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初中英语语法知识学习:否定句
对人或事物加以否定的句子称为否定句。英语的否定句大都用not来表示否定,不同的句子又有不同的否定形式。
1.含有be的否定句
如果句子中含有连系动词或助动词be,句子的否定形式在be的后面直接加not。如:
He is not a student.他不是个学生。
We are not in the school.我们没在学校。
I'm not good at English.我不擅长英语。
He was not late for school that day.那天他上学没有迟到。
They were not doing their homework at that time.那时他们不是在做作业。
注意:
在否定句中,be与not可以缩写。
is not→isn't;are not→aren't;was not→wasn't;were not→weren't
2.含有助动词will,shall,would,have,has,had的否定句
如果句子中含有助动词will,shall,would,have,has,had等,则在这些助动词后面直接加not构成否定句。如:
I have not been to the Great Wall.我没有去过长城。
He has not finished his homework yet.他还没有完成作业。
They will not have a meeting next week.下周他们不举行会议。
We would not go there with them.我们不愿意和他们一起去那里。
注意:
在否定句中,助动词will,shall,would,have,has,had可与not缩写。
will not→won't;shall not→shan't;would not→wouldn't;have not→haven't;has not→hasn't;had not→hadn't
3.含有情态动词的否定句
如果句子中含有情态动词can,may,must,need,could等,则在这些情态动词后直接加not构成否定句。如:
We cannot speak French.我们不会说法语。
You must not put the bike here.你不能把自行车放在这里。
They could not play computer games then.那时他们不会玩电脑游戏。
You need not clean the room now.现在你不需要打扫房间。
注意:
在否定句中,情态动词与not可以缩写。
cannot→can't;must not→mustn't;need not→needn't;could not→couldn't
4.助动词do,does,did与not构成的否定句
在一般现在时态和一般过去时态当中,如果句子的谓语是实义动词,那么其否定句就在实义动词前加do not;does not;did not。do not和does not用于一般现在时态,does not只用于主语是第三人称单数的句子中;did not用于一般过去时态。do not可缩写为don't,does not可以缩写为doesn't,did not可缩写为didn't。如:
They don't do housework at home.他们在家不做家务活。
He doesn't go to school on weekends.他周末不上学。
We didn't receive his letter.我们没有收到他的来信。
5.没有not的否定句
句子中如果有never,no,nothing,nobody,none,hardly,few,little,neither,too ...to ...等否定词,则该句子被视为否定句。如:
There are no desks or chairs in the room.房间里没有课桌和椅子。
Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世上没有什么比光传播得更快。
I have few friends in this city.在这个城市我几乎没有朋友。
He can hardly say an English word.他几乎一个英语单词也说不出来。
注意:
句中含有否定词构成否定句后,在反意疑问句中要用肯定式。如:
He has few friends here,does he?他这里几乎没有朋友,是不是?
6.动词不定式的否定句
动词不定式的否定句在动词不定式前直接加not。如:
Mother asked me not to go out on Sunday.母亲要求我星期天不要出去。
They decided not to go there.他们决定不去那里了。
注意:
如果动词不定式是不带to的不定式,在动词原形前加not。如:
He made me not stay at home on weekend.他让我周末不要呆在家里。
7.had better的否定句
had better是一个固定句型,意为“最好干某事”,其否定式在had better后直接加not。如:
You'd better not go with me.你最好不要和我一起去。
We'd better not play computer games.我们最好不要玩电脑游戏。
8.祈使句的否定式
祈使句的否定式在祈使句前直接加Don't。如:
Don't go out at night.晚上不要出去。
Don't look out of the window.不要向窗外看。
Don't cross the road when the light is red.红灯亮时不要过马路。
9.否定转移的2种情况
(1)动词的否定转移
①形式上否定主句的谓语,实际上是否定从句的谓语
当动词think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel等的主语是第一人称,谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时,它们的否定式实际上是对宾语从句的否定。表示说话者提出一种委婉的看法或主张。如:
I don't think that he will help us.我认为他不会帮助我们。
I don't believe that he is right.我认为他不对。
I don't suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜欢它。
②形式上否定谓语动词,实际上否定复合宾语
当动词think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel,find的主语是第一人称,谓语动词为没有任何副词修饰的一般现在时,它们前面的否定式实际上是对复合宾语的否定。表示说话者所提出的一种委婉的看法或主张。如:
I don't think math difficult.我认为数学不难。
I don't find the story interesting.我认为这个故事没有意思。
I don't expect so.我认为不会。
注意:
动词think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel在下列情况下,否定不转移:
①这些动词跟其他另一个动词一起做并列谓语时,否定不转移。如:
I believe and hope he won't do that.我相信并且也希望他将不会那样做。
I feel and admit that we are not foolish.我觉得并且也承认我们并不愚蠢。
②用于疑问句时,否定不转移。如:
Do you think it is not going to rain?你认为天不会下雨吗?
Don't you believe that he has done a good thing?难道你不相信他做了一件好事?
③用作插入语时,否定不转移。如:
Li Lei,I think,won't be angry with you.我想李雷不会生你的气。
Tom,I suppose,won't be against it.我猜想汤姆不会反对。
Mike,I believe,hasn't seen the film.我认为迈克没有看这场电影。
④动词前有其他副词修饰时,否定不转移。如:
I really don't think it's necessary for us to go there now.我的确不认为我们有必要去那儿。
I feel strongly that he shouldn't do such a thing.我深刻地感到他不应该做那样的事。
⑤动词为非一般现在时或主语不是第一人称时,否定不转移。如:
I thought that he wouldn't come back soon.我原以为他不会回来得这么快。
The girl didn't believe that he became a good boy.那个女孩不相信他变成了一个好孩子。
He thinks that he isn't fit for the job.他认为他不适合这份工作。
He doesn't believe that what we told him is true.他不相信我们告诉他的事是真的。
⑥当宾语从句中的否定为not ...at all,not a little,not a few,not enough,can't help等固定搭配时,否定不转移。如:
I think that he doesn't know it at all.我想他对那件事一点儿也不知道。
I suppose that it is not enough to remember the words if you want to learn the language well.我认为如果你想把这门语言学好,那么只记单词是不够的。
I believe that you can't help singing our national anthem when you win the first place in the Olympic Games.我相信当你在奥运会上获得第一名时,你会情不自禁地唱起国歌来。
⑦当宾语从句中有no,nothing,nobody,nowhere,hardly,seldom,little,few等否定词或半否定词时,否定不转移。如:
I believe that nothing can make me give it up.我想任何事情也不能使我放弃。
I think that no one can escape if the ship sinks in the sea.我认为如果这艘船沉入海底的话,那么谁也逃不掉。
I suppose that he is a man of few words.我猜他是一个言语不多的人。
(2)谓语的否定转移
有些句子形式上否定的是谓语动词,实际上是对句子后面的状语进行否定。如:
Let's not talk about it here.我们别在这里谈吧。
Don't read in the sun.不要在阳光下看书。
Don't talk with your mouth full of food.不要口里含着食物说话。
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