初中英语知识点总结

时间:2024-12-08 14:53:22 知识点总结 我要投稿

初中英语知识点总结[荐]

  总结是在某一时期、某一项目或某些工作告一段落或者全部完成后进行回顾检查、分析评价,从而得出教训和一些规律性认识的一种书面材料,它是增长才干的一种好办法,为此我们要做好回顾,写好总结。总结你想好怎么写了吗?下面是小编精心整理的初中英语知识点总结,希望对大家有所帮助。

初中英语知识点总结[荐]

初中英语知识点总结1

  一.英语语法重点与难点

  1、 as…as…结构:你和汤姆是一样好的孩子。

  You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.

  2、 (1)too…to与 so…that sb. can’t…的句型转换:前者为简单句,主语只有一个,而后者为复合句,主语有两个,试比较:

  The man was too angry to be able to speak.

  The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.

  (2) too…to…与 not enough to句型的.转换:

  He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.

  The book is too difficult for me to read.=

  The book is not easy enough for me to read.

  3、 形容词原级表示比较级含义:

  约翰不象迈克那么苯。

  John is not so stupid as Mike.

  John is less stupid than Mike.

  John is cleverer than Mike.

  4、 用比较级表示最高级:约翰是班里最高的男生。

  John is taller than any other boy in the class.

  John is the tallest boy in the class.

  5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:

  The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.

  The more food you eat, the fatter you are.

  6、 more and more….表示“越来……越……”:

  More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.

  Our country is getting stronger and stronger.

  二.中考考点—词组

  1. after, in 这两个介词都可以表示“……(时间)以后”的意思

  after 以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间之后,常用于过去时态的句子中?

  如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的

  in 以现在为起点,表将来一段时间以后,常用于将来时态的句子中

  如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走

  2. how long, how often, how soon

  how long指多长时间,主要用来对一段时间(如three days, four weeks 等)提问?如:How long ago was it?

  这是多久前的事了?

  how often指每隔多久,主要用来对频率副词或状语(如once a week等)提问?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久来一次?每月一次。

  how soon指再过多久,主要用来对表示将来的一段时间(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提问?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能赶来?

初中英语知识点总结2

  一、关系代词引导的定语从句

  1、由who, whom, that,Whose引导的从句

  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who作主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用来指人或物,只用作定语。

  (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

  (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

  (3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师

  (4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。

  2、由which, that引导的从句

  它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:

  (1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)

  (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语)

  注意: 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which:

  a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时;

  b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略;

  c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;

  d)先行词中既有人又有物时;

  e)整个句中前面已有which,who,that时;

  f)当先行词为物并作表语时;

  g)先行词为one时;

  h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时;

  二、关系副词引导的定语从句

  1、when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用

  I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

  2、where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语    Shanghai is the city where I was born.

  3、why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 ,用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

  常见考法

  对于定语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运用的`能力。一般情况下,常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考查,重点是that,which,who引导的定语从句。

  典型例题:

  You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.

  A. who B. whom C. whom D. who

  解析:先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.

  答案:D

  误区提醒

  当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词,反之用关系代词。

  典型例题:

  I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.

  A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when

  解析:两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.

  答案:A

初中英语知识点总结3

  宾语从句

  1.宾语从句的含义

  在主句中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。

  如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道这位老师看过这部电影。

  “that the teacher had seen the

  film”做knew的宾语,同时又是由连接词that引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。

  2.宾语从句的'分类

  (1)动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。

  如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

  (2)介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。

  如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。

  (3)形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。

  如:I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要迟到了。

  3.引导名词性从句的连接词

  (1)that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分

  (2)whether/if:表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。

  I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many

  years.我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。

  (3)连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)

  连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)

  The small children don t know what is in their

  stockings.(what在宾语从句中做主语)这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。

  Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this

  morning?(why在宾语从句中做原因状语)你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗?

  4.在做宾语从句的题目时应注意两点

  (1)时态:

  ①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。

  I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。

  He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

  ②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。

  She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

  He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

  ③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。

  The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。

  (2)语序:任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。

初中英语知识点总结4

  在英语中,to一词用法及其灵活。除了常见“to do”结构外,to还有介词和副词的用法。但我们大都是听过记忆类似“be devoted to

  doing”这种所谓的固定搭配学习,却不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中,to的.含义具体分别如下:

  1. 向,对着(某方向或某处):He walked to the school.他朝学校走去。

  2. 位于…方向:There are many buildings to the north of mountains.

  山北面坐落着很多楼房。

  3. 到,达(某处):Her long hair fell to the ground.她的长发垂到地上。

  4. 到,达(某状态):He always tries to work to perfection. 他总是努力将工作做到完美。

  5. 至(表示范围或一段时间的结尾或界限):The museum is open from 9:00 to

  17:00.博物馆开放时间为9:00到17:00。

  6. 差,离:It is ten to ten. 现在是十点差十分。(9:50)

  7. 给(引出接受者):My mother gave a birthday present to me. 妈妈送我生日礼物。

  8. 对于,关于(引出受事者):What have done to the little boy? 你对这个小男孩做了什么?

  9. 表示两件事物相接:The printer is connected to the computer. 打印机与电脑相连。

  10. 属于,归于(表示两事物或两人之间的关系):the key to the door门的钥匙

  11. 指向:Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主义是对和平的威胁。

  12. 表示引出比较的第二部分:

  My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步,妈妈更喜欢游泳。

  China won the game by six goals to two.中国以六比二赢得比赛。

  13. 等于,每(表示数量或比率):There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分钟六十秒。

  14. 向…表示敬意:

  We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.

