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英国国花的来历
大家知道英国的国花是什么吗?英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰都分别有不同的“国花”，本文就带大家了解一下这四朵花及背后的故事。下面是小编精心整理的英国国花的来历，欢迎阅读与收藏。
英国国花的来历
Each country in Britain has its own floral emblem.
英国的每个地区都有其代表性的花。
England – rose英格兰—玫瑰
The national flower of England is the rose. The flower has been adopted as England’s emblem since the time of the Wars of the Roses – civil wars (1455-1485) between the royal house of Lancaster (whose emblem was a red rose) and the royal house of York (whose emblem was a white rose).
英格兰之花为玫瑰。自红白玫瑰之战(1455-1485)即兰开斯特王朝(其家徽为红玫瑰)和约克王朝(其家徽为白玫瑰)两个家族之间的内战起，玫瑰就成为了英格兰代表性的花。
Wales –daffodil威尔士-黄水仙
The national flower of Wales is the daffodil, which is traditionally worn on St. David’s Day(圣大卫日). The vegetable called leek(n. 韭葱)is also considered to be a traditional emblem of Wales.
威尔士之花为黄水仙。根据威尔士传统，人们会在圣大卫日这一天穿戴上黄水仙。此外，韭葱同样也被视为威尔士之花。
There are many explanations of how the leek came to be adopted as the national emblem of Wales. One is that St David advised the Welsh, on the eve of battle with the Saxons, to wearleeks in their caps to distinguish friend from foe. As Shakespeare records in Henry V, the Welsh archers wore leeks at the battle of Agincourt in 1415.
对于韭葱成为威尔士之花的说法有很多种。其中之一的说法就是，在与撒克逊人交战前夕，圣大卫建议威尔士士兵在军帽处别上韭葱以此区分敌友。根据莎士比亚在《亨利五世》写道，1415年的阿金库尔战役中威尔士士兵穿戴了黄水仙。
Scotland – thistle苏格兰-奶蓟草
The national flower of Scotland is the thistle, a prickly-leaved(adj. 叶子多刺的)purple flower which was first used in the 15th century as a symbol of defence. The Scottish Bluebell is also seen as the flower of Scotland.
苏格兰之花为奶蓟草，其叶多刺，花瓣为紫。15世纪时初视为防御的象征。此外，蓝铃花也同样被视为苏格兰之花。
Northern Ireland –shamrock?北爱尔兰-苜蓿
The national flower of Northern Ireland is the shamrock, a three-leaved plant similar to clover. An Irish tale tells of how Patrick used the three-leafed shamrock to explain the Trinity(n. 三位一体). He used it in his sermons to represent how the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit could all exist as separate elements of the same entity. His followers adopted the custom of wearing a shamrock on his feast day.
北爱尔兰之花为苜蓿，叶为三瓣，与三叶草似。爱尔兰一民间传说讲述了帕特里克是如何运用苜蓿来解释三位一体的。帕特里克在其布道中借用了苜蓿来讲述圣父、圣子与圣灵如何共存于一体。他的信徒因此在圣帕特里克日这一天穿戴苜蓿，形成了传统。
物种起源
According to fossil research, there were plants of the genus Rosa on Earth millions of years ago.
Rose belongs to the Rosaceae family and the Rosa genus. Like many other flowers in the Rosa genus, it originated in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere such as northern China, North Korea, Japan, and Russia. According to records, it was widely cultivated in ancient Babylon and Greece before BC. Among them, carvings and paintings with roses as the theme were found in the architectural decoration, minted coins, and murals of Crete in ancient Greece.
In the early AD, the ancient Roman Empire began to prosper, and the ancient Egyptians sold roses from Southwest Asia to Rome. After the 12th century, rose cultivation emerged in various European countries, especially in England, where roses became the royal garden and the main cultivated flower throughout the country.
In China, the history of rose cultivation can be traced back to the Han Dynasty over 2000 years ago. In the Miscellaneous Records of the Western Capital, it is said that there was a "rose tree" planted in the Le You Garden of Emperor Wu of Han. In Pingyin, the hometown of roses in China, there was a legend of the Cuiping Mountain monks planting roses as early as the Tang Dynasty.
The ancient Chinese people were able to clearly classify the plants of the Rosa genus into at least 7 varieties: roses, roses, silk reels, magnolia, cherry blossoms, and mandarins. "The name of the non Guan rose is the same, and it is not related to the rose genealogy. The connecting leaves and branches are millions of green, and one flower has two colors of light and deep red. The wind and rain are each blushing, why do they create their own chemical products? There is no national fragrance that cannot be harvested, and the poet is immersed in water." Yang Wanli, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote this poem "Red Rose", which not only describes the differences between roses, roses, and roses, but also describes the shape and color of the branches and leaves of roses.
From the perspective of plant characteristics, there is not much difference between roses and roses. Upon closer comparison, there are indeed differences between the two. The stem of a rose is densely prickly, with only one flower per branch. The petals are upright, and the leaf veins are deeply concave and wrinkled; And roses have sparse thorns, with a standard flower shape of "full core, upturned angle", often several flowers growing on the same stem, and the leaves are bright and bright.
