全部倒装，按原因分又分为语法倒装与修辞倒装。语法倒装是出于语法结构或惯用句型的需要而实施的，一般不可以更改；而修辞倒装则出于为了加强语气，生动文体、平衡句子或承上启下等修辞目的，也可以改作正常语序。如：At the monment in came a policeman ,改作A policeman came in at the moment,究竟是使用部分倒装还是使用完全倒装要根据语法结构或修辞的需要来定，简述如下。
一、语法倒装
1、多数疑问句要倒装。如：
Do you speak English or French?
Note 1.主语是疑问词或主语被疑问词修饰时，该疑问句是正常语序。如：
Who will give me a hand?
How many students attended the party?
Notes 2.间接引语的疑问句不能倒装。如：
She asked me where I was going.
Notes 3.口语中以正常语序出现的疑问句常常兼有猜测，惊奇、怀疑等语气，如：
1)You live here ?(猜测且期待对方肯定回答)。
2)You have lost your son ?(惊奇，怀疑)。
3) --I saw Jim yesterday.
--You saw Jim ?(未听清对方话而重新发问)
2、美国英语以一般疑问句型表示感叹。如：
Isn't it cold!
有些规范的感叹句由于主语太长也会出现部分倒装。如：
How sweet the air is and how green seemed the familiar field of my native land !
3.在there引起的存在句中。如：
There will be a film today.
4.在省去了if的非真实条件句中。如：
Should anyone call ,tell him to wait for me here.
5.在表祝愿的句子中。如：
May you succeed!
6.在某些表示祈使的惯用句型中，如：
Mind you ,the meeting will begin at 8:00.
二、修辞倒装
1、在副词here,there引起的句中。如：
There comes our teacher.
但主语是人称代词时，却不能倒装。如：
Here you are .(稍带感叹意味)。
2.以副词Now,Then引起的句子且谓语词是come,follow等时要倒装。如：
Then followed another knock at the door.
Now comes your turn.
3.在“The more ……the more”句型中的第二部分中，如果表语或宾语过长，必须倒装。如：
The farther we advanced, the more difficulties did we meet .但通常情况下无须倒装。如：
The more you study,the more you understand.
4.在某些让步状语从句中。如：
Try as he may ,he won't pass the test.
此类型as引导的状语从句，如果谓语连系动词加表语，常常只须表语前置，而连系动词仍在主语之后，无须倒装。如：
Pround as the noble are ,he is afraid to see me.
如果此类从句的主语过长，则仍须倒装。
如：Young as are the children you look after,they are very clever.
5.在直接引语后面或中间的“某人说”短语常用倒装。如“What are you doing here ?”shouted a bird.
但如果该短语主语是人称代词或谓语带有宾语，或谓语部分过长则不能倒装。如：
1)“I'm going to Beijing tomorrow.”father told me.
2)“What do you mean ?”he asked.
3)“Come to me at once.”she said in a whisper.
6.如前句所述情形也适合下句主语，为免重复而使用的So,或Neithe,Nor简略句中。如：
She didn't like the film ,Neither/Nor did we.
You like English ,so does every one of us.
但是So后句子如果表示对上句的赞同，重复或惊奇时，So句就不可以倒装。如：
1)Della could do nothing but lie dow and weep and so she did .(重复且主语为同一人)。
2)--You women can do what men do.
--So we can.(主语相同表示赞同).
3)--You forget your bag when you left.
--Good heavens !So l did.（惊奇）
7.否定词not,never,little,seldom,hardly…when,no sooner…than,rarely,nowhere等位于句首时，语气很强烈，必须倒装。如：
1)Never(before)have I seen an elephant
2)Not until midnight did it stop snowing.
8.only修饰的状语位于句首时，必须倒装。如：
Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
9.程度副词well,频度副词often,many a time位于句首时，为了文体生或强调，必须倒装。如：
Ofen have I hoped to visit you.
10.方向副词on,in,out,down,up,away等位于句首，且主语是外词、谓语是vi时。如：
Down came the hammer,Out flew the sparks.
但主语是人称代词时则不倒装。如：
Down he fell.
11.表地点的介词短词位于句首时。如：
From the distance came a group of dogs.
12.表语提前引起倒装。如：
Such was his fear that he couldn't sleep at night.
但主语是人称代词时则不能把谓语动词提前。如：
A strange place it is.但被提前的表语adj前再加so，则一律要求倒装。如
So angry was she that she could hardly say a word.
13.宾语提前也可能引起倒装。如：
Not a word,however,did she say about herself.