  我们将为地震中牺牲的战士修建纪念碑。

  15. 伴随:Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人随音乐换新起舞。

  16. 为了给(用于表示动作的动词后):The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸冲过去。

  17. 适合,致使:To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我惊讶的是,杰克竟能通过考试。

  18. 按照…看法:To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 对我而言,对错都不重要。

  以上是to 作为介词的主要用法,另外,to用作副词还有“关着”之意:

  1. Please push the door to. 请推门关上。

  2. to and fro 来来回回:He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the

  room.他难以冷静下来,在房里走来走去。

初中英语知识点总结5

  (一)掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则;

  1、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成:

  词尾加-s look-looks find-finds

  以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾词尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes

  以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i再加-es fly-flies,apply-applies

  2、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成:

  ①规则动词的变化:

  词尾加-ed look-looked,looked

  以e结尾词尾加-d live-lived,lived

  以“辅音字母+Y”结尾,变y为i,再加-ed carry-carried,carried

  以重读闭音节或r音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop-stopped

  ②不规则动词的变化。(略)

  3、动词的现在分词的构成:

  直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching

  以e结尾去e加-ing come-coming move-moving

  以重读闭音节或r音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该辅音字母,再加-ing swim-swimming

  以ie结尾且为重读开音节变ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying

  (二)掌握动词六种时态的基本结构,主要用法及区别(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完成时)

  1、一般现在时

  ①一般现在时常用来表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作,与always,usually,often,sometimes,every day(week,month)等连用;表示现在的事实或状态;表示主语所具有的特征,性格和能力;以及表示客观事实或普遍其理。

  ②一般现在时的构成:

  一般现在时通常以动词原形表示,但当主语是第三人称单数时,动词原形后需加-s或-es。

  She likes biology very much.她非常喜欢生物。

  They often go to school by bike.他们通常骑车上学。

  2、一般过去时

  ①一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去时间的副词如:yesterday,last week,two hours ago等连用;表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作,这时可与频度副词often,usually,always等连用;表示过去发生的一连串动作,以及在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。

  ②一般过去时的构成:一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。

  We met each other on the street yesterday.我们昨天在街上碰见了。

  She often went swimming last year.她去年经常去游泳。

  They moved the chairs to the table,sat down and began to have supper.

  他们把椅子搬到桌边,坐下开始吃饭。

  Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。

  3、一般将来时

  ①一般将来时表示将要发生的`动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语如next month,tomorrow,in a week,soon等连用。

  ②一般将来时的构成:

  (1)一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。其中shall主要用于主语是第一人称(I和we)的疑问句中。

  (2)也可以用“be going to+动词原形”这个结构来表示根据目前迹象很有可能发生的某件事情,或是打算、计划、以及决定要做某件事情等。

  They will have a class meeting next Tuesday.他们下周二将举行班会。

  We shall meet at the school gate.我们将在学校大门口见。

  It is going to rain.要下雨了。

  4、现在进行时

  ①现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作,常与now,at present,at this,moment等连用;或与these days,this week/month等连用,表示现阶段正在进行的动作。有时还与always,continually,forever等词连用,表示反复出现的动作,代替一般现在时,表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如:588.es

  He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。

  ②现在进行时的构成:

  现在进行时由“be(am/is/are)+V-ing”构成。

  They are watching TV now.他们正在看电视。

  The dog is enjoying his meal.小狗正在吃饭。

  5、过去进行时

  ①过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同,只不过参照的时间基准点不同。

  过去进行表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如:then,at that time,at eight yesterday,this time yesterday,when he came in等。

  ②过去进行时的构成与现在进行时类似,只不过把be(am,is,are)变为过去式(was,were)

  They were watching TV at that time.他们那会正在看电视。

  The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday.小狗昨天这个时候正在吃饭。

  6、现在完成时

  ①表示动作已经完成,但后果或影响仍在,常与already,just,yet等副词连用;或是表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在,常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。

  ②现在完成时由助动词“have/has+过去分词”构成。

  He has already come back.他已经回来了。

  He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。

  (三)掌握系动词be,look,feel,smell,get,become,turn,keep等的基本用法

  常见的连系动词有:become,turn,get,grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,fall等。它们后面常接形容词,构成系表结构。

  Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教室的干净。

  The bread looks very fresh.这些面包看上去很新鲜。

  (四)了解过去将来时、过去完成时态的基本用法;

  ①过去将来时表示从过去某一时点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时和一般将来时的构成相同,只是把will,shall变为过去式would,should,把助动词be的过去式变为过去式was或were而已。如:

  They were going to have a meeting.他们曾打算开会。

  ②过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的行为或存在的状态。与现在完成的用法相同,只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同,现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点,而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。它表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”,常by,before引导的时间状语连用。如:

  By the time he was ten,Edison had built a lab for himself.

  到爱迪生10岁时,他已给自己建了一个实验室。

  She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。

  (五)掌握助动词be,do,have,shall,will的基本用法;

  助动词是“辅助性”动词,一般没有词义,不能单独作谓语,但可用来帮助构成谓语,表示不同的时态,语态,和数的变化。

  常见的助动词有:

  (1)be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)与现在分词结合,构成各种进行时态;或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。

  I’m looking for my pen.我正在找我的笔。(现在进行时)

  These cups are made in China.这些杯子是中国制造的。(被动语态)

  (2)have(has,had,having)与过去分词结合,构成完成时。

  They have known each other for twenty years.

  他们互相认识有二十年了。(现在完成时)

  He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.

  他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。(过去完成时)

  (3)do(does,did)助动词do后只能跟动词原形,与not及其他动词结合构成否定句,或置于主语之前构成疑问句。

  He does not speak English.他不说英语。

  When did he come back?他什么时候回来的?

  (4)will(would),shall(should)will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后;would是will的过去时,能用于过去将来时;两者后面都接动词原形。

  The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飞机十分中后将要到达。

  I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。

  shall与should这两个助动词本身没有词义,shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后;should是shall的过去时,只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后;两者后面都接动词原形。

  We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我们明天将在校门口见。

  I told them that I should do the work alone.我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。

  (一)掌握情态动词can,must,need,may等基本句型结构及主要用法

  ①情态动词在英文中是“辅助性”动词,用来表示说话人的语气或情态,包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,且后面只跟动词原形。

  ②情态动词的种类:

  can could能

  may might可以(或许)

  must must(had to)必须(不得不)

  will would愿意

  shall should应该

  need needed需要

  dare dared敢于

  ③can的用法

  (1)表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”,也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。

  The boy can swim very well.

  Who can answer this question?

  (2)表示允许

  The students can leave after the meeting.

  When can I get the news?

  (3)表示推测

  It can be wrong.

  Who can your new teacher next term?

  ④could的用法

  (1)can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。

  They could run very fast when they were young.

  Could you speak English at that time?

  (2)表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。

  Could I borrow your bike?

  Could you listen to me carefully?

  (3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度

  How could that be?

  She couldn’t know me.

  ⑤must的用法

  (1).表示义务,命令或必要

  You must finish it before 5 o’clock.

