1、by+地点名词,表方位,意为:“在……旁边”。如:by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。
例句:She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.她到了山顶,然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
2、by+时间名词,意为:“到……时,在……之前”。如:by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of等。
例句:By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.到去年年底,又有一座新体育馆峻工了。
3、by+名词,可用来表方法、方式、手段等。
(1)by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词,意为:“按……计算”。如:by the pound/yard/meter/day/month等。
例句:Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。
(2)by+交通工具、交通方式名词,意为:“通过……,乘……”。如by train/taxi/bus/truck/plane/water/air等。
例句:It takes a long time to go there by train,it`s quicker by bus.乘火车去那儿要花很长时间,公路比较快。
4、by+数量词。
(1)表升降、增减的程度。如:by one-fifth/two feet等。
例句:With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.产量上升了百分之六十,这家公司今年的业绩极好。
(2)表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如:by 6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。
例句:The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.那张床三米宽,两米长,一次至少可以睡四个人。
5、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词,表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分。如:by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns/sleeve等。
例句:The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。