Because there are not many roses native to Europe, Europeans do not distinguish them in detail. Roses, roses, and roses are collectively referred to as "rose" (originally meaning "red") in Europe. In fact, roses have many colors: red, pink, yellow, peach, and white, and so on.
Before the 16th century, Europe only had roses and roses, with small flowers and monotonous colors. More than 200 years ago, Europeans discovered Chinese roses in China that could bloom all year round. Soon after, Chinese roses such as black tea, yellow tea, vermilion, and rose were introduced to Europe and hybridized with roses and roses there. After repeated hybridization and targeted breeding, many graceful hybrid new varieties have been developed, which not only enrich the varieties and colors of the rose family, but also solve the problem of roses blooming only once a year. The cultivation of roses quickly became popular around the world.
Queen Josephine of France promoted the combination and development of Eastern and Western roses. After Josephine and Napoleon got married, they established the Marmason Gardens in the suburbs of Paris. Under the influence and assistance of renowned breeder DuPont, Marmason became the largest and most complete rose garden in the world at that time. Starting from 1804, DuPont sent people to South Africa and the Middle East to collect roses, and also sent horticulturists to follow Napoleons expedition to collect new varieties. Josephines rose garden is renowned worldwide. During the war between England and France, her cargo ship transporting roses was granted permission by the British army and escorted by ships.
In 1789, when the planting and cultivation of roses in the Josephine Rose Garden had begun to take shape, Josephine warmly invited the famous floral illustrator of the time, the Frenchman Redoud. From then on, the most important and lengthy creative journey of Radouds life began.
He spent a full 20 years drawing the worlds first Rose Atlas. The picture includes most of the rose varieties owned in the garden at that time: ancient wild roses (French roses), medieval roses (white roses), and various types of roses introduced from Asia, with approximately 170 varieties. This atlas, which combines "the most elegant academic" and "the most beautiful research", is hailed as the "Rose Bible" by later generations.
形态特征
Rose upright shrub, up to 2 meters high; The stem is thick and dense; The small branches are densely covered with fluff and have needles and glandular hairs, with upright or curved, pale yellow skin prickles covered with fluff on the outside.
Leaves 5-9, with a continuous petiole length of 5-13 centimeters; Small leaves are elliptical or elliptical obovate, 1.5-4.5 cm long and 1-2.5 cm wide, with acute or blunt tips, rounded or wide wedge-shaped base, sharp serrated edges, dark green above, hairless, sunken veins with folds, grayish green below, prominent midrib, dense with villi and glandular hairs. Sometimes glandular hairs are not obvious; Petiole and leaf axis densely covered with villi and glandular hairs; Most of the stipules are attached to the petiole, and the free part is ovate. The edges have glandular serrations, and the lower part is covered with villi.
Flowers solitary in leaf axils, or clustered in several clusters, bracts ovate, with glandular hairs on the edges, covered with villi on the outside; Pedicels 5-225 mm long, densely covered with villi and glandular hairs; Flower diameter 4-5.5 centimeters; Sepals ovate lanceolate, apex caudate and gradually pointed, often with feather like lobes extending into leaf like shapes, sparsely pilose above, and densely covered with pubescence and glandular hairs below; Petals obovate, double to semi double, fragrant, purple red to white; The style is free, covered with hairs, slightly protruding from the opening of the calyx tube, much shorter than the stamens.
Fruit flattened spherical, with a diameter of 2-2.5 centimeters, brick red, fleshy, smooth, and persistent sepals. The flowering period is from May to June, and the fruiting period is from August to September.
生长习性
Roses prefer abundant sunlight, are cold and drought resistant, and prefer well drained, loose and fertile loam or light loam soil. They grow poorly and bloom poorly in sticky loam soil. It is advisable to plant in a well ventilated and far away from the wall to prevent sunlight reflection, burn the flower buds, and affect flowering.
Roses are positive plants, and when there is sufficient sunlight, their flower color is strong and their fragrance is also strong. During the growing season, if the sunshine is less than 8 hours, it will grow excessively without flowering. The requirements for air humidity are not very strict, and rust and powdery mildew occur when the temperature is low and the humidity is high; The flowering season requires a certain humidity in the air; The oil production rate will decrease during high-temperature drying. Roses do not have strict requirements for soil acidity and alkalinity, and can grow normally in slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils. Areas covered with snow in winter can tolerate low temperatures ranging from -38 ℃ to -40 ℃, while areas without snow can also tolerate low temperatures ranging from -25 ℃ to -30 ℃, but are not resistant to early spring dry winds. In areas where the soil has not yet thawed and the ground is windy, the branches are often dried by the wind; If the soil has thawed and the roots continuously transport water and nutrients to the stems, wind cannot cause serious harm. Areas with a dryness greater than 4 require irrigation conditions to develop normally.
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