  Must I hand it in now?

  (2).表示肯定的推测:一定

  She must be a pretty girl.

  You must be wrong.

  ⑥need的用法588.es

  (1)表示“需要,必须”,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。

  We need to pay more attention.

  Need I call him for you?

  (2)need引导的疑问句,肯定回答时多用must,否定回答时用needn’t。

  Need he come?他必须来吗?

  Yes,he must.是的,必须来。

  No,he needn’t.不,他不必来。

  ⑦may的用法

  (1)表示请求、许可、可以

  May I ask you some questions?

  May we start now?

  (2)表示推测说话人的猜测,认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。

  He may be 25 years old.

  We may come back in three days.

  (3)may用于感叹句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。

  May you success!

  May you have a nice trip!

  ⑧should的用法

  should意思是“应该”,表示劝告或建议(=ought to)

  Who should I meet this afternoon?

  You should pack you bag quickly.

  (二)了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法

  被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p.)”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化亦如此。

  1.一般现在时的被动语态(am/is/are+done)

  English is spoken by lots of people in the world.世界上的许多人都说英语。

  Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都举行班会。

  The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.学生们每天都打扫教室。

  2.一般过去时的被动语态(was/were+done)

  The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那个男孩打碎了。

  He was saved at last.他最终获救了。

  My bike was stolen.我的自行车被偷了。

  3.一般将来时的被动语态(will/shall be+done;would/should be+done)

  A speech will be given this afternoon.今天下午有一个演讲。

  A new road will be built next year.明年要修一条新马路。

  I think thousands of people will be helped.我认为将有数千人得到帮助。

  (三)了解含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法

  情态动词的被动语态结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,“be+过去分词”部分不变。如:

  Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。

  Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。(一般过去时)

  Can tables be made of stone?桌子能用石头制造吗?(疑问句)

  (四)动词不定式的基本用法

  动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语和状语(包括目的状语,结果状语和原因状语。)

  1)作主语

  To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高兴。

  It is difficult to drive in the mountains.(=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)

  在山里开车很困难。

  2)作宾语

  ①后接不定式作宾语的及物动词多是表示“意愿”、“企图”等的动词,如:

  hope,want,wish,desire,like,decide,try,promise,refuse.

  I want to talk with her.我想和她谈谈。

  She has decided to go.她已决定要走。

  ②在feel,find,think,consider,made等动词后如果是不定式作宾语,而补语是形容词,则通常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语即不定式移至形容词之后。如:

  I find it impossible to forget her.我发现忘掉她是不可能的。

  He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他认为带把伞是必要的。

  3)作表语

  Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成为一名教师。

  Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任务是打扫教室。

  4)作宾语补足语

  He wants me to come earlier.他想要我来得更早些。

  The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他们转过身。

  5)作目的状语:

  She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打开窗子好让新鲜空气进来。

  I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那儿看她了。

  6)作结果状语:

  He is too tired to go any further.他太累了,不能再走了。

  He is not old enough to join the army.他年龄太小,不能参军。

  7)作原因状语:

  不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词之后,可以表示引起这些情感的原因。

  I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉给你带来麻烦。

  I’m glad to see you.见到你真高兴。

初中英语知识点总结6

  名词

  名词的可数与不可数

  可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目,来统计,都成为不可数名词。

  不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。要表示“一个……”这一概念,就须加a piece

  of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。如chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。

  名词复数的规则变化

  A.一般情况下加-s。

  B.以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的加-es

  C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es

  D.以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es

  名词的所有格

  A. 单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’s。

  如the worker's bike,the Children’ s ball

  B. 表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’ s。

  如This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.

  C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如the students’ books,the girls’ blouses

  (另外名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)

  代词

  人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词

  人称代词

  第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数 we us our ours ourselves

  第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself复数 you you your yours yourselves

  第三人称单数 he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its

  itself复数

  they them their theirs themselves

  物主代词

  物主代词的用法形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词;名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。

  反身代词

  反身代词的构成分两种第一、二人称反身代词在形容词性物主代词后加上self或selves,第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加上self或selves.

  反身代词的用法一种是作宾语,由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。如I enjoyed myself at the party.

  另一种是作名词或代词的同位语;用来加强语气。如I can do it myself.

  指示代词

  指示代词的特殊用法

  ● 为了避免重复,可用that,those代替前面提到过的名词,但是this,these不可以。

  this,that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。

  不定代词

  one,some,any,other,another,all,both,each,neither,many,much等

  冠词

  不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的`词前,其余用不定冠词a.

  定冠词的基本用法

  A. 用在重新提到的人或事物前面。

  B. 指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。

  C. 用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物。

  定冠词的特殊用法

  A. 用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。

  B. 用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。

  C. 用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。

  D. 用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。

  E. 用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。

  F. 用在乐器名称前。

  G. 和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。

  名词前不用冠词的情况

  A. 在专有名词 (包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节) 、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。

  B. 表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。

  C. 名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。

  D. 三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。

  (sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边

  go to school去上学;go to the school去那所学校;in hospital住院;in the

  hospital在那个医院里

初中英语知识点总结7

  一、动词+介词

  at…看…,look like … 看上去像……,look after …照料…

  to…听……

  to…欢迎到……

  hello to …向……问好

  to…对……说话

  此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。如:

  This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)

  This is my new bike. Please look after it.(√)

  二、动词+副词

  “动词+副词”所构成的.短语义分为两类:

  A.动词(vt.)+副词

  on 穿上 off脱下 down记下

  此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。试比较:

  First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. (√)

  First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)

  First listen to the answer, then write it down.(√)

  B.动词(vi)+副词。

  on赶快 up起床 home回家 in进来 down坐下 up起立

  此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。

  三、其它类动词词组

  the door the same to work/class ill a look/seat supper young shopping TV/games 10. play games.

  四、介词短语聚焦

  “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。

  语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着……。如:in English,in the hat

  + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。

  the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。

  the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。

  the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.

初中英语知识点总结8

  名词指代物体、事物和人,例如:电脑、椅子、沙滩、门警等等。名词是英语中八大词类之一。指代物体的可数名词有两种形式:单数形式和复数形式。本篇关于名词复数的指南可以帮助你理解名词复数的规则形式和不规则形式。在英语中,需要学习的还有动词的不规则形式、以及与名词复数形式很相似的形容词比较级和最高级。

  普通的名词复数形式——加上-s

  对于大多数名词来说,只需要在词尾加上-s。

  单数名词+s=复数名词

  computer -> computers

  (电脑)

  bag -> bags

  (包)

  book -> books

  (书)

  table -> tables

  (桌)

  house -> houses

  (房子)

  car -> cars

  (汽车)

  student -> students

  (学生)

  place -> places

  (地点)

  不规则名词的复数形式-以辅音+y结尾的名词

  以辅音+y结尾的名词,去掉y,词尾加上ies。

  以y结尾的单数名词+ies=复数名词

  baby -> babies

  (宝贝)

  party -> parties

  (聚会)

  paddy -> paddies

  (稻田)

  hobby -> hobbies

  (习惯)

  lady -> ladies

  (女士)

  ferry -> ferries

  (渡轮)

  sherry -> sherries

  (雪莉酒)

  dandy -> dandies

  (花花公子)

  不规则名词的复数形式——以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z[/cn]

  以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z结尾的名词,在词尾加上es。

  以SH, Ch, S, X,或Z结尾的名词+es=复数名词

  beach -> beaches

  (沙滩)

  box -> boxes

  (箱子)

  church -> churches

  (教堂)

  buzz -> buzzes

  (嗡嗡声)

  loss -> losses

  (损失)

  fox -> foxes

  (狐狸)

  watch -> watches

  (手表)

  dress -> dresses

  (裙子)

  不规则名词的复数形式——以o结尾的名词

  许多以辅音+o结尾的名词,o后面会在s前再加上一个e。

  不幸的'是,也有很多以o结尾的名词不需要做出改动。首先,这里有一些需要做出改动的例子。

  以辅音+o结尾的单数名词+es=复数形式

  tomato -> tomatoes

  (番茄)

  hero -> heroes

  (英雄)

  zero -> zeroes

  (零)

  potato -> potatoes

  (土豆)

  echo -> echoes

  (回声)

  其他以辅音+0结尾的名词不需要在词尾加上-es。

  以元音+o结尾的名词不需要做出改动

  kilo -> kilos

  (公斤)

  radio -> radios

  (收音机)

  logo -> logos

  (逻辑)

  piano -> pianos

  (钢琴)

  solo -> solos

  (独奏曲)

  cargo -> cargos

  (货物)

  halo -> halos

  (光晕)

初中英语知识点总结9

  简单句的.五种基本句型

  1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)

  例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。

  2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)

  例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。

  3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)

  例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。

  4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)

  例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。

  5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)

  常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。

  例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。

初中英语知识点总结10

  形容词/副词的比较级和最高级的.构成规则

  (1)单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est。

  ①单音节单词:small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest

  tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest

  ②少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节单词:clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest

  (2)以不发音e结尾的单音节单词,比较级在原形后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st。

  large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest

  (3)以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节(即:辅音+元音+辅音)单词中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。

  big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest

  (4)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est。

  easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest

  busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest

  (5)其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most。

  beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful

  different→more different→most different

  easily→more easily→most easily

  (6)有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记。

  good→better→best well→better→best

  bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst

  old→older/elder→oldest/eldest

  many/much→more→most little→less→least

  far →further/farther→ furthest/farthest

初中英语知识点总结11

  在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,它的作用相当于形容词,被修饰的词叫做先行词。

  1、定语从句的位置。

  1)定语从句一般地说要放在先行词之后,无论这个词在句中充当何种成分。

  The student who answered the question is bill.

  2)有时先行词后还有一个作定语的词或词组时,定语从句则应放在上述成分之后。

  Do you know anyone in our class whose father is a business man?

  2、定语从句的引导词

  1)定语从句的引导词是由关系代词或关系副词充当的。

  关系代词有who/whom/whose/that,关系副词有when/where/why,它们除了引导从句的作用外,还要在从句中充当一定的.成分。关系代词和关系副词的选用要看其在从句中发挥的作用,与主语没有任何关系。

  在从句中充当主语的有who/which/that.

  在从句中充当宾语的有whom/which/that.

  在从句中充当定语的有whose.

  在从句中充当状语的有when/where/why.

  当定语从句所修饰的先行词是人时,关系代词要用who(主格),whom(宾格),也可以用that,以及whose(所有格),先行词是物时,关系代词要用which,也可用that.whom/which/that在从句中作宾语时往往可以省略。

  例如:

  The students who do not study hard will not pass the examination.

  Do you know the man(whom)mr green shook hand with?

  The letter(which)I received yesterday is from my sister.

  Who is the man(that)is reading a magazine over there?

  The book(that) you lent me is very ingteresting .

  I will never forget the day when I joined the party.

  Last year I went to the village where I was born.

  This is the reason why she will go to london.

  2)在先行词相同的情况下,根据它们在定语从句中所起的语法作用,可用不同的引导词连接不同的定语从句。

  例如:

  This is the school where I students for six years.(school或student的状语)。

  This is the school which he mentioned just now.(school作menttioned的宾语).

初中英语知识点总结12

  一、a number of ,the number of

  a number of 意思是“许多”,相当于a lot of ; the number of意思是“……的数目,……的数量”,当它作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。

  A number of students like playing computer games.

  许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。

  The number of the students is about 1500 in our school.

  我们学校学生的人数大约是1500。

  二、基数词变序数词助记歌

  基变序,有规律,末尾加上th;一、二、三特殊记,八加h ,九去e ,ve要用f替;以e结尾变ie,后跟th莫忘记。要想表示几十几,只变个位就可以。

  特殊变化:one—first ,two—second ,three—third ,five—fifth ,

  nine—ninth ,twelve—twelfth ,forty—fortieth ,

  eight-nine—eighty-ninth

  三、概数(略数)表达法

  数词+hundred/thousand/million/billion+名词复数

  hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of+名词复数

  例1

  1. __people go swimming in summer in Dalian.

  A、Thousands B、Thousand of C、Thousands of D、Thousand

  2. __the students will take part in this English speech contest.

  A. Two hundred of B. Two hundreds of C. Hundreds of D. Hundred of

  四、of sb.与for sb.的区别

  (1)of sb.“对于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. +of sb. to do sth.句型中,形容词为clever, kind, nice等描述人物性格特征的词,of后的`人物与形容词有主表关系。

  (2)for sb.“对于(某人)”,用于It is +adj. +for sb. to do sth.句型中, 形容词为easy, important等不描述人物性格特征的词,for后的人物与形容词没有主表关系。

  五、不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词

  1、because(因为),so(所以)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只能用其一。

  Because he was tired, he couldn’t walk there.

  =He was tired ,so he couldn’t walk there.

  因为他累了,所以他不能走到那儿了。

  2、(al)thouthg(虽然),but (但是)不能同时出现在一个句子里,只能用其一。但thouthg和yet可以同时出现在一个句子里(yet用作副词)

  Thought he was tired, he still worked hard.

  =He was tired, but he still worked hard.

  虽然他很累,但他仍然努力工作。

  六、副词的比较级

  1、形容词与副词的区别 (有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)

  ⑴在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后

  ⑵副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后

  2、副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同 (不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)

初中英语知识点总结13

  简单句的'五种基本句型

  1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)

  例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。

  2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)

  例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。

  3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)

  例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our

  teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。

  4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)

  例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go

  there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。

  5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)

  常用的系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,

  look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。

  例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。

初中英语知识点总结14

  一、词类、句子成分和构词法:

  1、词类:英语词类分十种:

  名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

  1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.

  2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it .

  3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .

  4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.

  5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .

  6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.

  7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the.

  8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.

  9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

  10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.

  2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

  1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。

  如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)

  2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)

  3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)

  4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)

  有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)

  有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

  5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

  6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:()

  7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually

  keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )

  ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)

  3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。

  1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

  2、派生法:

  (1)派生名词:①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

  (2)派生形容词:①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥

  Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

  (3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。

  3、转换法:

  (1)形容词→动词,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。

  (2)动词→名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

  (3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。

  (4)形容词→副词,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。

  (5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。

  (6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。

  二、名词:

  1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:

  1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。

  专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。

  如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)

  专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)

  姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。

  2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.

  普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

  ▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;

  ▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population,information .

  2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

  1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:

  ①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.

  [注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.

  ③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.

  ④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.

  2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child

  →children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

  不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.

  3、名词所有格:

  1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法

  如下:

  (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加?s。如:Childern‘s Day(儿童节), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的书)

  (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加?。如:Teachers‘ Day(教师节)

  (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加‘s. 如: newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中国的人口).

  (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。

  如:

  a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).

  2、[注解]:

  ① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(诊所) ② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)

  ③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我

  父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

  4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:

  1、和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词

  用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

  2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,

  ① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

  ② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)

  3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复

  数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

  4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.

  (这个消息令人兴奋)

  5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

  6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。 baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

  7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,

  谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

  8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

  9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如: required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

  10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a . (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)

  11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

  12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

  13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名 词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的`信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

  但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What‘(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

  5、部分名词用法辨析:

  1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league (联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They (汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

  2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

  3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your (旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

  4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

  5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

  三、代词:

  1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。

  Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了?) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他!)

  2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teach your English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)

  3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:--Who is it?(是谁?) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)

  4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如: .(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) –.(你和我)

  5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)—It‘s fine.(天气晴好) / --What‘s the time?(几点啦?) –It‘s 12:00.(12点) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)

  3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)

  2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:

  This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?) / Your .(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)

  3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:

  A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)

  [试比较] .(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)

  4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)

  2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:

  Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)

初中英语知识点总结15

  每年的中考试卷中,“句型转换”题所占分值较大,是为了全面考查学生在初中阶段所学的词汇(同义或反义)、短语、句型和语法等方面的知识及其它的之间的灵活运用能力。

  Ⅰ.题型介绍

  所谓“句型转换”就是先给一个完整的句子A,再根据括号内的要求(有时没有明确,须自己观察),在第二个句子B的空白处填上适当的词来完成的句型转换。

  Ⅱ.题型分类

  从形式上看,有如下几种形式:①某一词或词组的转换;②词组与句子的转换;③同义句型的转换;④为纠正常犯语言错误而设计的题目。

  从内容上看,此题型涉及的面较广,主要有:①句子功能方面的转换。包括陈述句(肯定与否定)、四种题疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的转换;②句子结构方面的转换。即简单句、复合句、并列句之间的转换;③语态的转换。即主动语态与被动语态之间的转换;④常用句型与词汇手段的转换。

  Ⅲ.具体分类如下

  一、陈述句与疑问句、祈使句、感叹句间的转换

  1、陈述句中肯定句变为否定句,大部分是用not来改变谓语结构,但也有借用否定意义的词,如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等,例如:

  A:Tom does well in maths.

  B:Tom doesn't do in maths.

  A:He has much to do.

  B:He has nothing to do.

  A:All of my classmates like art.

  B:None of my classmates likes art.

  2、改为疑问句。根据上下句的'结构和词的减少,来判断变为哪一种形式的疑问句。例如:

  A:My brother often has breakfast at school.

  B: Does your brother often have breakfast at school?

  A:Tom's already weak in English.

  B:Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?

  A:The red light changes every two minutes.

  B:How often does the red light change?

  3、改为感叹句。根据所给的句子结构和单词的词性,来确定使用哪一种感叹句的形式,例如:

  A:This is an interesting book.

  B:What an interesting book this is!

  或 How interesting this book is!

  二、同义句转换。

  根据上句,写出一个意思相同(或相近)的下句,此类形式繁多,内容复杂,涉及面广,归类如下:

  1、同义词或词组之间的转换。(通常上下句时态保持一致)。

  常见的同义词或词组有:(1)四个“花费”(spend-take-cost-take);(2)三个“到达”(get to-reach-arrive in/at);(3)四个“收到…来信”(hear from-get a letter from-receive a letter from-have a letter from);(4)两个“擅长于…”(be good at -do well in);(5)两个“有空”(be free-have time);(6)三个“入睡”(go to sleep-get to sleep-fall asleep);(7)两个“玩得开心”(enjoy oneself-have a good time);(8)“给…打电话”(call sb-telephone sb-ring sb. a call-make a telephone to sb.)(9)“飞往…”(fly to…-go to…by air/plane)(10)“自学”(teach oneself-learn…by oneself)(11)在…方面帮助help…with…-help… (to)do…(12)在…差be weak in…-do badly in…(13)能/会…can-be able to(14)更喜欢…like…better than…-prefer…to…(15)充满了…be full of…-be filled with…(16)放弃干…give up doing…-stop doing…(17)不再… no longer-not …any longer(18)照顾/保管 take care of…-look after(19)展览 on show-on display(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing-keep/prevent…from doing…(21)由于 thanks to-because of…(22)举手hands up-put up one's hands(23)最后,终于at last-in the end(24)与…不同 be different from…-be not the same as…(25)从…借入… borrow…from…-lend…to…(26)乘公汽/火车/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi-take a bus /train/taxi to…(27)乘自行车去… go to…by bike-ride a bike to…(28)为…感到自豪 be proud of…-be the pride of…(29)步行去… walk to…-go to…on foot (30)独自地by oneself -alone等。例如:

  A:The children had a good time in the park.

  B:The children enjoyed themselves in the park.

  2、同义句型之间的转化。常见的同义句型有①It seems that 从句→Somebody seems(to be)+adj/n ②It's kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do… ③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What's the meaning of…?④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with… ⑤not…until…与when/after/before引导的时间状语从句的转换 ⑥What's wrong with…?→What's the matter with…? ⑦How is…?→What's…like…?⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?⑧It's time that…→It's time for sb. to do…⑨It's said that…→People say that…⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?

  例如:

  A:I went to bed after I finished my homework.

  B:I didn't go to bed until I finished my homework.

  3、if引导的条件状语从句的转化。例如:

  A:If it doesn't rain tomorrow, they'll go to the park.

  B:Unless it rains tomorrow, they'll go to the park.

  A:If you don't hurry, you'll be late.

  B:Hurry up, or you'll be late.

  A:Fish can't live if there is no water.

  B:Fish can't live without water.

  4、现在完成时态中的一句多译。在现在完成时态中,结束性动词不能与时间段连用,必须改成相应的延续性动词。常见的动词转换有:buy-have, borrow-keep, die-be dead, open-be open, join-be in+组织/be a +成员, begin-be on, leave-be away from, close-be closed, arrive in/ get to/ come/go to-be in/at, finsh-be over, go to sleep-be asleep,get up-be up.

  例如:The old man died five months ago.

  The old man has been dead since five months ago.

  The old man has been dead for five months.

  It's five months since the old man died.

  Five months has passed since the old man died.

  5、简单句与复合句之间的转换。

  ①含宾语从句的复合句与简单句的转换。例如:

  A:I saw they were playing football on the playground.

  B:I saw them playing football on the playground.

  A:The teacher found that she was very clever.

  B:The teacher found her very clever.

  A:He found that it was hard to learn English well.

  B:He found it hard to learn English well.

  A:We are sure that we will win to first match.

  B:We are sure to win to first match.

  由疑问代词/副词引导的宾语从句可转化为“疑问句+不定式”结构。例如:

  A:Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

  B:Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?

  A:We don't know what we should do next.

  B:We don't know what to do next.

  ②由when/after/before/while/since/until引导的时间状语从句可转化为when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…

  例如:

  A:They went home after they finished their work.

  B:The went home after finishing their work.

  A:Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.

  B:Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.

  When sb. +be+数词+years old→at the age of+岁数

  A:When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

  B:At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

  ③由so…that…引导的结果状语从句可转化为too…to do或…enough to do……例如:

  A:The box is so heavy that I can't carry it.

  B:The box is too heavy for me to carry.

  或:The box isn't light enough for me to carry.

  A:The child is so old that he can go to school.

  B:The child is old enough to go to school.

  ④由so that 引导的目的状语从句可转化为in order to do例如:

  A:My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.

  B:My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.

  ⑤由because 引导的原因状语从句可转化为because of…例如:

  A:We didn't go to the park because it rained.

  B:We didn't go to the park because of the rain.

  ⑥定语从句可以转化为介词短语或分词短语。例如:

  A:The man who is on the bike is Jim.

  B:The man on the bike is Jim.

  A:The man who is driving the red car is my boss.

  B:The man driving the red car is my boss.

  A:The girl who is called Mary is my sister.

  B:The girl called Mary is my sister.

  6、用并列连词neither…nor;either…or…;both…and…;not only…but also…连句。例如:

  A:I haven't seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn't either.

  B:Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.

  A:Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.

  B:Tom is good at both maths and French.

  neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…连接两个主语时,谓语动词依靠近它的主语而定,即“就近原则”,但是both…and用来连接两个主语时,谓语复数。

  7、主动语与被动语态的互变。

  “主动”变“被动”实行“三变二不变”原则。“三变”即是主语,谓语和宾语的变化,“二不变”即时态不变,句式不变。例如:

  A:They make watches in the town.

  B:Watches are made by them in the town.

  A:I can finish the work before eight.

  B:The work can be finished(by me)before eight.

  A:Do they grow rice in South China?

  B:Is rice grown in South China?

  注:使役性动词make或感观性动词see/watch/look at/hear/listen to/feel在主动语态中所带省to的不定式宾补变为被动语态时,必须加上to.

  A:I saw him take your umbrella.

  B:He was seen to take your umbrella.

  8、形容词、副词二级之间的转化,例如

  A:Chinese is the most important subject of all.

  B:Chinese is more important than any other subject.

  A:This exercise is easier than the other two.

  B:This exercise is the easiest of the three.

  Ⅵ.解题指导

  要做好句型转换题,必须注意如下几点:

  1、注重掌握教材中的基本句和同一句子英语的不同结构表达技巧。

  2、弄清题意,明确题目考查点,了解题目所给句子与答句之间的关系。

  3、注意从多角度,全方位考虑问题,突破难点,注意复查,看是否按要求完成了转换。

  通过上述的归纳和指导,可以理清学生的“依章办事”的解题思路,养成“有条不紊”的解题习惯,培养多角度思维解题的能力,从而达到提高学习效率的目的。

  特殊疑问句

  注:1、一般情况:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成。

  2、特殊疑问词在句中充当成分。

  3、不用yes ,no回答,直接回答。

  4、读降调。

  5、常用疑问词:who, what, whose, where, how, which, when, why, how many, how much, how far. How long, how often, how soon, how high, 等。

  对划线部分提问。(把各句变为特殊疑问句)

  1、 对主语(人)提问:

  The boy is running now. Who is running now?

  2、 对表语(人)提问:

  He is Lily's father. Who is he ?

  3、 对介宾(人)提问:

  She is looking for the little boy. Who is she looking for ?

  4、 对动宾(人)提问:

  I often help Wei Hua with English. Who do you often help with English?

  5、 对间宾(人)提问:

  Kate lent Tom a ball yesterday. Who did Kate lend a ball yesterday?

  6、 对主语(东西)提问:

  The books are on the desk.. What are on the desk ?

  7、 对表语(东西)提问:

  These are boats. What are these?

  8、 对动宾(东西)提问:

  I want a cup of tea. What do you want?

  9对职业(提问)提问:

  The man is a farmer. What is the man ? What does the man do?

  10.对介宾(东西)提问:

  He is looking for his pen. What is he looking for?

  11、对是什么提问:

  It's a Chinese car. What is it?

  12、对计算结果提问:

  Six and nine is fifteen. What is six and nine?

  13、对年级提问:

  I'm in Grade Three. What grade are you in?

  14、对班级提问:

  Li Lei is in Class Five. What class is Li Lei in?

  15、对年级和班级提问:

  Wei Hua is in Class Three Grade One, What class and grade is Wei hua in ?

  16、对排提问:

  We are in Row One. What row are you in?

  注:1、对年级、班级、排提问时,问句中的in 不能去掉.

  2,what 后的grade ,class ,row用小写形式.

  3,what根据实际译为汉语.

  17、对学号提问:

  Lucy is Number Six. What number is Lucy? What is Lucy's number?

  18、对后置定语提问:

  This is a map of China. What map is this ?

  19、对颜色提问:

  The flowers are red. What color are the flowers?

  20、对几点几分提问:

  It's six. What time is it ? What's the time?

  21、对名字提问:

  My name is Li Lei. What's your name ?

  22、对前置定语提问:

  These apples are yours. Which apples are yours?

  The best one is Lily's. Which one is Lily's?

  23、对表语(名物代)提问:

  This cup is yours. Whose is the cup?

  24、对后置定语提问:

  The boy in the hat is my brother. Which boy is your brother?

  25、对后置定语提问:

  I want to buy the shirt on the left. Which shirt do you want to buy?

  26、对主语(名物代)提问:

  Mine is red. Whose is red?

  27、对定语(形物代)提问:

  They are my books. Whose books are they?

  28、对定语(名词所有格)提问:

  This is Lucy and Lily's room. Whose room is this?

  29、对表语(名词所有格)提问:

  This cup is Kate's. Whose is this cup?

  30对身体提问:

  I'm fine (well, OK, All right.) How are you?

  31、对年龄提问:

  The boy is fifteen. How old are you?

  32、对天气提问:

  It's cloudy today. How is the weather today?=What's the weather like today?

  33、对语言提问:

  I can spell it in English. How can you spell it?

  34、对方式提问:

  I often go to school on foot.(by bus ,by train , by bike?) How do you often go to school?

  35、对程度提问:

  She studies hard. How does she study?

  36、对数量提问:

  1,There are five birds in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?

  2,There is much water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle ?

  3,There is an apple tree in front of the house. How many apple trees are there in front of the house?

  37、对价格提问:The meat is ten yuan . How much is the meat?

  注:1,对价格提问,be 应根据后面的主语而定。

  2,单位yuan在问句中去掉。

  38、对距离提问:

  The factory is two kilometers from here. How far is the factory from here?

  39、对长度提问:

  The ruler is one metre long. How long is the ruler?

  40、对for+一段时间提问:

  We have stayed there for two hours. How long have you stayed there ?

  He has lived here since 1997. How long has he lived here?

  注:how long 后面必须是延续性动词。

  41、对星期提问:

  Today is Monday. What day is it today?

  42、对in+一段时间提问:

  The woman will go to the shop in five minutes. How soon the woman will go to the shop?

  43、对频度副词提问:

  Liu Ying often carries water for Uncle Li. How often does Liu Ying carry water for Uncle Li?

  44、对范围内的次数提问:

  I go swimming once a week in summer. How many times do you go swimming in summer?

  45、对宽度提问:

  The river is five metres wide. How wide is the river?

  46、对原因状语提问:

  He didn't come to school because he was ill in bed. Why didn't he come to school?

  注:表示“因为”的连词有since, as , for, because.

  47、对时间状语提问:

  We usually come to school at seven in the morning. When do you usually come to school?

  48、对地点状语提问:

  The children sometimes play football on the playground. Where do the children sometimes play football?

  49、对几月几日提问:

  It's May 2 today. What's the date today?

  50、对种类(后置定语)提问:

  I want the cakes with nuts in them . What kind of cakes do you want?

  51、对作什么提问:

  The boys are playing in the tree. What are the boys doing in the tree?

  熟记变特殊疑问句时,容易判断错的情况。

  1、 数词

  表示年龄:He is fifty-five. How old is he ?

  表示时间:It's fifty-five. What's the time?

  表示加法:Six and two is eight. What's six and two?

  表示价格:The shirt is thirty yuan . How much is the shirt?

  表示多少:I have three brothers. How many brothers do you have?

  2、 姓名和人

  表示人名:My name is Gina. What's your name?

  表示人:The woman is Gina. Who is the woman ?

  3、 长度和距离

  表示距离:It's five hundred metres away from here. How far is it from here?

  表示长度:It's five hundred metres. How long is it ?

  4、 颜色,东西

  表示颜色:The shoes are white. What color are the shoes?

  表示物:They are white sheep. What are they?

  表示颜色:They are white sheep. What color are these sheep?

  5、 名词所有格和人

  表示名词所有格:She's Lucy's sister. Whose sister is she?

  表示人:She's Lucy's sister. Who is she?

  同义句转换的九种类型

  同义句转换题是近几年中考英语的一个常考题型,其出题形式通常是同时给出两个句子,第一句完整,第二句中设有几处空格,要求考生填入适当的词或词组,使第二句的意思与第一句意思相同。它综合考查考生的语法、词汇、短语或习惯用语和句型结构等知识,要求运用所学的词汇、语法知识和句型结构填写句子,使句子结构完整、逻辑合理、语法知识无误、意思与所给句子相同。通过对近几年的中考英语试题中同义句转换题的分析,我们发现中考英语同义句转换题主要考查以下几个方面:

  一、运用同义词(组)进行转换

  用同义词或同义词组对原句中的某些词或词组进行替换,注意转换后的词或词组的词形变化要与句子其他成分相适应。如:

  1. That day we could see flowers here and there.

  That day we could see flowers __________.

  分析:答案为everywhere。everywhere与here and there都表示“到处”。

  2. The teacher always takes good care of the children in the school.

  The teacher always_______ ______the children well in the school.

  分析:答案为looks after。take good care of与look after…well都表示“好好照顾”。

  二、运用反义词(组)的否定式进行转换

  即用反义词或词组的否定式表达与原句相同的意思,主要考查学生对反义词(词组)的积累和换位思维的能力。如:

  1. It’s clear that this visit is different from last time.

  It’s clear that this visit is not the___ ___last time.

  分析:答案为same as。be different from意为“与……不同”;the same as意为“与……相同”,其否定式与be different from同义。

  2. I think wealth is less important than health.

  I ___ think wealth is ___ important than health.

  分析:答案为don’t,more。less important的意思是“没有(不及)……重要”;more important的意思是“(比)……更重要”,该结构与not连用,则表示“不比……更重要”。

  另外,有的反义词即使不与否定词连用,而只需改变句子结构也可构成同义句。如:

  He lent some money to his friend.

  He friend ___ some money ___ him.

  分析:答案为borrowed,from。borrow…from意为“向……借……”;lend…to意为“把……借给……”。两个结构意思相反,但若变换“借出者”与“借入者”的位置,则可转换为同义句。

  三、运用不同语态进行转换

  即运用主动语态与被动语态的变化来转换同义词,但此时要特别注意时态、动词一致性。如:

  1. Everyone should give back his library books on time.

  Library books should____ ____ ____ on time.

  分析:答案为be given back。被动句中含有情态动词should,因此助动词用be。

  2. It is widely accepted that more people use computers in the world today.

  Computers ____ widely ___ in the world today.

  分析:答案为are,used。computers是复数名词,助动词用are。

  四、非延续性动词与延续性动词的相互转换

  即非延续性动词与延续性动词进行转换,此时往往会涉及时态的变化。如:

  1. The manager left two hours ago.

  The manager _____ ____ ____ for two hours.

  分析:答案为has been away。leave为非延续性动词,不能与for two hours这样的一段时间连用,而改成be away这样的延续性动词后,则可连用一段时间。

  2. The film began five minutes ago.

  The film has been _____ _____ five minutes.

  分析:答案为on for。has been提示时态是现在完成时态,“for+时间段”表示“持续(一段时间)”,常用在含有现在完成时态的句子里。

  3. Mr Li joined the Party twenty years ago.

  Mr Li _____ _____ _____ the Party for twenty years.

  答案:has been in。短暂动词join,意为“参加、加入(组织,政党)”,不能与延续时间状语连用,与延续性时间状语连用时,将join改成be in或be a member in…。

  五、运用不同引语进行转换

  即将直接引语变为间接引语或将间接引语转换成直接引语。此时还要注意相关时态、人称、动词、状语等相应的变化。如:

  1. “I’ve found my wallet,” he said to me.

  He _________ me that he _________ _________ his wallet.

  分析:答案为told,had found。此题是将直接引语转换成间接引语。

  2. “Did you see her last week?” he said.

  He _______ _______ I had seen her the week _______.

  分析:答案为asked if/ whether, before。此题是将疑问句的直接引语转换成间接引语。

  六、运用简单句与复合句之间的转换

  即将简单句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的简单句。如:

  1. We didn’t go out for a walk because it was raining.

  We didn’t go out for a walk _______ _______ the rain.

  分析:答案为because of。将原因状语从句because it was raining改为表示原因的介词短语because of the rain。

  2. He was so excited that he couldn’t go to sleep.

  He was ______ ______ ______ go to sleep.

  分析:答案为too excited to。将so…that…换成too…to…结构,原句的that从句为结果状语从句,改写句中的不定式仍表结果。

  3. Now I will show you how to do the work.

  Now I will show you ______ ______ ______ do the work.

  分析:答案为how you can。即将原句中的“疑问词+不定式”结构转换成宾语从句。

  4. You should put them back after you use them.

  You should put them back _____ _____ them.

  分析:答案为after using。即将after引导的状语从句改写为after引导的介词短语。

  七、运用并列句与复合句之间的转换

  即将并列句变成同义的复合句或将复合句变成同义的并列句。如:

  1. Come on, or we’ll miss the early bus.

  ____ we ____ hurry, we’ll miss the early bus.

  分析:答案为If,don’t。if引导条件状语从句。

  2. The man gave us a talk last week. Now he will give us another talk this week.

  The man _____ gave us a talk last week _____ _____ us another talk this week.

  分析:答案为who/ that,will give。who/ that gave us a talk last week为定语从句,修饰先行词the man。

  八、运用关联连词连接或合并句子

  即运用关联连词both…and…,neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…等将两个简单句合并为一个简单句。此时要注意的是,both…and…连接两个主语时,谓语总是用复数,而neither…nor…,either…or…,not only…but also…连接两个主语时,谓语动词通常应与靠近的主语保持一致。如:

  1. Tom can’t speak Japanese well and Jim can’t, either.

  ______ Tom ______ Jim can speak Japanese well.

  分析:答案填Neither,nor。neither…nor…表示“……和……(两者)都不”,刚好与原句的两个否定结构的意思相吻合。

  2. Alice has read the book and Peter has read it, too.

  ______ Alice ______ Peter have read the book.

  分析:答案为Both,and。both…and…的意思是“……和……(两者)都”。

  3. This store sells men’s shoes, and it also sells men’s clothes.

  This store sells ______ ______ men’s shoes ______ ______ men’s clothes.

  分析:答案为not only,but also。表示“不仅……而且……”之意。

  九、利用某些典型句式或结构进行转换

  这类典型结构如so…that…,too…to…,enough to,not…until…,so do I等。如:

  1. Jim wants to go boating and his parents want to go boating, too.

  Jim wants to go boating, and ______ ______ his parents.

  分析:答案为so do。句意为“……他的父母也一样(一样想去)”。

  2. John went to bed after he finished his homework.

  John ______ go to bed ______ he finished his homework.

  分析:答案为didn’t,until。not…until意为“直到……才”。

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